Has China-ASEAN Trade opening increased China’ s carbon emissions?

This study uses carbon emission data at the provincial level in China between 1998-2018 and the proportion of the total import and export trade between provinces and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)in GDP to measure the level of China-ASEAN trade openness.It examines the impact of China ASEAN trade openness on carbon emissions and its transmission mechanism,and selects the RMB/USD exchange rate as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity of China-ASEAN trade openness variables.The impact of China-ASEAN trade openness on China’s environment is estimated within a two-stage least squares framework.The results show that trade openness between China and ASEAN positively impacts China’s environment and can facilitate carbon emission reduction.The scale,structural,and technology effects brought by China-ASEAN trade liberalization jointly promote China’s carbon dioxide emission reduction.An inverted“U”relationship is found between economic growth and environmental quality in China,and some provinces and municipalities have now crossed the inflection point of the curve,in which carbon emi ssions decrease with an increase in per capita wealth.

Toward a sustainable future:Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),urbanization,trade openness,economic growth,and energy usage in Australia

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth.This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth,Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators(WDI)from 1972 to 2021.The results indicates that there is a cointegration among economic growth,FDI,trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage,which was traced through the autoregressivedistributed lag(ARDL).The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage,economic growth,FDI,urbanization,and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993,1996,1982,2008,and 1994,respectively.The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run(0.814)and short-run(0.809).Moreover,the results also show that FDI(0.028)and trade openness(0.043)have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run.However,urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run(–0.965).Then,the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness,with energy usage significantly causing trade openness.The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources.These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage.

Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Zambia

This study investigates the causal relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth in Zambia from 1965 to 2011. Two measures of financial development were used： broad money and domestic credit to the private sector, each as a ratio of gross domestic product （GDP）. In this regard, two models were developed for each indicator. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller （ADF） and Phillips-Perron （PP） tests were used to determine stationarity of all the variables. Furthermore, Johansen test was employed to ascertain possible cointegration among variables. The vector error correction model （VECM） was employed to examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables in each model. The results indicate that the relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth is sensitive to the financial development indicator chosen.

More Trade Openness Necessary In the Future

On November 21 of 2011, Pascal Lamy, director-general of World Trade Or- ganization (WTO) warned in his annual report that the forecast for world export growth revised downwards to 5.8% in 2011 from the earlier estimate of 6.5%, because of the worsening of global economy

China Foreign Exchange Trade System Opens in Shanghai

The China Foreign Exchange Trade System, the only national foreign exchange trading institution in China, officially opened for business at 15 Shanghai Bund, Shanghai, on April 18 this year. It marked the start of the first market prices for foreign exchange in the country. The opening of the system means that the relationship between

OPENING UP NEW PROSPECTS FOR CHINA'S SERVICE TRADE LED BY TOURISM

Since the launch of the reform, China’s service trade has been growing at a much faster speed compared to that of the rest of the country’s economy and world trade. In developing commodity trade, we are also engaged in technology trade, service trade and international investment, making efforts to achieve fusion and mutual promotion. Now, we are speeding up the opening

Impact of geopolitical risk,GDP,inflation,interest rate,and trade openness on foreign direct investment:Evidence from five Southeast Asian countries

Historically,geopolitical risk(GPR)has posed significant challenges to international economic,social,and political frameworks.This study investigated how internal GPR in the selected five Southeast Asian countries(Indonesia,South Korea,Malaysia,the Philippines,and Thailand)influences foreign direct investment(FDI)during 1996-2019.The stationarity of the data was assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)unit root test,which shows that the data became stationary after the first difference.The Kao,Pedroni,and Westerlund cointegration tests were employed to examine long-term cointegration among the selected variables(FDI,GPR index(GPRI),gross domestic product(GDP),inflation,interest rate,and trade openness(TOP)).The results indicated that these variables have a long-term cointegration.Consequently,regression analysis using the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)regression,fixed effect,random effect,Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation,and system generalized moment method(GMM)revealed that GPRI and TOP negatively impacted FDI in the selected five Southeast Asian countries.At the same time,GDP,inflation,and interest rate positively influenced FDI in these countries.Because FDI is crucial to shaping a country’s macroeconomic structure,this study recommends that governments and central banks of the selected five Southeast Asian countries should implement policies and strategies to encourage foreign investments.

