Temperature Comfort, Recreation and Historical Features in Open Spaces;the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship (PATH) in Ljubljana, Slovenia

The built environment has a great impact on the quality of urban climate,a comfortable living environment,overheating,and detection of changes in Urban Heat Islands(UHI).Despite the effects that raised outdoor temperatures have on human well-being and health,being in open outdoor spaces is strongly encouraged.This article deals with open green urban areas.The study was focused on searching for the relationships between the various elements,such us outdoor thermal comfort,the urban heat island,green areas,and active leisure time.The well-being in open spaces has be studied on the case of The Path of Remembrance and Comradeship(PATH)in the city of Ljubljana,Slovenia.PATH is a circular recreation ground(almost 33 km long)and passes from the urban to the natural landscape area.PATH constitutes an important element of the urban space and confirms the identity and image of Ljubljana.It is most popular for walking and jogging.Overheating at the PATH was studied using multiple indicators,which were broken down into detail at five sites with different urban morphology,green areas,water,and paved areas.

Wide Open Spaces

AUSTRALIA is known as a country with plenty of space, and comparatively few people to populate it. When you think about the fact that there are six cities in China with a greater population than the whole of the 3.5 million-square-km area of the Great Southern Land, perspectives may change. It is one of the backdrops to the formation of the Australian character. Many cannot just go around the corner for their weekly groceries. Sometimes it may even be delivered by airplane. In some regions, it might be a few hours＇ drive to a neighbor＇s place.

Evaluation and Promotion of the Service Capacity of Urban Public Open Spaces Based on Improving Accessibility:A Case Study of Shenyang City,China

The service capacity of urban public open spaces is an important indicator of the justness and soundness of the allocation of public space resources,such as parks and green spaces,in the process of urban development.Improving the service capacity of urban public open spaces is conductive to healthy,sustainable urban development.In this study,taking Shengyang City,China as a case study,a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method(2 SFCA)is used to calculate an accessibility index and identify residential areas with a poor accessibility to urban public open spaces.Then,a particle swarm algorithm(PSA)is used to optimize the locations of new open space developments.Finally,the optimization results are verified using the analytic network process(ANP).The results show that the service capacity of public open spaces in the center of Shenyang City(covering six districts)is relatively low and exhibits an uneven spatial distribution.In the service scope of the existing urban public open spaces,the accessibility for 48.6%of the residential estates is moderately poor or poor.The layout is optimized when the number of optimization points is set to 8.These points are mainly located in old town areas such as the Tiexi,Huanggu,and Dadong districts.The optimization increases the green space area accessible by motor vehicles(60 min),bicycles(60 min),and walking(30 min)by 4.67%,5.38%,and 8.03%of the study area,respectively.Finally,green space planning recommendations are offered from two perspectives:spatial layout and transport system optimization.

Research on Age-friendly Open Spaces Design in Residential Areas of Small Towns

Taking the accelerating aging and newly promoted urbanization as backdrops, this paper, on one side, analyzed the demands for parks, squares, fi tness facilities, chairs, etc. of elders in small towns from perspectives of unique physical, psychological and social features of elders. On the other side, it also tackled the inadequacies of open spaces in small towns. Moreover, it proposed strategies such as creating social activity spaces, cultivating therapeutic green landscapes, constructing diversely secure fi tness spaces and building age integrated environments, etc. for designing age-friendly open spaces in small towns.

A modelling method for large-scale open spaces orientated toward coordinated control of multiple air-terminal units

The temperature distribution is always assumed to be homogeneous in a traditional singleinput-single-output(SISO)air conditioning control strategy.However,the airflow inside is more complicated and unpredictable.This study proposes a zonal temperature control strategy with a thermal coupling effect integrated for air-conditioned large-scale open spaces.The target space was split into several subzones based on the minimum controllable air terminal units in the proposed method,and each zone can be controlled to its own set-point while considering the thermal coupling effect from its adjacent zones.A numerical method resorting to computational fluid dynamics was presented to obtain the heat transfer coefficients(HTCs)under different air supply scenarios.The relationship between heat transfer coefficient and zonal temperature difference was linearized.Thus,currently available zonal models in popular software can be used to simulate the dynamic response of temperatures in large-scale indoor open spaces.Case studies showed that the introduction of HTCs across the adjacent zones was capable of enhancing the precision of temperature control of large-scale open spaces.It could satisfy the temperature requirements of different zones,improve thermal comfort and at least 11%of energy saving can be achieved by comparing with the conventional control strategy.

