On the Dependability of Highly Heterogeneous and Open Distributed Systems

This paper introduces an architecture of distributed systems that facilitates the implementation of a substantial range of dependable system properties, i.e., properties that span an entire system, or a set of components dispersed throughout it. This architecture, called GDS, for governed distributed system, governs the system by controlling the flow of messages between its actors, independently of the internals of the interacting actors. This governance is done via an enforced collection of interaction laws organized into a modular and conflict free hierarchical ensemble. This ensemble of laws is sensitive to the history of interaction;and it is enforced in a decentralized manner, and is thus scalable. The dependable system properties that can be implemented under GDS can have the following beneficial consequences, among others: a) the ability to establish regularities over the system, rendering it more coherent, and easier to reason about;b) the ability to provide a degree of trust among the disparate actor of the system;and c) the ability to ensure compliance with interaction protocols that are essential for distributed computing. Consequently, the GDS architecture can have a significant impact on the following important system qualities: security, fault tolerance, auditability, and manageability.

Analytical Load Balancing Model in Distributed Open Flow Controller System

The Software Defined Network (SDN) is a concept based on a decoupling between the control plan and the data plan of a network. Thus, the network becomes programmable and can be coupled to the business applications of the users. The study that is discussed in this article looks at load planning and balancing in distributed controllers. To do this, a model and theoretical methods of performance evaluation related to appropriate software tools, to predict and control the quality of service offered to users is exposed. This paper exposed also a distributed architecture of controllers and then a module based on an adaptive load balancing algorithm that is fault tolerant and fluctuates controller loads. The experiments show a significant gain in efficiency of our solution.

RB-DEM Modeling and Simulation of Non-Persisting Rough Open Joints Based on the IFS-Enhanced Method

When the geological environment of rock masses is disturbed,numerous non-persisting open joints can appear within it.It is crucial to investigate the effect of open joints on the mechanical properties of rock mass.However,it has been challenging to generate realistic open joints in traditional experimental tests and numerical simulations.This paper presents a novel solution to solve the problem.By utilizing the stochastic distribution of joints and an enhanced-fractal interpolation system(IFS)method,rough curves with any orientation can be generated.The Douglas-Peucker algorithm is then applied to simplify these curves by removing unnecessary points while preserving their fundamental shape.Subsequently,open joints are created by connecting points that move to both sides of rough curves based on the aperture distribution.Mesh modeling is performed to construct the final mesh model.Finally,the RB-DEM method is applied to transform the mesh model into a discrete element model containing geometric information about these open joints.Furthermore,this study explores the impacts of rough open joint orientation,aperture,and number on rock fracture mechanics.This method provides a realistic and effective approach for modeling and simulating these non-persisting open joints.

Planning Management of Multiagent-based Distributed Open Computing Environment Model

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Effect of Mixed Vegetation of Different Heights on Open Channel Flows

Vegetation of different heights commonly grows in natural rivers, canals and wetlands and affects the biodiversity and morphological process. The role of vegetation has drawn great attention in river ecosystems and environmental management. Due to the complexity of the vegetated flow, most previous research focuses on the effect of uniformed one-layered vegetation on the flow structure and morphological process. However, less attention was paid to the impact of the mixing vegetation of different heights, which is more realistic and often occurs in natural riverine environments. This paper aims to investigate the effect of mixing three-layered vegetation on flow characteristics, particularly the velocity distrbution, via a novel experiment. Experiments were performed in a titling water flume fully covered with vegetation of three heights (10, 15 and 20 cm) arranged in a staggered pattern, which is partially submerged. Velocities at different positions along a half cross-section were measured using a mini propeller velocimeter. Observed results showed that the velocity has a distinct profile directly behind vegetation and behind the vegetation gap. The overall profile has two distinct reflections about ? below or near the top of short vegetation (h): the velocity remains almost constant in the bottom layer ( h) the velocities directly behind the middle after short vegetation increase much faster than those directly behind the short after tall vegetation. The finding in this study would help river riparian and ecosystem management. .