制度型开放促进出口“提质增效”了吗?

为加快贸易强国建设,稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放,作为中国开放的重大战略调整和转型被写入党的二十大报告之中。出口是建设贸易强国的重要组成部分,制度型开放对于出口提质增效而言,不仅会通过激励企业创新和降低制度性交易成本两个直接作用机制而产生显著的促进作用,而且还会通过产业集聚的调节效应这一间接作用机制而产生促进作用。在创新性地提出并测度地区层面的制度型开放指数基础上,文章利用2013—2021年企业微观层面数据进行的实证研究,以及一系列的稳健性检验,证实了上述理论假说的正确性。此外,实证还分析发现,制度型开放对出口提质增效的促进作用,还会因企业是否地处沿海地区以及是否地处“一带一路”沿线地区,而具有显著的异质性影响。研究结论不仅从促进出口提质增效的实践需求层面为新阶段转向制度型开放提供了理论和经验支撑,而且对于如何进一步发挥制度型开放在建设贸易强国中的作用也有重要政策含义。

The development of an open economy in China——A retrospective analysis of 30 years of opening to the outside world

China’s three decades of opening to the outside world are a historical process of establishing and developing an open economy. This process can be divided into four stages:1) reducing regulation,rejuvenating the trade regulatory regime and delegating management rights to foreign-trade operators;2) developing foreign trade firms into de facto market entities; 3)pursuing trade liberalization and establishing an open economic system in conformity with international rules;4) furthering improvement and innovation in infrastructure. At the initial stage of establishing an open economy,China restructured its foreign trade system and learned valuable lessons about liberalization through system transition.China experimented with bold breakthrough initiatives in special economic zones and open coastal cities,and correctly selected an export-oriented development strategy. Two core policies underlying China’s open economy are the strengthening of bilateral and multilateral trade relationships,and realigning the institutional environment to comport with international rules.China’s open economy occupies an important position in the national economy. Moreover,it has become an important part of state’s macro-economic regulation and is exerting growing influence on the world economy.

PRESENT SITUATION，FEATURE AND DEVELOPMENTAL IDEAS OF BORDER OPENING IN XINJIANG

Xinjiang, the largest province region in China,is located in the northwest of China.There are eight countries,such as Kazakhstan etc.that surround around Xinjiang. There are long land border lines and many developable passes. Under the direction of total national development strategy of coastal and border opening, considering the advanced condition of location,the new spatial frontier trade pattern of 'multilevel and all-round position' has initially been formed.That is,to develop westwards market in Middle Asia,to enlarge southwards market in Pakistan and to open up northwards market in Mongolia.The great progress of border opening has been made in Xinjiang.At present, Xinjiang is catching the opportunity to adjust the industrial structure and regional allocation,enhance horizontal economic combination and cooperation,and strengthen the infrastructures construction.Therefore more solid material foundation ofborder opening will be formed for further enlarging.

