One-step green method to prepare progressive burning gun propellant through gradient denitration strategy

Gradiently denitrated gun propellant(GDGP)prepared by a“gradient denitration”strategy is obviously superior in progressive burning performance to the traditional deterred gun propellant.Currently,the preparation of GDGP employed a tedious two-step method involving organic solvents,which hinders the large-scale preparation of GDGP.In this paper,GDGP was successfully prepared via a novelty and environmentally friendly one-step method.The obtained samples were characterized by FT-IR,Raman,SEM and XPS.The results showed that the content of nitrate groups gradiently increased from the surface to the core in the surface layer of GDGP and the surface layer of GDGP exhibited a higher compaction than that of raw gun propellant,with a well-preserved nitrocellulose structure.The denitration process enabled the propellant surface with regressive energy density and good progressive burning performance,as confirmed by oxygen bomb and closed bomb test.At the same time,the effects of different solvents on the component loss of propellant were compared.The result showed that water caused the least component loss.Finally,the stability of GDGP was confirmed by methyl-violet test.This work not only provided environmentally friendly,simple and economic preparation of GDGP,but also confirmed the stability of GDGP prepared by this method.

Preparation of coated sand for selective laser sintering and optimization of baking process of sand moulds

A cold method was used to prepare coated sand for application in the selective laser sintering(SLS)process.Tensile strength,loss on ignition,gas evolution,and accuracy of the SLS samples were tested and analyzed,and the baking process was thoroughly investigated.Compared with coated sand prepared by the hot method,the cold method yields a more uniform and complete resin film on the sand's surface,resulting in enhanced tensile strength and accuracy.Additionally,the cold method requires a lower binder content to meet the same strength requirements,thereby minimizing gas evolution,reducing porosity defects,and ultimately improving casting quality.The coated sand samples prepared through the cold method exhibit superior accuracy,with a size error of within±0.4 mm.In contrast,the coated sand samples prepared by the hot method display a lower accuracy,with an average negative error of 2.1993 mm.The highest tensile strength could be attained by controlling the baking temperature within a suitable range(180-190°C),which can effectively reduce the generation of gas,thus contributing to improved overall performance.

Sintering Densification of Boron Carbide Materials and Their Research Progress

Boron carbide(B_(4)C)has excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance,high hardness,low relative density,high melting point and excellent abrasive resistance,which is widely used in fields such as refractories,wear-resistant materials and lightweight protective materials.The research progress and application of B_(4)C materials in China and overseas in recent years were summarized.The influences of sintering processes(pressureless sintering,hot-pressing sintering,hot isostatic pressing sintering,spark plasma sintering and microwave sintering)and sintering additives(simple substances,oxides and carbides)on the B_(4)C densification were analyzed.The development of B_(4)C materials was prospected.

Sintering zone prediction in direct metal laser sintering by finite element method

A three-dimensional finite element thermal model in direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) including the effect of powder-to-solid transition were established to predict sintering zone, which benefited the determination of suitable process parameters in DMLS. The nonlinear transient model of the metals thermal conductivity for powder-to-solid transition was developed. The model uses solid thermal properties of material in liquid-phase zone, transitional ones in sintering or sintered zone and powder ones in unsintered zones of powder bed to predict, respectively. Sintering zone boundary was estimated by maximum temperature history profile. Experiments were carried out using multi-component Cu-based metal powder. Compared experimental and predicted results, the mean error of sintering depth and width are 7.8% and 14.4%, respectively, which confirms the accuracy of the FEM prediction.

Noether＇s theorem and one-step corrections method for holonomic system

In this paper, a new computational method for improving the accuracy of numerically computed solutions is introduced. The computational method is based on the one-step method and conserved quantities of holonomic systems are considered as kinematical constraints in this method.

UPPER BOUND METHOD FOR SINTERED POWDER MATERIALS IN PLANE STRAIN

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The effect of agglomerate on micro-structural evolution in solid-state sintering

Discrete element method （DEM） is used in the present paper to simulate the microstructural evolution of a planar layer of copper particles during sintering. Formation of agglomerates and the effect of their rearrangement on densification are mainly focused on. Comparing to the existing experimental observations, we find that agglomerate can form spontaneously in sintering and its rearrangement could accelerate the densification of compacts. Snapshots of numerical simulations agree qualitatively well with experimental observations. The method could be readily extended to investigate the effect of agglomerate on sintering in a three- dimensional model, which should be very useful for understanding the evolution of microstructure of sintering systems.