基于Open DSS的配电网低电压问题治理优化策略研究

电压质量低和系统网损较大是困扰偏远地区配电系统的两个主要问题,也是近几年配电网研究的重点。基于美国电科院(EPRI)开发的Open Distribution System Simulator(Open DSS)平台,进行了三相不平衡配电系统的潮流计算,分析了三相平衡负荷与不平衡负荷对电压和有功网损的影响。以Matlab为平台,设计了Open DSS的COM接口,使得在Matlab程序中能够反复调取Open DSS对配电网进行三相潮流计算,由此建立了配电网无功优化和低电压治理决策模型,将电压分段罚函数引入扩展的无功优化目标函数中,并将高斯罚函数用于处理无功优化变量,使得最终得到的解尽可能地逼近离散值。基于粒子群优化算法(PSO)实现了无功优化问题的求解。实际仿真算例验证了所建立的无功优化模型和算法的有效性与可行性。

基于Open Linked Data的中西医关联发现云平台

提出了一个用于中西医关联发现的云平台—BioTCM Cloud。该平台是构建在大量的开放链接数据(Linked Data)的基础上,以及跨领域知识整合的需要。面对海量的链接数据,提出了基于MapReduce框架的分布式语义推理框架,用于解决基于领域规则的知识推理问题。以中医草药为案例,分布式语义推埋可以建立中医药和西医之间的关联,以促进中西医之间的沟通和数据共享。

开放式数字图书馆的Handle System实现机制

该文研究了数字图书馆(Digitallibrary)及其涉及的关键技术。首先分析了该领域的研究状况,研究其中存在的问题,指出了在实施中建立数字图书馆服务模型的必要性,从而分析定义了数字化图书馆的HandleSystem服务模型,并着重提出了数字化图书馆的HandleSystem服务系统实现机制及其核心技术。最后,通过原型系统实现和验证了其可行性与有效性。

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Square Heaving Plates with Opening Under Forced Oscillation

The existence of the heaving plates can improve the heaving motion performance of an offshore structure significantly by providing both extra added mass and damping.In the current research,numerical investigation is carried out on the hydrodynamic characteristics of both isolated square heaving plate and double square heaving plates with opening by an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method.The effects on hydrodynamic performance of plates due to Keulegan-Carpenter(KC)number,frequency number,opening ratio,opening distribution and spacing of plates are examined.It is found that the heaving plates with optimized opening ratio can provide additional damping compared with the plates without opening.Better hydrodynamic characteristics of double plates can be obtained with the increase of plate spacing.

Lateral Shear Layer and Its Velocity Distribution of Flow in Rectangular Open Channels

The lateral velocity distribution of flow in the shear layer of open channel is required to many problems in river and eco-environment engineering, e.g. distribution of pollutant dispersion, sediment transport and bank erosion, and aquatic habitat. It is not well understood about how the velocity varies laterally in the wall boundary layer. This paper gives an analytical solution of lateral velocity distribution in a rectangular open channel based on the depth-averaged momentum equation proposed by Shiono & Knight. The obtained lateral velocity distributions in the wall shear layer are related to the two hydraulic parameters of lateral eddy viscosity (λ) and depth-averaged secondary flow (Γ) for given roughened channels. Preliminary relationships between the above two parameters and the aspect ratio of channel, B/H, are obtained from two sets of experimental data. The lateral width (δ) of the shear layer was investigated and found to relate to the λ and the bed friction factor (f), as described by Equation (26). This study indicates that the lateral shear layer near the wall can be very wide (δ/H = 14.6) for the extreme case (λ = 0.6 and f = 0.01).

Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.

