Calculation and prediction of divertor detachment via impurity seeding by using one-dimensional model

Achieving the detachment of divertor can help to alleviate excessive heat load and sputtering problems on the target plates,thereby extending the lifetime of divertor components for fusion devices.In order to provide a fast but relatively reliable prediction of plasma parameters along the flux tube for future device design,a one-dimensional(1D)modeling code for the operating point of impurity seeded detached divertor is developed based on Python language,which is a fluid model based on previous work(Plasma Phys.Control.Fusion 58045013(2016)).The experimental observation of the onset of divertor detachment by neon(Ne)and argon(Ar)seeding in EAST is well reproduced by using the 1D modeling code.The comparison between the 1D modeling and two-dimensional(2D)simulation by the SOLPS-ITER code for CFETR detachment operation with Ne and Ar seeding also shows that they are in good agreement.We also predict the radiative power loss and corresponding impurity concentration requirement for achieving divertor detachment via different impurity seeding under high heating power conditions in EAST and CFETR phase II by using the 1D model.Based on the predictions,the optimized parameter space for divertor detachment operation on EAST and CFETR is also determined.Such a simple but reliable 1D model can provide a reasonable parameter input for a detailed and accurate analysis by 2D or three-dimensional(3D)modeling tools through rapid parameter scanning.

Numerical Investigations on the Resonance Errors of Multiscale Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for One-Dimensional Stationary Schrödinger Equation

In this paper,numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the impact of penalty parameters in the numerical traces on the resonance errors of high-order multiscale discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods(Dong et al.in J Sci Comput 66:321–345,2016;Dong and Wang in J Comput Appl Math 380:1–11,2020)for a one-dimensional stationary Schrödinger equation.Previous work showed that penalty parameters were required to be positive in error analysis,but the methods with zero penalty parameters worked fine in numerical simulations on coarse meshes.In this work,by performing extensive numerical experiments,we discover that zero penalty parameters lead to resonance errors in the multiscale DG methods,and taking positive penalty parameters can effectively reduce resonance errors and make the matrix in the global linear system have better condition numbers.

Description and reconstruction of one-dimensional photonic crystal by digital signal processing theory

A method of describing one-dimensional photonic crystals （1DPCs） based on Z-domain digital signal processing theory is presented. The analytical expression of the target band gap spectrum in the digital domain is obtained by the autocorrelation of its impulse response. The feasibility of this method is verified by reconstructing two simple 1DPC structures with a target photonic band gap obtained by the traditional transfer matrix method. This method provides an effective approach to function-guided designs of interference-based band gap structures for photonic applications.

Application of Scale Relativity (ScR) Theory to the Problem of a Particle in a Finite One-Dimensional Square Well (FODSW) Potential

In the present work, and along the lines of Hermann, ScR theory is applied to a finite one-dimensional square well potential problem. The aim is to show that scale relativity theory can reproduce quantum mechanical results without employing the Schr?dinger equation. Some mathematical difficulties that arise when obtaining the solution to this problem were overcome by utilizing a novel mathematical connection between ScR theory and the well-known Riccati equation. Computer programs were written using the standard MATLAB 7 code to numerically simulate the behavior of the quantum particle in the above potential utilizing the solutions of the fractal equations of motion obtained from ScR theory. Several attempts were made to fix some of the parameters in the numerical simulations to obtain the best possible results in a practical computer CPU time within limited local computer facilities [1,2]. Comparison of the present results with the corresponding results obtained from conventional quantum mechanics by solving the Schr?dinger equation, shows very good agreement. This agreement was improved further by optimizing the parameters used in the numerical simulations [1,3]. This represents a new example where scale relativity theory, based on a fractal space-time concept, can accurately reproduce quantum mechanical results without invoking the Schr?dinger equation.