Dielectric properties of spark plasma sintering AlN-W composite ceramics

In order to develop AlN composites suitable for high average power electronic tube, AlN-W materials were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The effects of manufacture parameters on dielectric loss tangent and permittivity constant were investigated, which include powder-mixed method, milling time of high-energy ball milling, starting powder particle size, sintering temperature and holding time and adding amount of the conductive second phase. The results showed that A1N-W materials sintered at the temperature of 1700℃ holding for 5 min with 10 vol.% W showed the best dielectric loss tangent larger than 0.81 at the frequency 1 kHz-1 MHz. In addition, magnetic stirring mixed powder and lower sintering temperature led to the better propelties because of the higher porosity. The samples sintered from the starting AlN powder with smaller particle size also had the better properties.

SLIP LINE METHOD FOR SINTERED POWDER MATERIALS UNDER CONDITION OF AXIAL SYMMETRY DEFORMATION

Slip line method for sintered powder materials under condition of axial symmetry is proposed based on the simplified yield condition of sintered powder materials and Haar-von Karman perfect plastic criterion. The equations of slip line and stress along slip line are derived, and numerical solutions are given. Deformation load in closed die upsetting of sintered copper cylinder is calculated by slip line method, and theoretical solutions are compared with experimental results.

Influences of Sintering Process of Sprayed Precursors on the Struc-ture and Electrochemical Properties of LiMn_2O_4 Cathode Material

Well-defined spinel LiMn2O4 powders were synthesized via sintering a precursor, which was prepared by spraydrying method. The effects of sintering process on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 were discussed. It was found that a single sintering could not synthesize a pure LiMn2O4 compound, while two-step sintering procedure consisting of decomposing sprayed precursors at 350℃ and further sintering at an elevated temperature leads to the formation of a single-phased LiMn2O4 with homogeneous particle size distribution. As compared to that sintered in air, the two-step sintered LiMn2O4 in oxygen shows tighter structure and more uniform particle size, as well as better electrochemical properties. It delivers an initial discharge capacity of 131 mAh·g^-1 （1/10C）, and still has excellent cycling stability at higher rate （1/5C）.

Finite-Element Simulation and Experimental Research of the Hot-Press Sintering of Nano-Sized Ceramic Powders

Numerical simulation of hot-press sintering of nano-sized ceramic powders was introduced by the commercial finite element code MSC.MARC. The powder plastic model and the thermo-mechanical coupled quadrilateral element were developed and adopted in the simulation. The mechanical and thermal properties of the nano-sized alumina based powders were determined.In addition, the experimental research and numerical simulation of the sintering process of different initial densities were carried out. The stress state in sintering of green compacts with different initial densities was analyzed by the densification theory.The reason for the density fluctuations of as-sintered ceramic bulks was found out.

Constraint Stabilization and One-Step Correction Method for Dynamical Systems

A computational method of constraint stabilization and correction is introduced. The method is based on the Baumgart＇s one-step method. Constraint conditions are addressed to stabilize and correct the solution. Two examples are given to illustrate the results of the method.

One-step Eco-friendly Fabrication of Antibacterial Polyester Via On-line Amination Reaction by Melt Coextrusion

The work is dedicated to develop a one-step eco-friendly method to prepare antibacterial polyethylene terephthalate(PET).We report a one-step eco-friendly method to manufacture antibacterial PET via on-line amination reaction by melt coextrusion.Beside evenly mixing of poly(hexamethylene guanidine)(PHMG)and PET in the melt coextrusion procedure,the amination reaction also occurred between PHMG and PET under high temperature(230-270℃).The antibacterial ability of composite PET showed obvious PHMG concentration dependence,and antibacterial activity reached more than 99%when PHMG content was 2.5 wt%.Moreover,LIVE/DEAD fluorescence test further confirmed that the composite PET could kill bacteria quickly and efiectively(within 30 min);while negligible cytotoxicity was observed to HSF and HUVEC cells.Onestep eco-friendly fabrication of composite antibacterial PET was accomplished by on-line melt coextrusion.The composite antibacterial PET has potential use in multiple fields to combat with pathogenic including textiles,packaging materials,decoration materials and biomedical devices,etc.