数字经济发展与出口韧性:来自我国地级市层面的经验证据

随着全球经济不确定性加剧和地缘政治经济形势日渐复杂,我国出口贸易韧性面临较大外部冲击,而数字经济快速发展通过有效赋能贸易转型升级深刻影响城市出口韧性。基于此背景,系统梳理数字经济影响出口韧性的理论机制,利用我国地级市面板数据和双重差分模型,实证检验数字经济发展对我国城市出口韧性的影响效应及作用机制。研究表明:数字经济发展对出口韧性抵抗性和恢复性均具有显著的正向影响,多种稳健性检验均支持上述结论。该影响效应在低数字经济发展水平城市和低对外贸易依存度城市表现得更为突出;数字经济发展对出口韧性抵抗性的影响在中西部和北部城市更为突出,对出口韧性恢复性的影响在东部和北部城市更为明显。此外,数字经济通过影响技术创新和贸易开放提升出口韧性,产业因素中制造业集聚对此具有负向调节作用,产业多样化对此具有正向调节作用。进一步研究发现,互联网发展规模对数字经济影响出口韧性抵抗性具有非线性作用,表现为双门槛效应。以上结论为提升我国城市出口韧性、加快实现贸易高质量发展提供理论支撑,提出加大对数字经济与相关产业的支持力度,促进数字技术与传统行业深度融合,推动国内各地域均衡发展,倡导经济多样化发展等建议。

数字贸易对制造业全球价值链地位的影响研究——基于跨国面板数据的经验证据

基于2007-2020年54个国家的跨国面板数据,采用固定效应模型和面板门槛模型,实证检验了数字贸易发展对一国制造业全球价值链地位的影响。研究发现,数字贸易与制造业全球价值链地位之间存在“先负后正”的U型关系,即在数字贸易发展初期,其对制造业全球价值链地位会产生一定的抑制作用;超过一定门槛值后,这种抑制作用会慢慢演变成促进作用。研发强度和贸易开放度对数字贸易提升国家制造业全球价值链地位起到正向调节作用;进一步的异质性检验发现,数字贸易对发达国家制造业全球价值链地位具有更大的提升作用。据此,文章提出应加大数字贸易发展、重视研发投入力度、推进高水平贸易开放等对策建议。

Evaluation of the Degree of Opening to the Outside World in Guizhou Province

The goal of economic opening to the outside world is an important basis for formulating and implementing the policy of opening. Different economic development strategies have different requirements for the degree of economic opening to the outside world. Guizhou should implement the open economy and adopt the export-oriented development strategy, which objectively requires Guizhou to gradually improve the degree of opening to the outside world.

跨境服务贸易制度型开放:趋势、特征与策略

跨境服务贸易制度型开放的核心是立足中国实际,建立健全与国际高标准经贸规则相衔接的服务业开放制度体系,通过持续深化规则、规制、管理和标准的开放,提升服务贸易自由化和便利化水平。当前,我国以梯度开放为特征的跨境服务贸易自主开放实践,为服务业高质量发展提供了可预期的制度供给。然而,服务贸易高水平对外开放的规制需求、市场准入模式的国际差异以及日益严峻的外部环境,对我国跨境服务贸易制度型开放构成诸多挑战。需强化风险意识,结合改革经验和地方需求,顺应服务贸易数字化转型趋势,聚焦新一代国际服务贸易规则关键议题,关注服务贸易数字化趋势,持续加大现代服务业开放压力测试,提高国内监管透明度和可预期性;不断优化服务贸易开放谈判模式,有序推进跨境服务贸易高水平对外开放;善用国际舆论与法律工具,营造跨境服务贸易发展的良性制度环境。

以服务业与制造业联动开放促进贸易发展

服务业与制造业互动内生是贸易发展的主线。服务业目前成为全球贸易增长的主力军,也是贸易增加值的重要来源。制造业对外直接投资带动是国际服务贸易增长的重要动力,服务业尤其是各类专业服务业同时也是制造业国际竞争力提升的重要支撑。制造业对外直接投资发展不足、服务业和制造业对外开放相互带动能力不强、外资来源地单一,是制约我国贸易高质量发展的重要因素。要坚持服务业与制造业联动开放发展理念,以其互动共生、协同发展促进贸易高质量发展;依托制造业深化服务业对外开放,不断提升我国产业生态内生力;鼓励制造业“走出去”带动服务业出口,持续增强我国制造业国际竞争力和服务附加值;打造国际化高端复合人才培养和数字经济发展营商环境,为服务业与制造业联动开放提供良好的要素保障;扩大制度型开放,消减服务业与制造业联动开放发展障碍。