Routing through open spaces-A performance comparison of algorithms

Finding the shortest path through open spaces is a well-known challenge for pedestrian routing engines.A common solution is routing on the open space boundary,which causes in most cases an unnecessarily long route.A possible alternative is to create a subgraph within the open space.This paper assesses this approach and investigates its implications for routing engines.A number of algorithms(Grid,Spider-Grid,Visibility,Delaunay,Voronoi,Skeleton)have been evaluated by four different criteria:(i)Number of additional created graph edges,(ii)additional graph creation time,(iii)route computation time,(iv)routing quality.We show that each algorithm has advantages and disadvantages depending on the use case.We identify the algorithms Visibility with a reduced number of edges in the subgraph and Spider-Grid with a large grid size to be a good compromise in many scenarios.

Comparison between recent sphincter-sparing procedures for complex anal fistulas-ligation of intersphincteric tract vs transanal opening of intersphincteric space

Complex anal fistulas are difficult to treat.The main reasons for this are a higher recurrence rate and the risk of disrupting the continence mechanism because of sphincter involvement.Due to this,several sphincter-sparing procedures have been developed in the last two decades.Though moderately successful in simple fistulas(50%-75%healing rate),the healing rates in complex fistulas for most of these procedures has been dismal.Only two procedures,ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and transanal opening of intersphincteric space have been shown to have good success rates in complex fistulas(60%-95%).Both of these procedures preserve continence while achieving high success rates.In this opinion review,I shall outline the history,compare the pros and cons,indications and contraindications and future application of both these procedures for the management of complex anal fistulas.

Urban Open Space as a Place for Social and Physical Well-being:Narratives from two Different Urban Settings of Kathmandu,Nepal

Increasing population and densification of the cities lead to increasing land value by the high demand of land for housing and other infrastructure developments are the reasons that tend to decreasing open spaces in Kathmandu Valley in general,and Kathmandu Metropolitan City(KMC)in particular.Urban open space has been considered as a place that is accessible to all residents and is important in the urban context as such space provides an opportunity as a place for social interaction,networking,recreation,and various physical health exercises.However,different social and economic contexts of the society reflect different patterns of its uses.Two different urban settings(core urban areas having indigenous dominant population and fringe urban areas having migrants’dominant population)have been taken as a basis for analysis in this paper to look at how different urban societies use open spaces differently.Open spaces are not only important for maintaining urban greenery and beauty for the city but are valued for accumulating social capital and enhancing physical well-being to urban communities.These issues are analyzed through the interpretative research methodology by collecting the data through in-depth interviews,key informants’interviews,informal conversational interviews,and nonparticipatory observation from two different urban settings of KMC.

Research on Open Campus Space Evaluation System Based on CSOA Theory

As an important part of urban open space,campus space plays an important role in connecting urban traffic environment with the gradual improvement of urban space quality today.Based on CSOA(Campus Space Openness Assessment)theory,the paper calculates the current situation of walking space and vehicle crossing space in the campus,including entrance coupling degree(ξ),campus crossing degree(ε)and campus space opening degree(∑).The coupling relationship between campus entrance layout and campus road form for campus space openness is analyzed and the strategies are optimized respectively.The conclusions are as follows:①the location of campus entrances and exits can be reflected by the coupling degree of campus entrance,which is affected by the number and nodes,and the coupling degree is positively correlated with the number;②the closer the azimuth distance between the two entrances and exits on the campus to the linear distance,the higher the crossing rate;③the higher the product of campus entrance coupling degree and campus crossing degree,the higher the campus space opening degree.The results of this study provide quantitative guidance for modern campus design from the perspective of open campus space evaluation system.

The Role of Open Space in Human Settlement Development in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana

Most parts of the world are rapidly urbanizing. In sub-Saharan Africa, towns are urbanizing at a faster pace than earlier predicted. Also, large portions of rural settings have been gradually moving towards urbanization. The Tamale Metropolis has been rated as the fastest-growing metropolis in Sub-Saharan Africa. City planning and concerns about the need for open-space creation have been a major challenge due to poor adherence to standards in the building codes. This study was conducted to assess the role of open space in human settlement development in the Tamale Metropolis. The study sampled the views of 157 residents who stay closed to community open spaces in five suburbs of the metropolis. Key informant interviews were also conducted with officials from the Town and Country Planning Department. The study revealed that most residents spend leisure by taking a walk in the neighborhood or idling in outdoor spaces. Also, the majority of the residents had poor knowledge of institutional and land administration. This often led to non-adherence to regulations and this affects open spaces in the metropolis. Common among residents is also a poor appreciation of the importance of open space and this results in encroachment. The Town and Country Planning Department should institute sanctions and stringent measures to deter offenders. Also, public seminars should be used to educate residents on the need to adhere to planning and building codes. Lastly, the study recommends strong collaboration between the various institutions engaged in land administration to facilitate effective provision and preservation of quality open spaces in the metropolis.

