Experimental study on influence of boundary on location of maximum velocity in open channel flows

The velocity dip phenomenon may occur in a part of or in the whole flow field of open channel flows due to the secondary flow effect. Based on rectangular flume experiments and the laser Doppler velocimetry, the influence of the distance to the sidewall and the aspect ratio on the velocity dip is investigated. Through application of statistical methods to the experimental results, it is proposed that the flow field may be divided into two regions, the relatively strong sidewall region and the relatively weak sidewall region. In the former region, the distance to the sidewall greatly affects the location of maximum velocity, and, in the latter region, both the distance to the sidewall and the aspect ratio influence the location of the maximum velocity.

Lateral Shear Layer and Its Velocity Distribution of Flow in Rectangular Open Channels

The lateral velocity distribution of flow in the shear layer of open channel is required to many problems in river and eco-environment engineering, e.g. distribution of pollutant dispersion, sediment transport and bank erosion, and aquatic habitat. It is not well understood about how the velocity varies laterally in the wall boundary layer. This paper gives an analytical solution of lateral velocity distribution in a rectangular open channel based on the depth-averaged momentum equation proposed by Shiono & Knight. The obtained lateral velocity distributions in the wall shear layer are related to the two hydraulic parameters of lateral eddy viscosity (λ) and depth-averaged secondary flow (Γ) for given roughened channels. Preliminary relationships between the above two parameters and the aspect ratio of channel, B/H, are obtained from two sets of experimental data. The lateral width (δ) of the shear layer was investigated and found to relate to the λ and the bed friction factor (f), as described by Equation (26). This study indicates that the lateral shear layer near the wall can be very wide (δ/H = 14.6) for the extreme case (λ = 0.6 and f = 0.01).

The properties of dilute debris flow and hyper-concentrated flow in different flow regimes in open channels

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technique was used to test the analogues of hyperconcentrated flow and dilute debris flow in an open flume. Flow fields, velocity profiles and turbulent parameters were obtained under different conditions. Results show that the flow regime depends on coarse grain concentration. Slurry with high fine grain concentration but lacking of coarse grains behaves as a laminar flow. Dilute debris flows containing coarse grains are generally turbulent flows. Streamlines are parallel and velocity values are large in laminar flows. However, in turbulent flows the velocity diminishes in line with the intense mixing of liquid and eddies occurring. The velocity profiles of laminar flow accord with the parabolic distribution law. When the flow is in a transitional regime, velocity profiles deviate slightly from the parabolic law. Turbulent flow has an approximately uniform distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. The ratio of turbulent kinetic energy to the kinetic energy of time-averaged flow is the internal cause determining the flow regime: laminar flow(k/K<0.1); transitional flow(0.1< k/K<1); and turbulent flow(k/K>1). Turbulent kinetic energy firstly increases with increasing coarse grain concentration and then decreases owing to the suppression of turbulence by the high concentration of coarse grains. This variation is also influenced by coarse grain size and channel slope. The results contribute to the modeling of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow.

An Improved Analytical Model for Vertical Velocity Distribution of Vegetated Channel Flows

The existence of vegetation plays an important role to protect the ecosystem and water environment in natural rivers and wetlands, but it alters the velocity field of flow, consequently influencing the transport of pollutant and biomass. As a pre-requisite for the analysis of environmental capacity in a channel, the vertical velocity distribution of flows has attracted much research attention;however, there is yet lack of a good prediction model available. For the channel with submerged vegetation, the vertical velocity distribution in the lower vegetation layer will be different from that in the upper flow layer of non-vegetation. In this paper, after review on the most recent two-layer model proposed by Baptist et al., the author has proposed an improved two-layer analytical model by introducing a different mixing length scale (λ). The proposed model is based on the momentum equation of flow with the turbulent eddy viscosity assumed as a linear relationship with the local velocity. The proposed model is compared with the Baptist model for different datasets published in the literature, which shows that the proposed analytical model can improve the vertical velocity distribution prediction well compared with the Baptist model for a range of data. This study reveals that the λ is well related with the submergence of vegetation (H/h), as suggested by . When the constant β is taken as 3/100, the proposed model shows good agreement with a wide range of datasets studied: flow depth (H)/vegetation height (h) in 1.25 to 3.33, different vegetation densities of a in 1.1 to 18.5 m&#8722;1 (a defined as the frontal area of the vegetation per unit volume), and bed slopes in (1.38 - 4.0) × 10&#8722;3.

