Triad-displaced ULAs configuration for non-circular sources with larger continuous virtual aperture and enhanced degrees of freedom

Non-uniform linear array(NULA)configurations are well renowned due to their structural ability for providing increased degrees of freedom(DOF)and wider array aperture than uniform linear arrays(ULAs).These characteristics play a significant role in improving the direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation accuracy.However,most of the existing NULA geometries are primarily applicable to circular sources(CSs),while they limitedly improve the DOF and continuous virtual aperture for noncircular sources(NCSs).Toward this purpose,we present a triaddisplaced ULAs(Tdis-ULAs)configuration for NCS.The TdisULAs structure generally consists of three ULAs,which are appropriately placed.The proposed antenna array approach fully exploits the non-circular characteristics of the sources.Given the same number of elements,the Tdis-ULAs design achieves more DOF and larger hole-free co-array aperture than its sparse array competitors.Advantageously,the number of uniform DOF,optimal distribution of elements among the ULAs,and precise element positions are uniquely determined by the closed-form expressions.Moreover,the proposed array also produces a filled resulting co-array.Numerical simulations are conducted to show the performance advantages of the proposed Tdis-ULAs configuration over its counterpart designs.

An experimental investigation of one-and two-degree of freedom VIV of cylinders

In the paper,an experiment investigation was conducted for one-and two-degree of freedom vortex-induced vibration（VIV） of a horizontally-oriented cylinder with diameter of 11 cm and length of 120 cm.In the experiment,the spring constants in the cross-flow and in-line flow directions were regulated to change the natural vibration frequency of the model system.It was found that,in the one-degree of freedom VIV experiment,a ＂double peak＂ phenomenon was observed in its amplitude within the range of the reduced velocities tested,moreover,a ＂2T＂ wake appeared in the vicinity of the second peak.In the two-degree of freedom VIV experiment,the trajectory of cylinder exhibited a reverse ＂C＂ shape,i.e.,a ＂new moon＂ shape.Through analysis of these data,it appears that,besides the non-dimensional in-line and cross-flow natural vibration frequency ratios,the absolute value of the natural vibration frequency of cylinder is also one of the important parameters affecting its VIV behavior.

Integrability of Hamiltonian Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom and Homogenous Potential of Degree Zero

We provide necessary conditions in order that the Hamiltonian systems with Hamiltonian ,?and one of the following potentials ?are integrable in the Liouville sense.

Manufacture of End－micro－manipulator with Two Degrees of Freedom and its Driving System for Robot

A Robot wrist made of a planar step motor with two-degree-of-freedom has been developed recently for a general robot manipulator used in assembly operation.Mechanism design and the magnetic theory of the motor and the driving system are discussed. The paper also presents several stecial characteritics in designing general step motor (SM) driver This robot end-effector successfully improves the PUMA562 robot's response and locating accuracy.

Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to wines.In the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak aging.The fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel aromas.The concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak barrels.The concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting ones.The compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could not.The fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

CYLINDRICAL WORM MACHINED BY THE CONE GRINDING WHEEL WITH TWO DEGREE－OF－FREEDOM AND MESHING THEORY OF ITS DRIVE①

The characteristics of novel cone-generated cylindrical worm and the machining princi- ple of using a grinding wheel with two degree-of-freedom motions are described. A systematic study is made on the first enveloping process of the grinding wheel forming a worm and the second enveloping process of the worm forming a worm wheel with the meshing theory of kinematic method. Some numerical calculation formulas and important conclusions are obtained.

Health effects of fruit juices and beverages with varying degrees of processing

The degree of processing is rarely considered an independent factor in the health effects of fruit juices and beverages(FJBs)consumption.In fact,the consumption of ultra-processed foods has been shown to pose health risks.In this study,we first integrated 4 systems used to classify the degree of food processing and then classified FJBs into three major categories,low(minimal),moderate and high.Second,we compared the differences in attitudes towards FJBs in dietary guidelines.Third,we integrated the results of existing epidemiological surveys,randomized controlled trials,and animal experiments to explore the health risks associated with consuming FJBs.Deepening the processing of FJBs has been found to lead to an increased risk of diseases.Dietary pattern,nutrients,addition agents and consumer preferences may be influential factors.Finally,we investigated whether there were any changes in the health benefits of 100%fruit juices produced by different processing methods.In conclusion,minimally/moderately processed 100%fruit juices provide more health benefits than highly processed fruit beverages.The results support the need to consider the extent of FJBs processing in future studies to adjust official nutritional recommendations for beverage consumption.