Open Space Implications in Urban Development: Reflections in Recent Urban Planning Practices in Nepal

Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.

Space Application for ITMA ASIA+CITME 2010 Exhibition Opens

Leading textile machinery makers expected to sign up en masse for second combined show in Shanghai 28 April 2009-Leading textile machinery

Efficacy of Kegel exercises in preventing incontinence after partial division of internal anal sphincter during anal fistula surgery

BACKGROUND The transanal opening of intersphincteric space(TROPIS)procedure,performed to treat complex anal fistulas,preserves the external anal sphincter(EAS)but involves partial incision of the internal anal sphincter(IAS).AIM To ascertain the incidence of incontinence after the division of the IAS as is done in TROPIS and to evaluate whether regular Kegel exercises(KE)in the postoperative period can prevent incontinence due to IAS division.METHODS Patients operated on for high complex fistulas and having no preoperative continence problem(score=0)were included in the study.All patients were operated on by the TROPIS procedure and were recommended KE(pelvic contraction exercises)50 times/day.KE were commenced on the 10^(th)postoperative day and continued for 1 year.Incontinence was evaluated objectively(by modified Vaizey’s scores)in the immediate postoperative period(Pre-KE group)and on long-term follow-up(Post-KE group).The incontinence scores in both groups were compared to evaluate the efficacy of KE.RESULTS Of 102 anal fistula patients operated on between July 2018 and July 2020 were included in this study.There were 90 males,the mean age was 42.3±12.8,and the median follow-up was 30 mo(18-42 mo).Three patients were lost to follow-up.There were 65 recurrent fistulas,92 had multiple tracts,42 had associated abscess,46 had horseshoe fistula and 34 were supralevator fistulas.All were magnetic resonance imaging-documented high fistulas(>1/3 EAS involved).Overall incontinence occurred in 31%patients(Pre-KE group)with urge and gas incontinence accounting for the majority of cases(28.3%).The mean incontinence scores in the Pre-KE group were 1.19±1.96(in 31 patients,solid=0,liquid=7,gas=8,urge=24)and in the Post-KE group were 0.26±0.77(in 13 patients,solid=0,liquid=2,gas=3,urge=10)(P=0.00001,t-test).CONCLUSION Division of the IAS led to incontinence,mainly urge incontinence,and also to a mild degree of gas and liquid incontinence.However,regular KE led to a significant reduction in incontinence(both in the number of affected patients and the severity of scores in these patients).

High-Density Block Transformation to Increase Natural Ventilation Based on CFD Simulation

Many countries in the world have experienced extremely rapid urbanization during recent decades. The rapiddevelopment of densely populated areas has produced many urban environmental problems. This researchexplores the relationship between urban morphology and ventilation conditions. Through 3D modeling andComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, we focus on the large scale ventilation of an extended area withseveral buildings. As a testbed, in particular, the core part of Kwun Tong industrial park in Hong Kong is examined, and in order to validate the approach, 10 measurement points are used to get experimental values to be usedfor comparison (such points are located in different positions involving traffic road, pedestrian path and openspace). The error range (±0.7 m/s) indicates that the agreement between field measurement and CFD calculationis good. On the basis of design guidelines and earlier studies, the effective configuration (in terms of building) ofthis area is partially transformed (virtually, i.e., in the numerical simulations) in order to assess the ensuingchanges in terms of wind speed in different locations. This results in a general design and analysis methodologypotentially applicable to other areas.

The Importance of Legibility and Its Relationship with the West End Regeneration Programme

Legibility is a significant quality of urban spaces. It affects people's knowledge of space and options available to them. This paper focused on the importance of the legibility of urban spaces and its relationship with urban design projects, and took the regeneration of Oxford's West End for example to il ustrate how to make urban open green spaces clearly legible.

Evaluation Index System of Green Public Open Space Based on Internet of Things and Mental Health