Analytical solutions for transverse distributions of stream-wise velocity in turbulent flow in rectangular channel with partial vegetation

The theory of poroelasticity is introduced to study the hydraulic properties of the steady uniform turbulent flow in a partially vegetated rectangular channel. Plants are assumed as immovable media. The resistance caused by vegetation is expressed by the theory of poroelasticity. Considering the influence of a secondary flow, the momentum equation can be simplified. The momentum equation is nondimensionalized to obtain a smooth solution for the lateral distribution of the longitudinal velocity. To verify the model, an acoustic Doppler velocimeter （ADV） is used to measure the velocity field in a rectangular open channel partially with emergent artificial rigid vegetation. Comparisons between the measured data and the computed results show that the method can predict the transverse distributions of stream-wise velocities in turbulent flows in a rectangular channel with partial vegetation.

Origin of Erosion and Hydraulic Problems of the San Roque Underground Arched Culvert Channel and Its Relationship with the Maximum Flow Rate and the Maximum Permissible Velocity

This work presents the hydrologic estimations of the hydraulic underground arched culvert channel (UACC) in Sabinal Basin, Chiapas, México and the hydrological problems associated with it, such as the erosion phenomenon and abrasion cavity formation in it. On the other hand, the maximum flows that the UACC could transport were analyzed, concluding that it no longer has the hydraulic capacity to transport the flow rate associated to return periods equal to or greater than five years and that maximum permissible velocity UACC’s bottom is 3 m/s.

Effect of Mixed Vegetation of Different Heights on Open Channel Flows

Vegetation of different heights commonly grows in natural rivers, canals and wetlands and affects the biodiversity and morphological process. The role of vegetation has drawn great attention in river ecosystems and environmental management. Due to the complexity of the vegetated flow, most previous research focuses on the effect of uniformed one-layered vegetation on the flow structure and morphological process. However, less attention was paid to the impact of the mixing vegetation of different heights, which is more realistic and often occurs in natural riverine environments. This paper aims to investigate the effect of mixing three-layered vegetation on flow characteristics, particularly the velocity distrbution, via a novel experiment. Experiments were performed in a titling water flume fully covered with vegetation of three heights (10, 15 and 20 cm) arranged in a staggered pattern, which is partially submerged. Velocities at different positions along a half cross-section were measured using a mini propeller velocimeter. Observed results showed that the velocity has a distinct profile directly behind vegetation and behind the vegetation gap. The overall profile has two distinct reflections about ? below or near the top of short vegetation (h): the velocity remains almost constant in the bottom layer ( h) the velocities directly behind the middle after short vegetation increase much faster than those directly behind the short after tall vegetation. The finding in this study would help river riparian and ecosystem management. .

基于Flow-3D的多阶明渠工程数学模型研究

[目的]研究灌区多级阶梯明渠水流的水动力特性及泥沙淤积问题,并评价其对多阶明渠工程的影响.[方法]基于VOF方法,在Flow-3D平台上建立了山东省德州市牛角店输水工程的三维数学模型,通过模拟不同工况下的三维多阶明渠水流,对比分析水流流速分布、水面线变化及渠底泥沙淤积情况.[结果]水流流态平稳后,最大流速出现在第二级阶梯上,挟沙水流流速较清水流速大0.50~0.86 m/s;在挑坎及第二级阶梯上,水面线变化幅度较大;随着时间推移,泥沙主要淤积于挑坎前及第三级阶梯底部,200 s时淤积厚度最高达0.143 mm.[结论]在牛角店输水工程施工及后期运行中,适当加固第二级阶梯渠底,提升第二级侧墙高度,并通过调控下游水位以保证灌渠的安全运行.