以制度型开放创新为核心 高标准高质量推进中国(新疆)自贸试验区建设

在我国自贸试验区建设十周年之际,2023年10月国务院印发了《中国(新疆)自由贸易试验区总体方案》,正式批准设立中国(新疆)自由贸易试验区,使新疆成为我国第22个自贸试验区,也是我国西北边境地区首个自贸试验区。文章深入研究分析了新疆自贸试验区设立的重大意义,并就自贸试验区在拉动我国经济增长和实现高质量发展中的作用,制度创新在自贸试验区打造一流营商环境、提升现代产业国际竞争力等方面所发挥的作用和影响,以及制度型开放创新与逆全球化背景下深入实施自贸试验区提升战略的关系等问题进行了全面分析与思考。在此基础上,就如何以高水平开放为引领,以制度创新为核心,高标准高质量建设新疆自贸试验区提出了思路与对策建议。

环境规制与制造业就业:开放条件下的理论探讨与经验证据

本研究利用制造业行业数据对开放条件下环境规制与就业的关系进行检验。研究结果表明,开放条件下环境规制对就业存在抑制作用,且在重、中度污染行业中更加显著,但是外资的流入可部分抵消这一政策因素导致的就业损失。另外,机制分析表明环境规制对劳动就业的“需求效应”和“要素替代效应”在外资引入的条件下仍然成立。基于上述分析,本研究认为合理的环境规制并鼓励高质量出口对恢复就业并保证经济长期稳定发展具有重要意义。

金融开放、技术性贸易壁垒与企业数字化转型

数字经济背景下,产业数字化与数字产业化成为强化国家创新能力的必要条件。以2012—2022年A股上市企业为研究样本,实证检验金融开放、技术性贸易壁垒与企业数字化转型间的关系。研究得出,良好的金融开放环境能够助推企业数字化转型,技术性贸易壁垒会抑制企业数字化转型;金融开放能够缓解技术性贸易壁垒对企业数字化转型的负向作用,具体体现于事实金融开放。异质性检验发现,金融开放对技术性贸易壁垒与企业数字化转型的正向调节效应在东部地区、制造业与非国有企业内更显著,在中西部地区、非制造业与国有企业内较不显著。

数字贸易与开放经济学

数字革命对国际贸易的挑战已远远超越数字贸易的范畴。数字贸易不仅无法全面捕捉数字技术对国际贸易的全面影响,而且还会误导人们对数字经济时代开放经济学的理解。本文的核心观点是:第一,开放性是数字经济时代的本质特征,需要从开放经济学的视角来看待数字经济。第二,在学科体系方面,数字技术革命不仅会带来数字交付和数字订购这两种形式的数字贸易,而且会带来新的产品、生产要素和生产技术,从而重塑国际分工模式、动力机制和利益分配效应。第三,在研究方法方面,对于多数研究者而言,大数据时代并不意味着“数据的海洋”,而是“数据的荒漠”;面对来自科技、经济和社会转型过程中涌现的丰富案例,应强化经济学理论思维能力,而不是盲目“一刀切”式地学习大数据分析方法。

贸易开放对碳排放的影响效应研究——基于2010—2020年中国省际面板数据的经验估计

在贸易开放和“双碳”目标背景下,将2010—2020年中国省际面板总体样本数据划分为贸易开放高水平地区和贸易开放低水平地区两组样本数据,通过固定效应模型和系统GMM估计方法,分别检验了两组样本中贸易开放对人均二氧化碳排放量和碳排放强度的影响。研究发现,贸易开放对中国碳排放具有显著的正向效应,贸易开放会增加碳排放,但贸易开放水平的高低对碳排放的影响存在显著差异,贸易开放低水平地区引致的碳排放要远高于贸易开放高水平地区。同时,无论是贸易开放高水平地区,还是贸易开放低水平地区,环境库兹涅茨曲线假说均存在;外商直接投资的流入有助于降低中国碳排放。研究结果对当前不同贸易开放水平地区之间如何在深化贸易开放的同时降低碳排放具有一定的政策启示。