With the emergence of the loT era,wireless sensor networks will be more and more widely used.In addition to collecting,transmitting and processing simple data such as humidity,temperature and density of the dome,they can also provide multimedia information services such as video and images.It enables more comprehensive and accurate environmental monitoring.Therefore,MSDs have a huge demand in military,daily,forestry,biomedicine and other fields.The intensive city model has obvious advantages in meeting people's diverse needs and comfortable life.Most obviously,it speeds up the rhythm of life for residents,thereby increasing efficiency and saving time.Starting from this aspect,this paper conducts a research on the evaluation index system of public built on the following areas of open space loT and mental health.In this paper,the GRNN neural network model is constructed,the mean condition is calculated,the density function can be estimated,the network output,and the schematic diagram of the generalized regression neural network is improved.Using the established system,the index in 2018 is selected as the base year,and after transformation,the standardized values of the past years are formed,which are substituted into the cells to form different matrices.The value of each cell is counted to obtain the subsystem coordination degree,and the global coordination degree is obtained through calculation.The evaluation results of ecological civilization construction and development in 2018 and 2019,2020 and 2021 were compared.The experimental data shows that compared with 2018,economic development will change from 1 to 2.000,social harmony will change from 1 to 2.480,ecological health will decrease to 0.850,environmental friendliness will decrease to 0.750,and comprehensive evaluation will decrease to 0.513.This shows that while the economy is developing this year,the construction of ecological civilization has been gradually carried out,and good results have been achieved.This reflects the effectiveness of the system.The subject of the evaluation index system of green public open space based on the Internet of Things and mental health has been well completed.

Field observations of the thermal stability of permafrost under buildings with an underfloor open ventilation space and pile foundations in warm permafrost at high altitudes

Pile foundations combined with ventilation spaces under floors are the most common method in buildings over permafrost.The safety and stability of buildings are closely related to the temperature of permafrost.However,there are limitations of understanding on this method in the high-altitude,warm(>−1℃)permafrost areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.In this study,the thermal stability of permafrost foundation soils under buildings with an underfloor open ventilation space and pile foundations in warm permafrost at high altitudes was studied through field observations of ground and air temperatures,wind speed,net radiation from 2017 to 2021.The results indicated that the open ventilation space exerted an effective cooling effect on the underlying permafrost and pile foundations from March to October,while a thermal insulation effect was observed from November to February of the following year,but overall,the cooling effect dominated;the cooling effect of open ventilation spaces differed spatially.The permafrost temperature on the south-facing side was higher than that on the north-facing side,and those on the east and west sides were higher than that directly under the open ventilation space of the building.This study also demonstrated that radiation shielded by the building was a main factor of the cooling effect of open ventilation spaces,and the cooling effect of open ventilation spaces could accelerate the back-freezing of the cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations.This structure could effectively maintain the frozen state of the underlying warm permafrost at high elevations on the interior Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Public park behaviour in Da Nans:An investigation into how open space is used

The provision of open space is seen as a feasible solution in mitigating the challenges of urbanization,which accomm odates the daily leisure activities of residents and contributes to sustainable developm ent.This study aims at understanding how users perceive open space in 29-3 Park in Da Nang,Vietnam.This understanding may help to adopt a better approach to development and improvements.More specifically,it focuses on identifying roles and attributes of the space and determ ining those elements which affect how users of the space gather,based on their perspective.Residents,behaviour param eters were identified and classified based on activities that occurred in this space,and were collected using a behavioural mapping survey method.The analysis of 20 in-depth interviews,and 287 question naires,show existing problems that need to be improved and detail 11 physical factors that have potential to impact on users'satisfaction.These results may have the potential to play an im portant role in assisting designers and administrators to create successful open space in urban areas of Vietnam or other developing countries in the future.

Healthy campus by open space design： Approaches and guidelines

This paper examines the architectural and Landscape design strategies and intentions for green, open spaces facilities targeting stress aLLeviation for learning environments such as those of university campuses in a compact urban setting. Literature reviews provide three prevailing perspectives for physical design pedagogical operatives： healing gardens where greenery and plants produce restorative effects; flexible spaces that accommodate functional needs of different activities; and green buildings that incorporate open space as a catalyst for integrated eco-system. Corresponding design approaches （Landscape design, spatial design and green design） are scrutinized by case study. A comparison of two university campuses with different urban contexts is conducted to identify challenges and opportunities for applying these design approaches. For a compact campus, high-dense surroundings may limit the size of an open space and may handicap circulation and accessibility; on the other side, a small open space may provide its users more intimate contact with natural restorative elements and also a more controllable microclimate for physical comfort. A healthy campus should encompass diverse open spaces to satisfy different purposes. Finally, a framework that integrates the three approaches is combined to produce a sustainable design rubric.

Governance of Urban Green Open Space for Responding to Climate Change

In the global actions to address climate change, urban open green space is one of the main spatial objects that can be used to effectively mitigate greenhouse gases and to promote the implementation of climate adaptive policies. From a global perspective, this paper firstly analyzes the governance strategies and cooperation mechanisms of urban open green space as responding to climate change in European countries. Then, taking the Central City of Beijing as a case, the paper explores its urban thermal environment, distribution of urban open green space, and climate governance operation based on the specific conditions in China. Further, with the digital technologies of GIS and RS, it analyzes the nature and related governance demands of urban open green space and then divides the Central City of Beijing into four governance zones, following which this paper discusses the climate policy strategies and implementation approaches of each governance zone.