Modified Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Internal Model Control for Non-Square Systems with Multiple Time Delays

A modified two-degrees-of-freedom( M-TDOF) internal model control( IMC) method is proposed for non-square systems with multiple time delays and right-half-plane( RHP) zeros. In this method,pseudo-inverse is introduced to design the internal model controller,and a desired closed-loop transfer function is designed to eliminate the unrealizable factors of the derived controller. In addition,set-point tracking and load-disturbance rejection of each process are separately controlled by two controllers. The simulation results show that in addition to high decoupling performance and robustness,the proposed control method also effectively improves loaddisturbance rejection and simultaneously optimizes the input tracking performance and disturbance rejection performance by selecting the parameters of controllers. Furthermore,the higher tolerance of model mismatch is achieved in this paper.

Adaptive Control Based on Neural Networks for an Uncertain 2-DOF Helicopter System With Input Deadzone and Output Constraints

In this paper, a study of control for an uncertain2-degree of freedom(DOF) helicopter system is given. The2-DOF helicopter is subject to input deadzone and output constraints. In order to cope with system uncertainties and input deadzone, the neural network technique is introduced because of its capability in approximation. In order to update the weights of the neural network, an adaptive control method is utilized to improve the system adaptability. Furthermore, the integral barrier Lyapunov function(IBLF) is adopt in control design to guarantee the condition of output constraints and boundedness of the corresponding tracking errors. The Lyapunov direct method is applied in the control design to analyze system stability and convergence. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control based on the model of Quanser's 2-DOF helicopter.

Physical Modeling and Parametric Study on Two-Degree-of-Freedom VIV of A Cylinder near Rigid Wall

Unlike most previous studies on the transverse vortex-induced vibration（VlV） of a cylinder mainly under the wallfree condition （Williamson ＆ Govardhan, 2004）, this paper experimentally investigates the vortex-induced vibration of a cylinder with two degrees of freedom near a rigid wall exposed to steady flow. The amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder are discussed. The lee wake flow patterns of the cylinder undergoin^g VIV were visualized by employing the hydrogen bubble technique. The effects of the gap-to-diameter ratio （eo/D） and the mass ratio on the vibration amplitude and frequency are analyzed. Comparisons of VIV response of the cylinder are made between one degree （only transverse） and two degrees of freedom （streamwise and transverse） and those between the present study and previous ones. The experimental observation indicates that there are two types of streamwise vibration, i.e. the first streamwise vibration （FSV） with small amplitude and the second streamwise vibration （SSV） which coexists with transverse vibration. The vortex shedding pattern for the FSV is approximately syrmnetric and that for the SSV is ahernate. The first streamwise vibration tends to disappear with the decrease of eo/D. For the case of large gap-to-dianeter ratios （ e.g. eo/D = 0. 54 ～ 1.58）, the maximum amplitudes of the second streamwise vibration and transverse one increase with the increasing gap- to-diameter ratio. But for the case of small gap-to-diameter ratios （e. g. eo/D= 0. 16, 0.23）, the vibration amplitude of the cylinder increases slowly at the initial stage （i.e. at small reduced velocity Vr）, and across the maximum amplitude it decreases quickly at the last stage （i.e. at large Vr）. Within the range of the examined small mass ratio （m 〈 4）, both streamwise and transverse vibration amplitude of the cylinder decrease with the increase of mass ratio for the fixed value of Vr- The vibration range （ in terms of Vr） tends to widen with the decrease of the mass ratio. In the second streamwise vibration region, the vibration frequency of the cylinder with a small mass ratio （ e.g. mx = 1.44） undergoes a jump at a certain Vr＋ The maximum amplitudes of the transverse vibration for two-degree-of-freedom case is larger than that for one-degree-of-freedom case, but the transverse vibration frequency of the cylinder with two degrees of freedom is lower than that with one degree of freedom（transverse）.