Evaluating Two-Layer Models for Velocity Profiles in Open-Channels with Submerged Vegetation

For submerged vegetated flow, the velocity profile has two distinctive distributions in the vegetation layer in the lower region and the surface layer in the upper non-vegetated region. Based on a mixing-layer analogy, different analytical models have been proposed for the velocity profile in the two layers. This paper evaluates the four analytical models of Klopstra et al., Defina & Bixio, Yang et al. and Nepf against a wide range of independent experimental data available in the literature. To test the applicability and robust of the models, the author used the 19 datasets with various relative depths of submergence, different vegetation densities and bed slopes (1.8 × 10?6 - 4.0 × 10?3). This study shows that none of the models can predict the velocity profiles well for all datasets. The three models except Yang’s model performed reasonably well in certain cases, but Yang’s model failed in most the cases studied. It was also found that the Defina model is almost the same as the Klopstra model, if the same mixing length scale of eddies (λ) is used. Finally, close examination of the mixing length scale of eddies (λ) in the Defina model showed that when λ/h = 1/40(H/h)1/2, this model can predict velocity profiles well for all the datasets used.

Predictions of bulk velocity for open channel flow through submerged vegetation

Vegetation is of great significance in river ecosystems in terms of hydrodynamics,water environment and ecology.The question of how to predict the bulk velocity in channel flow through submerged vegetation is currently a hot topic in hydraulics research.The present study addresses this question.The various formulae used for bulk velocity estimation in previous work were reviewed and compared.The main novelty of this paper is that a new expression of friction factor is proposed as a function of two dimensionless factors,and the number of tuning parameters is less than that in previous work.A comparison of measured and calculated data was conducted for flow through submerged rigid and flexible vegetation.The comparison showed that the proposed new model can make more accurate predictions than previous models.It is envisaged that the proposed formulation can be usefully employed in eco-hydraulics predictions.

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT-LADEN FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS

Analysis on velocity distributions of steady, uniform suspended sediment-laden flow in open channels was presented. The sediment particle-particle interactions and the buoyancy effects due to density stratification were taken into account through a water sediment mixture's constitute relationship and an adapted Monin-Obukhov length scale to validate the theory for a wider spectrum of sediment concentrations. The developed model with the same Von Karman coefficient as that of a single phase flow was shown to be in the excellent agreement with the measurement results in the controlled experiments with both the low and heavy sediment concentrations.

Optimal design of velocity sensor for open channel flow using CFD

In this study,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to design the geometry of a new velocity sensor for measuring open channel flows.This sensor determined velocity by observing the travel of dye carried in the flow.Evaluation of this design required the development of fluid dynamics models to determine potential errors in fluid velocity measurement due to velocity changes caused by intrusion of the sensor in the fluid.It also required an analysis technique to determine the expected sensor response to the flow fields that resulted from the CFD modeling.These models were then used to improve the geometry of the sensor to minimize the measurement error.Starting with a simple design for the sensor geometry,the CFD analysis modeled the open channel flow around the sensor as turbulent using both the k-ωand k-εReynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)turbulence models.The model predicted that the original sensor design would underestimate the free-stream velocities of open channels by 7.9%to 2.0%across a range from 0.1 m/s to 5.0 m/s.After using CFD to improve the sensor design,the velocity measurement error was limited to less than 4%across the same velocity range.

VERTICAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN STEADY NON-UNIFORM AND UNSTEADY OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

Based on the continuity equation, the distribution of vertical velocity in equilibrium steady non-uniform and unsteady open-channel flows were deduced theoretically. Then a recently developed Acoustic Doppler Velocity Profiler (ADVP) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology was used to measure instantaneously the flow profiles. From these measurements, the vertical velocity and the other flow parameters were obtained. Additional data measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at the Nanyang Technological University were also presented. The agreement between the theoretical distribution of vertical velocity and the measured data is reasonably good.

Flow structure at the downstream of a one-line riparian emergent tree along the floodplain edge in a compound open-channel flow

This study focuses on the effects of one-line emergent natural tree（Cupressus Macrocarpa） planted at the edge of the floodplain in a compound open-channel flow. The flow velocity and water level are measured and used to analyze the flow structure. The time averaged and depth-averaged streamwise velocity distributions with root mean square（rms） and time series of streamwise velocity distrbution are analyzed. The velocity distribution considerably changes along the compound channel. The streamwise velocity distribution fits with logarithmic distribution in the non-vegetated case, but for vegetated cases, the streamwise velocity distribution shows S shaped profile at the 1/3 part of floodplain（/3）B_f and main channel（/3）B_m close to the boundary between floodplain and main channel. Additionally, it is obtained that the presence of tree line increases turbulence intensity over the compound open-channel. Moreover, an oscillation period is obtained in the flow caused by tree line by analyzing time series of the streamwise velocity distribution. The oscillation is present everywhere in the floodplain and present at almost/3 B_m part of the main channel which is close to the junction between floodplain and main channel.

Study on the flow structure around discontinued vertically layered vegetation in an open channel

The flow structure and geomorphology of rivers are significantly affected by vegetation patterns. In the present study, the effect of vegetation in the form of discontinuous and vertically double layered patches particularly on the resulting flow turbulence was examined computationally in an open channel. A k-ɛ model was implemented in this research work which was developed using 3-D numerical code FLUENT (ANSYS). After the validation process of numerical model, the impact of discontinuous layered vegetation patches on the flow turbulence was investigated against varying vegetation density and patch length. The mean stream-wise velocities at specified positions showed larger spatial fluctuations directly upstream and downstream of vegetation elements, whereas sharp inflections in the profiles were witnessed at the top of smaller submerged elements i.e. z/hs= 1 (where z is the flow depth and hs is the smaller vegetation height). The reduction in flow velocity due to tall vegetation structure was more as compared with that of short vegetation. The mean velocity in the patch regions was visibly higher than that in the gap regions. The profiles of turbulent flow properties showed more rise and fall within the patches with a high vegetation density i.e. Ss/d= 4;and St/d= 8 (where Ss/d and St/d are the smaller and taller vegetation spacing, while d is the vegetation diameter) as compared with low vegetation density i.e. Ss/d= 8;and St/d= 16. The turbulent flow structure in the large patch and gap regions was found to be more stable than that in the small patches and gaps;whereas, due to the variation in distribution form of the patch, turbulence is relatively unaffected, and the flow structure variation is low. Turbulence was observed to be large, followed by a saw-tooth distribution within the patches;whereas, low turbulence is observed in the non-vegetation regions. The turbulent intensity acquired maximum of 13% turbulence for dense vegetation arrangement as compared to that of sparse arrangement having maximum of 9% turbulent intensity. A noteworthy rise in turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity was witnessed as the flow passed through the vegetated regions. Hence, a non-uniform flow was observed through discontinuous and double layered vegetation patches.

United friction resistance in open channel flows

It is now over half a century since Keulegan conducted his open channel flow experiments. Over the past decades, many empirical formulae were proposed based on his results, however, there is still not a combined expression to describe the effects of friction over all hydraulic regions in open channel flows. Therefore, in this letter, based on the analysis of the implicit model and the logarithmic matching method, the results of Keulegan （for authentic experiment data are no longer available, here we adopt the analytical solutions given by Dou） are rescaled into one monotone curve by combining the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of the river bed. A united expression that could cover the entire turbulence regions and be validated with Dou＇s analytical solutions is suggested to estimate the friction factor throughout the turbulent region in open channel flows, with higher accuracy than that of the previous formulas.