Comparing Three of the Leadership Theories: Leader-Member Exchange Theory,transformational Leadership and Team Leadership

Leadership is a complex process.It is one of the most researched areas around the world.It has gained importance in every walk of life from politics to business and from education to social organizations.According to the study of"Leadership in Adult Education Venues",here has a much more clear recognition of leadership:leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.There are many approaches of leadership throughout the study of this class,the three theories of leadership I choose to describe in this paper are:Leader-Member Exchange(LMX)Theory,Transformational Leadership,and Team Leadership.

Controlled synthesis of one-dimensional Au-Ag porous nanostructures

The fabrication of a new type of one-dimensional Au-Ag porous nanotube（NPT） structure was presented based on a facile combination of nanocrystal growth and surface modification.Ag nanowires with various diameters were firstly served as the chemical plating templates via a polyol-process.Then,one-dimensional（1D） Au-Ag porous nanostructures with tailored structural features could be prepared by controlling the individual steps involved in this process,such as nanowire growth,surface modification,thermal diffusion,and dealloying.Structural characterizations reveal these Au-Ag porous nanotubes,non-porous nanotubes and porous nanowires possess novel nano-architectures with multimodal open porosity and excellent structural continuity and integrity,which make them particularly desirable as novel 1D nanocarriers for biomedical,drug delivery and sensing applications.

Nonlinear analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under cyclic loading

This paper presents an analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under some common types of cyclic loading such as trapezoidal cyclic loading, based on the assumptions proposed by Davis and Raymond （1965） that the decrease in permeability is proportional to the decrease in compressibility during the consolidation process of the soil and that the distribution of initial effective stress is constant with depth the solution obtained, some diagrams are prepared and the It is verified by the existing analytical solutions in special cases. Using telex ant consolidation behavior is investigated.

Controlled Growth of One-Dimensional Oxide Nanomaterials

This article reviews the recent developments in the controlled growth of one-dimensional （1D） oxide nanomaterials, including ZnO, SnO2, In203, Ga203, SiOx, MgO, and Al203. The growth of 2D oxide nanomaterials was carried out in a simple chemical vapor transport and condensation system. This article will begin with a survey of nanotechnology and 1D nanomaterials achieved by many researchers, and then mainly discuss on the controlled growth of ID oxide nanomaterials with their morphologies, sizes, compositions, and microstructures controlled by altering experimental parameters, such as the temperature at the source material and the substrate, temperature gradient in the tube furnace, the total reaction time, the heating rate of the furnace, the gas flow rate, and the starting material. Their roles in the formation of various morphologies are analyzed and discussed. Finally, this review will be concluded with personal perspectives on the future research directions of this area.

问题与回答——Theorizing A New Agenda for Architecture,An Anthology of Architectural Theory,1965～1995一书引起的思考

内斯比特(KateNesbitt)在她的Theorizing A New Agenda for Architecture,An Anthology of Architectural Theory,1965～1995一书中较为全面地介绍了当代西方建筑理论界所关心的主要问题及其相关的思考。对于这些问题,国内建筑理论界也有自己的认识。该文通过对两者的比较,试图理清建筑理论的基本意义,那就是提出问题并引起思考。

Anti-plane problem of nano-cracks emanating from a regular hexagonal nano-hole in one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals

By constructing a new conformal mapping function, we study the surface effects on six edge nano-cracks emanating from a regular hexagonal nano-hole in one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals under anti-plane shear. Based on the Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface model and complex potential theory, the exact solutions of phonon field, phason field and electric field are obtained. The analytical solutions of the stress intensity factor of the phonon field, the stress intensity factor of the phason field, the electric displacement intensity factor and the energy release rate are given. The interaction effects of the nano-cracks and nano-hole on the stress intensity factor of the phonon field, the stress intensity factor of the phason field and the electric displacement intensity factor are discussed in numerical examples. It can be seen that the surface effect leads to the coupling of phonon field, phason field and electric field. With the decrease of cavity size, the influence of surface effect is more obvious.

The interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals

Based on the fundamental equations of piezoelasticity of quasicrystal material,we investigated the interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in the piezoelectricity of one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystals.Explicit analytical solutions are obtained for stress and electric displacement intensity factors of the crack,as well as the force on dislocation.The derivation is based on the conformal mapping method and the perturbation technique.The influences of the wedge angle and dislocation location on the image force are also discussed.The results obtained in this paper can be fully reduced to some special cases already available or deriving new ones.

One-Dimensional (1D) ZnS Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

One-dimensional （1D） nanomaterials and nanostructures have received much attention due to their potential interest for understanding fundamental physical concepts and for applications in constructing nanoscale electric and optoelectronic devices. Zinc sulfide （ZnS） is an important semiconductor compound of Ⅱ-Ⅵ group, and the synthesis of 1D ZnS nanomaterials and nanostructures has been of growing interest owing to their promising application in nanoscale optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the recent progress on 1D ZnS nanomaterials and nanostructures, including nanowires, nanowire arrays, nanorods, nanobelts or nanoribbons, nanocables, and hierarchical nanostructures etc. This article begins with a survey of various methods that have been developed for generating 1D nanomaterials and nanostructures, and then mainly focuses on structures, synthesis, characterization, formation mechanisms and optical property tuning, and luminescence mechanisms of 1D ZnS nanomaterials and nanostructures. Finally, this review concludes with personal views towards future research on 1D ZnS nanomaterials and nanostructures.

One-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow described by exponent and threshold gradient

Based on non-Darcian flow law described by exponent and threshold gradient within a double-layered soil, the classic theory of one-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil was modified to consider the change of vertical total stress with depth and time together. Because of the complexity of governing equations, the numerical solutions were obtained in detail by finite difference method. Then, the numerical solutions were compared with the analytical solutions in condition that non-Darcian flow law was degenerated to Dary's law, and the comparison results show that numerical solutions are reliable. Finally, consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with different parameters was analyzed, and the results show that the consolidation rate of double-layered soil decreases with increasing the value of exponent and threshold of non-Darcian flow, and the exponent and threshold gradient of the first soil layer greatly influence the consolidation rate of double-layered soil. The larger the ratio of the equivalent water head of external load to the total thickness of double-layered soil, the larger the rate of the consolidation, and the similitude relationship in classical consolidation theory of double-layered soil is not satisfied. The other consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow is the same as that with Darcy's law.

Exact analytic solutions for an elliptic hole with asymmetric collinear cracks in a one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal

Using the complex variable function method and the technique of conformal mapping, the anti-plane shear problem of an elliptic hole with asymmetric colfinear cracks in a one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal is solved, and the exact analytic solutions of the stress intensity factors （SIFs） for mode Ⅲ problem are obtained. Under the limiting conditions, the present results reduce to the Griffith crack and many new results obtained as well, such as the circular hole with asymmetric collinear cracks, the elliptic hole with a straight crack, the mode T crack, the cross crack and so on. As far as the phonon field is concerned, these results, which play an important role in many practical and theoretical applications, are shown to be in good agreement with the classical results.

One-Dimensional Magnetic FeCoNi Alloy Toward Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Rational designing of one-dimensional(1D)magnetic alloy to facilitate electromagnetic(EM)wave attenuation capability in low-frequency(2-6 GHz)microwave absorption field is highly desired but remains a significant challenge.In this study,a composite EM wave absorber made of a FeCoNi medium-entropy alloy embedded in a 1D carbon matrix framework is rationally designed through an improved electrospinning method.The 1D-shaped FeCoNi alloy embedded composite demonstrates the high-density and continuous magnetic network using off-axis electronic holography technique,indicating the excellent magnetic loss ability under an external EM field.Then,the in-depth analysis shows that many factors,including 1D anisotropy and intrinsic physical features of the magnetic medium-entropy alloy,primarily contribute to the enhanced EM wave absorption performance.Therefore,the fabricated EM wave absorber shows an increasing effective absorption band of 1.3 GHz in the low-frequency electromagnetic field at an ultrathin thickness of 2 mm.Thus,this study opens up a new method for the design and preparation of high-performance 1D magnetic EM absorbers.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of One-Dimensional CdS@TiO_2 Core-Shell Hetero-structures