Type Synthesis of Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Rotational Parallel Mechanism with Two Continuous Rotational Axes

The two-rotational-degrees-of-freedom（2R） parallel mechanism（PM） with two continuous rotational axes（CRAs） has a simple kinematic model.It is therefore easy to implement trajectory planning,parameter calibration,and motion control,which allows for a variety of application prospects.However,no systematic analysis on structural constraints of the 2R-PM with two CRAs has been performed,and there are only a few types of 2R-PM with two CRAs.Thus,a theory regarding the type synthesis of the 2R-PM with two CRAs is systematically established.First,combining the theories of reciprocal screw and space geometry,the spatial arrangement relationships of the constraint forces applied to the moving platform by the branches are explored,which give the 2R-PM two CRAs.The different distributions of the constraint forces in each branch are also studied.On the basis of the obtained structural constraints of branches,and considering the geometric relationships of constraint forces in each branch,the appropriate kinematic chains are constructed.Through the reasonable configuration of branch kinematic chains corresponding to every structural constraint,a series of new 2R-PMs with two CRAs are finally obtained.

Trimming the Degrees of Freedom via a K^(+) Flux Rectifier for Safe and Long‑Life Potassium‑Ion Batteries

High degrees of freedom(DOF)for K^(+)movement in the electrolytes is desirable,because the resulting high ionic conductivity helps improve potassium-ion batteries,yet requiring support from highly free and flammable organic solvent molecules,seriously affecting battery safety.Here,we develop a K^(+)flux rectifier to trim K ion’s DOF to 1 and improve electrochemical properties.Although the ionic conductivity is compromised in the K^(+)flux rectifier,the overall electrochemical performance of PIBs was improved.An oxidation stability improvement from 4.0 to 5.9 V was realized,and the formation of dendrites and the dissolution of organic cathodes were inhibited.Consequently,the K||K cells continuously cycled over 3,700 h;K||Cu cells operated stably over 800 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99%;and K||graphite cells exhibited high-capacity retention over 74.7%after 1,500 cycles.Moreover,the 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide organic cathodes operated for more than 2,100 cycles and reached year-scale-cycling time.We fabricated a 2.18 Ah pouch cell with no significant capacity fading observed after 100 cycles.

Design and Analysis of a Magnetic Bearings with Three Degrees of Freedom

The current research of supporting and transmission system in flywheel energy storage system(FESS) focuses on the low consumption design. However, friction loss is a non-negligible factor in the high-speed but lightweight FESS energy and momentum storage with mechanical-type supporting system. In order to realize the support system without mechanical loss and to maximize the e ciency of the flywheel battery, a permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings(PMBMB) is applied to the FESS with the advantages of low loss, high critical speed, flexible controllability and compact structure. In this frame, the relevant research of three degrees of freedom(3-DOF) PMBMB for a new type FESS is carried out around the working principle, structural composition, coupling characteristics analysis, mathematical model, and structural design. In order to verify the performance of the 3-DOF PMBMB, the radial force mathematical model and the coupling determination equations of radial two DOF are calculated according to an equivalent magnetic circuit, and radial–axial coupling is analyzed through finite element analysis. Moreover, a control system is presented to solve the control problems in practical applications. The rotor returns to the balanced position in 0.05 s and maintains stable suspension. The displacement fluctuation is approximately 40 μm in the y direction and 30 μm in the x direction. Test results indicate that the dynamic rotor of the proposed flywheel energy storage system with PMBMB has excellent characteristics, such as good start-of-suspension performance and stable suspension characteristics. The proposed research provides the instruction to design and control a low loss support system for FESS.