Finite element method simulation for tensile process of sintered iron-base material

Different material properties leads to different metal fracture behaviors. Even if the powder material is composed of plastic metal, the fracture still does not show macroscopic plastic deformation characteristics if the material contains a large number of voids. Eight node isoparametric elastic plastic finite element method was used to simulate the tensile process of sintered powder material. By setting a number of voids in the analyzed metal cuboid, the initial density was taken into consideration. The material properties of the three dimensional solid for the tensile simulation were defined with reference to the known pure iron material parameters. The load displacement curves during elongation were obtained with a universal testing machine, and then the simulated curves were compared with the experimental results. The factors that cause the stress concentration and strength decrease were analyzed according to the simulated equivalent von Mises stress distribution.

地热系统钙华和硅华定年方法研究进展及其应用

地热系统泉华以钙华和硅华为主,因其携带丰富的多时空尺度信息,可用于恢复古水文古气候演化史、重建区域水热活动演化过程及约束构造模式。对样品精准定年是开展相关研究的基础,常用定年方法包括放射性碳定年法(无机碳和有机碳)、铀系不平衡法、宇宙成因核素法、光释光法和电子自旋共振法等。我国热泉泉华定年最早使用放射性碳定年法,随后多使用电子自旋共振法与铀系不平衡测年法。系统总结了上述方法的基本原理、定年范围、适用条件、对样品的要求等,并探讨存在问题及未来发展方向。对于钙华样品,如纯度高,无外源碳影响,可采用基于有机碳的放射性碳定年法和铀系不平衡法;如固结程度高,也可使用电子自旋共振测年法;古地磁法值得今后深入探索。对于硅华样品,基于有机碳的放射性碳定年法和电子自旋共振测年法更适用,而铀系不平衡法和古地磁法可以尝试。此外,^(10)Be和^(26)Al等宇宙成因核素也可用于古泉华的定年。样品纯度低或数据校正困难以及定年范围有限是目前钙华和硅华常用定年方法存在的两个主要问题;前者可考虑利用离子探针技术对微观尺度上的高纯度方解石中U和Th的同位素进行测定来获取样品年龄;为避免微量样品代表性问题,应尽量获得均匀分布的多个测点数据。后者则可以通过尝试利用长半衰期宇宙成因核素来获得百万年尺度上的泉华年龄。新技术研究以及定量化校正样品纯度不够的影响是未来发展方向。

基于离散元法的磁性磨粒干压成型工艺参数优化

为探究磁性磨粒坯体压制阶段的各工艺参数对其成型质量的影响,优化磁性磨粒的烧结法制备参数,制备出质量优良的磁性磨粒,以铁基氧化铝磁性磨粒为研究对象,建立磁性磨粒干压成型的离散元模型。通过改变压制力、压制方式、摩擦系数、模具高径比等工艺参数,探究其对磁性磨粒坯体成型质量的影响,并实现压制过程中工艺参数的优化。结果表明:压制力越大,坯体孔隙率越小,但压制力过大,坯体外表面产生裂痕,影响坯体表面形貌的完整性,故宜选择75~125 MPa的压制力;双向压制得到的坯体密度更均匀、力学性能更好;模具的高径比越大,坯体的孔隙率相对较大,坯体的轴向应力相对较小;磨料颗粒间摩擦系数及侧壁与磨料颗粒之间的摩擦系数越小,坯体的孔隙率越小、致密度越好,坯体的均匀性也越好。在磁性磨粒混合阶段加入适量润滑液,可适当减小磨料颗粒间及颗粒与模具侧壁间的摩擦系数,进而提高磨粒坯体质量。