Two-stage Optimization for Active Distribution Systems Based on Operating Ranges of Soft Open Points and Energy Storage System

Due to the lack of flexible interconnection devices,power imbalances between networks cannot be relieved effectively.Meanwhile,increasing the penetration of distributed generators exacerbates the temporal power imbalances caused by large peak-valley load differences.To improve the operational economy lowered by spatiotemporal power imbalances,this paper proposes a two-stage optimization strategy for active distribution networks(ADNs)interconnected by soft open points(SOPs).The SOPs and energy storage system(ESS)are adopted to transfer power spatially and temporally,respectively.In the day-ahead scheduling stage,massive stochastic scenarios against the uncertainty of wind turbine output are generated first.To improve computational efficiency in massive stochastic scenarios,an equivalent model between networks considering sensitivities of node power to node voltage and branch current is established.The introduction of sensitivities prevents violations of voltage and current.Then,the operating ranges(ORs)of the active power of SOPs and the state of charge(SOC)of ESS are obtained from models between networks and within the networks,respectively.In the intraday corrective control stage,based on day-ahead ORs,a receding-horizon model that minimizes the purchase cost of electricity and voltage deviations is established hour by hour.Case studies on two modified ADNs show that the proposed strategy achieves spatiotemporal power balance with lower cost compared with traditional strategies.

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN REACTOR:EFFECT OF BACKGROUND REACTANT ON TRACER DISPERSION

A new approach is presented for deriving the residence time distribution(RTD)in open-type reactors with exclusion of residence in the fore section.Inasmuch as failure to predict the con-version of chemical reactions has been evidenced in many occasions,numerical solution of tracerdispersion in the presence of background concentration gradient of reactant is given to demonstratethe strong effect of background reactant on the true RTD a reactant molecule experiences.Withinthe error of computation,the conversion of a first-order chemical reaction under steady state is shownto be equal in both closed and open reactors,despite difference in relevant

EFFECT OF BACKGROUND REACTANT GRADIENT ON TRACER DISPERSION:A CASE STUDY OF IMPULSE INJECTION OF REACTANT INTO AN OPEN REACTOR

The paradox is well known that the residence time distribution(RTD)is not valid forthe estimation of the conversion of a first order reaction in an open tubular reactor.A casc ofδ injection of reactive species into an open flow system is investigated theoretically in this paper.The analytical solution with the Laplace transform demonstrated that the conversion of a first orderreaction is identical to that in a closed reactor under steady state.The effect of the backgroundreactant concentration gradient addressed by the authors in a previous paper was employed to thiscase.and the numerical solution of the tracer dispersion based on this novel argument gave rise to asimilar value of conversion.suggesting the validity of the concept and the significance of the subtledifference between RTDs determined with or without the presence of a background reactant in anopen flow system.

Experiments and Considerations through the Phase Diagram in Open Tubular Capillary Chromatography Based on Tube Radial Distribution of Ternary Mixed Solvents Using a Fused-Silica Capillary Tube

Capillary chromatography using an untreated open tubular capillary tube and a ternary solvent mixture consisting of water-hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic solvent as a carrier solution has been developed. The system is called tube radical distribution chromatography (TRDC). Separation performance of the TRDC system using a fused-silica capillary tube was examined through the phase diagram for the ternary water-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate solvent mixture. The TRDC system required homogeneous carrier solutions with solvent component ratios around the boundary curve between homogeneous and heterogeneous solution in the phase diagram. The data obtained using the fused-silica capillary tube were compared with those obtained using a polytetrafluoroethylene capillary tube in our previous study.

煤张开型裂隙三维宏细观演化特征及扰动因素探究

裂隙演化方式受控于诸如矿物特征及围压条件等内外环境,为探究含裂隙煤体裂隙宏细观演化特征及影响因素的围压效应,基于工业CT扫描系统及其搭载的三轴加载系统对含裂隙煤体开展三轴静载试验,以多角度联合表征,对原生裂隙、矿物及围压的内外条件相互作用机制做出合理解释。结果表明:①围压会改变煤体初始损伤显著区位置,使其随围压升高由裂隙尖端过渡至煤体上、下端,且微孔隙和大尺寸裂隙之间比微孔隙和微孔隙之间更易相互贯通,并产生新的宏观裂纹。②围压升高使得三维动态分形维数由缓慢增加、快速增加和平稳增加转变为平稳增加、快速增加和缓慢增加的发展阶段,可表征裂隙的时间演化规律。③含裂隙煤体在单轴或低围压下呈纵向拉伸破坏,高围压会使其破坏方式趋于剪切,并通过2种途径提升煤体强度。④起裂角理论值偏离试验值程度随围压增加而增加,与煤体由矿物分布引起的离散度数值关系一致。⑤根据裂隙的受力成分及矿物分布特征将裂隙扩展行为分为直驱、绕核和错核3种类型,该扩展行为受围压对裂隙的作用力成分影响,由相对纯粹拉应力、拉伸–剪切复合应力和相对纯粹剪应力作用的裂纹分别对应以上3种扩展行为,即对裂隙的扩展影响形式表现为以围压为主,矿物赋存形态为辅。