Behavior of Vortex-Induced Vibration of A Circular Cylinder Near A Deformable Wall with Two Degrees of Freedom in Steady Flow

The behavior of vortex-induced vibration of a two-degree-of-freedom cylinder near a deformable wall in steady flow is investigated experimentally. The typical phenomenon of the two-degree-of-freedom cylinder＇s VIV is discussed. The influences of initial gap between the cylinder and the wall on the dynamic responses of the cylinder are analyzed. The comparison is made about dynamic responses of the cylinder with one and two degrees of freedom. Experimental results show that the vibration of the cylinder near a deformable wall with a small value of initial gap-to-diameter ratios can generally be divided into two phases. The initial gap-to-diameter ratios have a noticeable influence on the occurrence of transverse vibration. The transverse maximum amplitude of the cylinder with two degrees of freedom is larger than that of the cylinder with one degree of freedom under the condition with the same values of other parameters. However, the vibration frequency of the cylinder for the two degrees of freedom case is smaller than that for the one degree of freedom case at the same value of Vr number

Design and Analysis of a Novel Compliant Mechanism with RPR Degrees of Freedom

A novel compliant mechanism with RPR degrees of freedom(DOF)is proposed where R and P represent rotation and translation DOFs,respectively.The proposed compliant mechanism is obtained from dimension synthesizing a 2-RPU-UPR rigid parallel mechanism with the method of optimization of motion/force transfer characteristic.R,P and U represent rotation,translation and universal pairs,respectively.Firstly,inverse kinematics and Jacobian matrix are analyzed for the dimensional synthesis.Then,output transmission indexes of branches in the parallel mechanism are given.Dimensional synthesis is completed based on the normalized design parameter.And optimization of flexure joints based on constrained energy is carried out.Afterwards,the novel compliant mechanism is obtained by direct replacing method.Mechanical model of the compliant mechanism including static stiffness and input stiffness is built based on the pseudo-rigid body modeling method and virtual work principle.Finally,FEA simulation by Ansys Workbench is carried out to verify DOF,effectiveness of the dimension synthesis,and compliant model.Optimization of motion/force transfer characteristic is first applied for the design of compliant mechanisms to suppress drift of rotation axis in the paper.

Design and Development of a Competitive Low-Cost Robot Arm with Four Degrees of Freedom

The main focus of this work was to design, develop and implementation of competitively robot arm with en- hanced control and stumpy cost. The robot arm was designed with four degrees of freedom and talented to accomplish accurately simple tasks, such as light material handling, which will be integrated into a mobile platform that serves as an assistant for industrial workforce. The robot arm is equipped with several servo motors which do links between arms and perform arm movements. The servo motors include encoder so that no controller was implemented. To control the robot we used Labview, which performs inverse kinematic calculations and communicates the proper angles serially to a microcontroller that drives the servo motors with the capability of modifying position, speed and acceleration. Testing and validation of the robot arm was carried out and results shows that it work properly.

Probability Distribution of China Aviation Network Average Degree of Edge Vertices and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network, the probability distribution and evolution trace of average degree of edge vertices of China aviation network were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015. According to the theory and method of complex network, the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network. Based on the statistical data, the average degrees of edge vertices in China aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015 were calculated. Using the probability statistical analysis method and regression analysis approach, it was found that the average degree of edge vertices had the probability distribution of normal function and the position parameters and scale parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.

Probability Distribution of Ratio of China Aviation Network Edge Vertices Degree and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network, the probability distribution and evolution trace of ratio of China aviation network edge vertices degree were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015. According to the theory and method of complex network, the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network. Based on the statistical data, the ratio of edge vertices degree in China aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015 were calculated. Using the probability statistical analysis method and regression analysis approach, it was found that the ratio of edge vertices degree had linear probability distribution and the two parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.

Nonlinear Relationship and Its Evolutionary Trace between Node Degree and Average Path Length of China Aviation Network Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the relationship between the node degree and the average path length of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was studied.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the airline as the edge of the network.On the basis of the statistical data,the node average path length of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was calculated.Through regression analysis,it was found that the node degree had a logarithmic relationship with the average length of node path,and the two parameters of the logarithmic relationship had linear evolutionary trace.Key word:China aviation network,complex network,node degree,average length of node path,logarithmic relationship,evolutionary trace.

Probability Distribution of Arithmetic Average of China Aviation Network Edge Vertices Nearest Neighbor Average Degree Value and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the probability distribution and evolution trace of arithmetic average of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values of China aviation network were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network.Based on the statistical data,the arithmetic averages of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 were calculated.Using the probability statistical analysis method,it was found that the arithmetic average of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values had the probability distribution of normal function and the position parameters and scale parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.