Economic reform, open-door policy and changes in spatial development patterns in China

The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component analysis is used to delineate spatial patterns. The analyses show that prior to the reform China's spatial development pattern was characterized by the dominance of the three municipalities and the Northeast, as well as by both the coast-interior and the north-south disparities. Northern provinces were generally more industrialized and economically powerful than the southern ones. After two decades of reform, regional development has become multi-centered with South China, the Yangtze Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin area being the three most important regions of the country. The coastal provinces as a whole rose to prominence on China's economic map while the Northeast has diminished its clout. The coast-interior gap not only remains but may have widened. The north-south disparity also still exists but there has been a role reversal with the south now in the lead position. Virtually all inland provinces now find themselves at or near the low end of the development spectrum. We argue that the major reason for the recent shifts in Chinese space economy is the spatially differentiated economic growth resulted from the reform and open door policy and from the new, uneven development strategy adopted by the Chinese government. The paper discusses four specific factors that have reshaped China's spatial development patterns.

The Study on Trade Policy and Openness of Mongolia： Influences on Trade Flows Between China-Mongolia-Russia （Past and Future）

This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.

Foreign-oriented Hengshui Carries out Opening Policy

Since ushering in the 1990s, Hengshui City has been taking advantage of its excellent geographical position to develop its foreign-oriented economy, with good results. Take last year for example, the city signed contracts for altogether 28 foreign-invested projects, with a total capital of US$19.37 million and contractual capital of US$ 5.73 million, 14 completed and constructing foreign-invested projects, of which six have been put into operation. The infrastructure is being further improved in the Hi-tech Industrial Park which includes 49 projects of a total investment of RMB 180 million. The Hengshui Lake Economic and Technology

Implementing Open Access Policy:First case studies

When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resources and the right timing are crucial, but the professionals charged with implementing policy still need several years to accomplish significant progress. This study defines a methodological standard for evaluating the first generation of open access policies. Evaluating implementation establishes evidence, enables reflection, and may foster the emergence of a second generation of open access policies.While the study is based on a small number of cases, these case studies cover most of the pioneer institutions, present the most significant issues and offer an international overview.Each case is reconstructed individually on the basis of public documents and background information, and supported by interviews with professionals responsible for open access implementation. This article presents the highlights from each case study. The results are utilized to indicate how a second generation of policies might define open access as a key component of digital research infrastructures that provide inputs and outputs for research,teaching and learning in real time.

The Analysis of the Effect of China＇s Monetary Policy in Open Economy

Firstly, this paper theoretically proves that with the development of open economy the effect of monetary policy will become poor. Secondly, the paper empirically analyzes the impact of open economy on our monetary policy. We conclude that there no longer exists long stable relationship between money supply and economic growth. Finally, in four aspects the paper concretely points out that with the open of economy great changes will take place in the implementation of our monetary policy.

Handling the Relationship Between Expanding the Open Policy,Using Foreign Capital,and Protecting Domestic Industry and Markets

It has been our consistent policy to expand the opening policy, while using foreign capital reasonably and effectively. Our experience of economic development since China’s economic reform and opening to the outside world 20 years ago has shown that implementing the opening policy, participation in the international division of labour and exchange, the use of both domestic and international markets and resources, and the introduction of a foreign

Regional Economic Geography with Externalities, Congestion, and Fiscal Policies in a Small-Open Growth Economy

This paper develops a two-regional growth model with amenity, capital accumulation and regional public goods with public goods and fiscal policies. The economy consists of two regions and each region consists of the industrial sector and public sector. The industrial sector provides goods in perfectly competitive markets. The public sector, which is financed by the regional government’s tax incomes, supplies regional public goods. The public goods affect both firms and households. We show how to find equilibrium values of the dynamic system and simulate model. Then, we carry out comparative statics analysis with regard to parameter changes in tax rates, congestion and amenity. Our comparative statics analysis provides some important insights. For instance, a main difference between the effects of increasing the two regions’ tax rates on the output is that as the technologically advanced region’s (the other region’s) tax rate on the industrial sector is increased, the national industrial output, national capital employed by the economy, and the national wealth are increased (reduced). In the region which increases the tax rate, the wage rate, consumption and wealth per capita, output per labor force, the population, and land rent are increased, and the corresponding variables in the other region are reduced.

Chongqing,An Epitome of China's Reform and Open Policy

Ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ，ＡｎＥｐｉｔｏｍｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓＲｅｆｏｒｍａｎｄＯｐｅｎＰｏｌｉｃｙＢｙｓｔａｆｆｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｒＬＩＸＩＡＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ，ａｃｉｔｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒ，ｇｅａｒｓｕｐｔｏｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｗｏｒｌｄ．Ａ...