烧成温度对钙长石隔热耐火材料显微结构与性能的影响

本工作以矾土水泥与黏土为原料,采用发泡法制备了钙长石隔热耐火材料,通过XRD、SEM和导热仪等分析了烧成温度(1110~1310℃)对钙长石隔热耐火材料显微结构与性能的影响,并研究了该种钙长石隔热耐火材料的合成机理。结果表明:当烧成温度为1110~1160℃时,体系内开始生成钙长石,但原料微颗粒间的反应并不完全,生成的液相含量较少,强度较低;当烧成温度为1210~1260℃时,液相含量增多,钙长石的生成速度加快,强度增大,试样具有较低导热系数;当烧成温度为1310℃时,液相含量迅速增多,线收缩率迅速增大,试样具有较大强度,但体积密度大幅增长,气孔率降低。在1260℃时,制得了体积密度为0.53 g/cm^(3)、气孔率为82.6%、抗折强度为1.15 MPa、耐压强度为1.99 MPa、800℃导热系数为0.101 W/(m·K)的钙长石隔热耐火材料。

高钙铁尾矿对多孔陶瓷烧结温度和性能的影响

为促进矿业固废铁尾矿的高值化利用,以高钙铁尾矿作为主要原料,高岭土为黏结剂,石英作为骨料,碳化硅为发泡剂,采用“注浆成型-直接发泡法”制备高孔隙率铁尾矿多孔陶瓷,并通过测试多孔陶瓷孔隙率、孔径分布、体积密度和抗压强度,研究铁尾矿用量对多孔陶瓷烧结温度及性能结构的影响。结果表明,高钙铁尾矿可作为助熔剂使用,在原料配比为40%铁尾矿,20%高岭土、40%石英,外加0.3%碳化硅,烧结温度在1160~1170℃的条件下所制备的多孔陶瓷各项性能最优,其体积密度密度为0.38~0.46 g/cm^(3),气孔率高达80.84%~83.5%,平均孔径为0.33~0.88 mm,抗压强度为1.95~3.28 MPa。微观分析表明,铁尾矿内的方解石高温下分解产生的CaO可以与原料中的SiO_(2)反应生成钙长石,并大幅度降低材料的烧结温度和液相黏度,同时铁尾矿中的方解石和Fe_(2)O_(3)可以促进气泡的增长,有利于进一步提高气孔率。

烧结机头灰浸出提取高纯度氯化钾的研究

为了实现烧结机头灰中的氯化钾高附加值利用,以某钢铁企业的烧结机头电除尘灰和高盐碱性洗脱水为原料,采用预处理-高盐废水协同水洗脱钾-真空抽滤-除杂与脱色-固液分离-分盐结晶的工艺路线,设计了BoxBehnken试验,建立浸出温度、液固比和搅拌速率3个因素与烧结机头灰钾脱除率之间的数学模型,采用响应曲面(Box-Behnken)法对烧结机头灰钾脱除率工艺进行优化,并通过氯化钠和氯化钾在不同温度下的溶解度大小进行分盐结晶。实验结果表明:响应曲面分析得出3个因素对烧结机头灰中钾的脱除率的影响程度由大到小依次为浸出温度、液固质量比、搅拌速率;浸出过程最佳的工艺条件是浸出温度为51.45℃、液固质量比为2.85∶1、搅拌速率为674 r/min,30 min时钾的脱除率为93.89%;含钾滤液经过除杂脱色处理后,利用NaCl-KCl-H_(2)O水盐体系相图,控制蒸发条件进行分盐结晶,使闪发终点控制在氯化钾单固相结晶区内,可得到纯度为92%氯化钾产品。

K掺杂的SrSiO_(3-δ)基电解质材料的制备与性能研究

采用固相法制备了固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)电解质材料Sr_(1-x)K_(x)SiO_(3-δ)(x=0.00、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35)。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、交流阻抗等对试样进行表征分析。结果表明:用固相法经950℃煅烧所得粉体呈立方钙钛矿结构。Sr_(1-x)K_(x)SiO_(3-δ)的烧结活性较好,在1200℃烧结的电解质陶瓷相对密度均大于98%,平均晶粒尺寸为7~15μm;中温条件下该系列电解质材料的离子电导率较高、电导活化能较低。其中800℃时Sr_(0.90)K_(0.10)SiO_(2).95的离子电导率最高(8.66×10^(-2)S/cm),电导活化能最低(1.27 eV)。