One-dimensional Cd S@TiO_2 core-shell heterostructures were fabricated via the hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate(TBT) on preformed Cd S nanowires. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques. Results demonstrated that the hydrolysis of TBT had a great influence on the morphology of the coated TiO_2 shell, resulting in the formation of TiO_2 nanoparticles and nanolayer-modified Cd S@TiO_2 heterostructures. Degradation of methylene blue using Cd S@TiO_2 core-shell heterostructures as photocatalysts under visible light irradiation was investigated. Comparative photocatalytic tests showed that the TiO_2 nanoparticles-modified heterostructure exhibited a superior activity due to the passivity of photogenerated charge carriers.

One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation analysis of soil with continuous drainage boundary

Following the assumptions proposed by MESRI and ROKHSAR,the one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation problem of soil under constant loading is studied by introducing continuous drainage boundary.The numerical solution is derived by using finite difference method and its correctness is assessed by comparing with existing analytical and numerical solutions.Based on the present solution,the effects of interface parameters,stress ratios(i.e.,final effective stress over initial effective stress,N_(σ))and the ratio c_(c)/c_(k)of compression index to permeability index on the consolidation behavior of soil are studied in detail.The results show that,the characteristics of one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of soil are not only related to c_(c)/c_(k)and N_(σ),but also related to boundary conditions.In the engineering practice,the soil drainage rate of consolidation process can be designed by adjusting the values of interface parameters.

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

This paper presents an analytical solution of the one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under vertical loading and confinements in the lateral directions. The boundary contains the top surface permeable to water and air and the bottom impermeable to water and air. The analytical solution is for Fredlund＇s one-dimensional consolidation equation in unsaturated soils. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at top surface and any depth is obtained by using the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy＇s law and Fick＇s law. Excess pore-air pressure, excess pore-water pressure and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain are obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial conditions and boundary conditions. By performing inverse Laplace transforms, the analytical solutions are obtained in the time domain. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil from an- alytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the finite difference method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.

Evolution of Bond-Order-Wave Phase in One-Dimensional Mott Insulators

In this paper, by using the level spectroscopy method and bosonization theory, we discuss the evolution of the bond-order-wave （BOW） phase in a one-dimensional half-filled extended Hubbard model wlth the on-site Coulomb repulsion U as well as the inter-site Coulomb repulsion V and antiferromagnetic exchange J. After clarifying the generic phase diagrams in three limiting cases with one of the parameters being fixed at zero individually, we find that the BOW phase in the U-V phase diagram is initially enlarged as J increases from zero but is eventually suppressed as J increases further in the strong-coupling regime. A three-dimensional phase diagram is suggested where the BOW phase exists in an extended region separated from the spin-density-wave and charge-density-wave phases.

Design of(GO/TiO2)N one-dimensional photonic crystal photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic activity for tetracycline degradation

(GO/TiO2)N(GO represents graphene oxide,and N represents the period number of alternate superposition of two dielectrics)onedimensional photonic crystal with different lattice constants was prepared via the sol–gel technique,and its transmission characteristics for photocatalysis were tested.The results show that the lattice constant,filling ratio,number of periodic layers,and incident angle had effects on the band gap.When the lattice constant,filling ratio,number of periodic layers,and incident angle were set to 125 nm,0.45,21,and 0°,respectively,a gap width of 53 nm appeared at the central wavelength(322 nm).The absorption peak of the photocatalyst at 357 nm overlapped the blue edge of the photonic band gap.A slow photon effect region above 96%reflectivity appeared.The degradation rate of tetracycline in(GO/TiO2)N photonic crystal was enhanced to 64%within 60 min.Meanwhile,the degradation efficiency of(GO/TiO2)N one-dimensional photonic crystal was effectively improved compared with those of the GO/TiO2 composite film and GO/TiO2 powder.