Effect of vegetation on flow structure and dispersion in strongly curved channels

The effect of vegetation on the flow structure and the dispersion in a 180 o curved open channel is studied. The Micro ADV is used to measure the flow velocities both in the vegetation cases and the non-vegetation case. It is shown that the velocities in the vegetation area are much smaller than those in the non-vegetation area and a large velocity gradient is generated between the vegetation area and the non-vegetation area. The transverse and longitudinal dispersion coefficients are analyzed based on the experimental data by using the modified N- zone models. It is shown that the effect of the vegetation on the transverse dispersion coefficient is small, involving only changes of a small magnitude, however, since the primary velocities become much more inhomogeneous with the presence of the vegetation, the longitudinal dispersion coefficients are much larger than those in the non-vegetation case.

非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流流速结构PIV试验研究

鉴于床面非均匀散粒粗糙直接影响明渠水流的流速结构问题,基于PIV水槽试验,研究了非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流的流速结构,探讨了水流时均流速沿流向和沿垂线的分布规律,分析了脉动流速的象限分布特征。结果表明,梅花形排列的大尺度非均匀散粒粗糙显著影响了颗粒顶部以下的水流结构,大、小颗粒周围时均流速结构相似,颗粒大小明显影响了流动分离区形状尺度和内外层流体分界点位置;象限分析显示外层流体中,大颗粒使其上方区域Q2、Q4事件的概率减小;内层流体中Q1、Q3事件占主导,颗粒上游及大颗粒附近相比下游及小颗粒附近更易产生强紊流事件。

船舶对明渠水流运动的影响模型试验研究

为了探求船舶对于明渠水流运动的影响,利用水位测针和粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)系统分别测量了明渠水流中不同吃水工况下船舶前、后的沿程水深及流场,分析了位于船舶中间纵剖面上的流速分布特征。结果表明:①相较于无船工况,船前水深略有增加,船后水深略有减少;且船舶对水深的影响程度随着吃水深度的增加而增加,有船与无船水深的比值最大为1.071,最小为0.951;②船舶中间纵剖面上纵向垂线流速分布从船头前“J”型向船舶底部的“■”型转变,流经船尾后逐渐恢复为“J”型,且在船头附近形成下潜水流、船尾附近形成上升水流;③在船舶吃水深度为0.6 h时,纵向(沿水流方向)与垂向(沿水深方向)上都出现各个工况下的最大流速,纵向流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的2.11倍,位于船头附近(x/l=-2/5);下潜水流流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的71%,位于船头附近(x/l=-0.5);上升水流流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的29%,位于船尾附近(x/l=2/3)。

The structure of turbulent flow through submerged flexible vegetation

The hydrodynamics of turbulent flow through submerged flexible vegetation is investigated in a flume using acoustic Doppler velocimetery(ADV)measurements.The flow characteristics such as the energetics and momentum transfer derived from convcntional spectral and quadrant analyses are considered as the flow encounters a finite vegetation patch.Consistent with numerous canopy flow experiments,a shear layer and coherent vortex structures near the canopy top emerge caused by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities after the flow equilibrates with the vegetated layer.These in stabilities are commonly attributed to velocity differences between non-vegetated and vegetated canopy layers in agreement with numerous experiments and simulations conducted on dense rigid canopies.The power-spectral density function for vertical velocity turbulent fluctuations at different downstream positions starting from the edge of the vegetation layer are also computed.For a preset water depth,the dominant dimensionless frequency is found to be surprisingly invariant around 0.027 despite large differences in vegetation densities.The ejection and sweep events significantly contribute to the Reynolds stresses near the top of the vegetation.The momentum flux carried by ejections is larger than its counterpart carried by the sweeps above the canopy top.However,the momentum flux carried by sweeps is larger below the top of the canopy.