主动配电网潮流的全纯嵌入计算方法

配电网潮流计算是进行配电网规划和运行的重要基础。目前,配电网潮流求解方法主要有牛拉(Newton Raphson,NR)法和前推回代(forward backward substitution,FBS)法两大类,但NR法和FBS法在潮流收敛性和计算效率等方面均存在一定的不足。全纯嵌入法(holomorphic embedding method,HEM)是一种求解非线性潮流方程的新方法,它可以有效避免NR法和FBS法在配电网潮流求解过程中出现的上述问题,但现有HEM未充分考虑配电网中各类型分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)和智能软开关(soft open point,SOP)控制方式的多样性,且未构建计及负荷电压特性和频率特性的潮流模型,难以适用于不同运行模式下配电网潮流计算。针对上述问题,提出一种可求解含多类型DG和SOP且可运行在并网/孤岛模式的主动配电网统一全纯嵌入潮流计算方法。首先,根据负荷静态电压和频率特性,构建计及配电网频率和节点电压影响的负荷节点全纯嵌入潮流模型;其次,根据DG不同的控制方式以及配电网不同的运行模式,将DG所连节点等效为不同节点类型,构建各类DG的全纯嵌入潮流模型;再次,考虑SOP不同控制方式,构建SOP全纯嵌入潮流模型;从次,依据全纯嵌入潮流模型等式左右两侧同次幂级数系数相等原则,推导配电网各全纯函数幂级数系数的求解递推关系式,进而计算各全纯函数的各项幂级数系数,借助解析延拓理论求取电压和频率逼近值,实现配电网潮流的准确求解;最后,通过修改的IEEE-33节点测试系统和IEEE-123节点测试系统验证所提方法准确性和有效性。

簇状分布的刚性双层植被明渠紊流特性分析

采用RNG k-ε紊流模型,对簇状分布的刚性双层植被明渠水流进行了模拟和分析;根据时间及空间的双平均方法对植被明渠水流的流速及紊动参数进行了统计。结果表明:簇状分布的植被明渠水流可以分为植物区、间隙区及主流区,不同区域时均流速的大小和分布各异;双层植被明渠水流中,时均流速垂线分布在近床面、低植物顶部附近及高植物顶部附近均出现拐点,脉动强度和紊动能的最大值出现在高植物顶部附近。

分布式管理在实验室管理中的应用与实践

高校实验室是高等教育的重要实践教学基地,只有科学的管理模式才能使学生的综合素质和基本技能得到提高,提高实验室的效率。开放式管理模式是高校实验室发展的趋势,该文在对高校实验室管理模式研究的基础上,应用分布式理论,提出实验室的分布式管理模式,结合自身实践,分析该模式的特点和发展关键环节,为高校实验室管理提供新的可行性思路。

考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复方法

在配电网发生故障后,主动配电网能够实现用户侧参与功率的实时供需平衡,满足故障后的负荷恢复。用户参与配电网的调度也是提升故障后负荷恢复比例的途径之一,可平移负荷具有较强的可控性,有效提升了主动配电网的灵活性,智能软开关等新兴可控设备的接入,也使负荷的快速供电成为可能。本文建立了考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复模型,并考虑了负荷的重要性系数。通过改进的IEEE 33节点算例进行仿真分析,构建单一故障、多点故障、短时故障的场景,验证了本文所提出方法的有效性以及可控装置对故障后负荷恢复量的提升。