大学英语课堂教学“5-Open”的探索与实践

随着大学英语教学改革的深入,大学英语教师应不断改进大学英语课堂教学方法。经过多年的大学英语教学实践,探索、总结出"5-Open"方法,即:Open your eyes(睁开眼睛看);Open your ears(打开耳朵听);Open your hear(t敞开心扉去感受);Open yourmind(放飞思想去创造);Open your mouth(张开嘴巴说)。"5-Open"诠释了教师和学生在教学活动中的角色及双向、动态、互补作用,是激发学生语言学习动机、培养学生全面健康发展、提高大学英语教学效果有益的探索。

Government Data Openness and Coverage. How do They Affect Trust in European Countries?

Purpose: This paper aims to assess if the extent of openness and the coverage of data sets released by European governments have a significant impact on citizen trust in public institutions.Design/methodology/approach: Data for openness and coverage have been collected from the Open Data Inventory 2018(ODIN), by Open Data Watch;institutional trust is built up as a formative construct based on the European Social Survey(ESS), Round 9. The relations between the open government data features and trust have been tested on the basis of structural equation modelling(SEM).Findings: The paper reveals that as European governments improve data openness, disaggregation, and time coverage, people tend to trust them more. However, the size of the effect is still small and, comparatively, data coverage effect on citizens' confidence is more than twice than the impact of openness.Research limitations: This paper analyzes the causal effect of Open Government Data(OGD) features captured in a certain moment of time. In upcoming years, as OGD is implemented and a more consistent effect on people is expected, time series analysis will provide with a deeper insight.Practical implications: Public officers should continue working in the development of a technological framework that contributes to make OGD truly open. They should improve the added value of the increasing amount of open data currently available in order to boost internal and external innovations valuable both for public agencies and citizens.Originality/value: In a field of knowledge with little quantitative empirical evidence, this paper provides updated support for the positive effect of OGD strategies and it also points out areas of improvement in terms of the value that citizens can get from OGD coverage and openness.

A Scalable Policy and SNMP Based Network Management Framework

Traditional SNMP-based network management can not deal with the task of managing large-scaled distributed network,while policy-based management is one of the effective solutions in network and distributed systems management.However,cross-vendor hardware compatibility is one of the limitations in policy-based management.Devices existing in current network mostly support SNMP rather than Common Open Policy Service(COPS)protocol.By analyzing traditional network management and policy-based network management,a scalable network management framework is proposed.It is combined with Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)framework for policy-based management and SNMP-based network management.By interpreting and translating policy decision to SNMP message,policy can be executed in traditional SNMP-based device.

Defining an open access resource strategy for research libraries:Part Ⅰ—The coming main streamlization of open access resources?

Open access(OA) resources are becoming a main part of scholarly information. The paper summarizes the fast growth of OA journals and OA repositories, the outstanding OA journal impact increase, the rise of mega-OA journals like PLoS ONE, the overwhelming support of research communities to open access of publicly funded research, and the quick building up of OA support structures. These forces work together to push scholarly communications toward a turning point where OA resources occupy a major and increasing share of scholarly research resources and when management of OA resources becomes a strategic, yet unfamiliar, and potentially disruptive task for research libraries. This paper is composed of two parts. The first part will focus on the development of OA resources, while the second part will analyze the challenges in management of OA resources and develop an OA resource strategy exemplified by some of NSL's initiatives.

POLICIES

China to improve investment environment in 2015China will improve its investment environment in 2015,according to the Central Economic Work Conference concluded on Dec.11,2014.Market access in the service sector will be improved,and manufacturing sectors will be further opened up.Experiences of the China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone(FTZ)will be popularized.Inbound overseas investment will

Defining an open access resource strategy for research libraries:Part Ⅲ—The strategies and practices of National Science Library

Purpose: This paper describes the strategies and practices of National Science Library(NSL),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) in promoting open access(OA) and developing OA resources.Design/methodology/approach: Multi-facet frameworks are devised to guide the development of OA strategies and practices. Key OA initiatives are briefly described along the main aspects of the strategies as they contribute to implementation of the OA strategies.Findings: NSL defined its role as the Chief OA Officer for CAS and a key OA promoter for China. Accordingly,NSL has engaged in multiple fronts of promoting OA,including development of OA strategies for CAS,establishment of itself as an OA knowledge &promotion center,development of the CAS IR system,and support for OA publishing by CAS authors.Research limitations: OA is still evolving,so are the strategies and practices as many actions are experimental and explorative in nature. Open books,open data,and open educational resources are yet to be covered. Comparative studies are needed,so is the evidence-based impact analysis.Practical implications: Institutions can adopt,adapt,or compare with examples and lessons learned are described here.Originality/value: The multi-faceted frameworks,working principles,and lessons learned are based on NSL's practices which can be valuable to the overall OA development.

我国地方数据政策体系的构建进展与展望

[目的/意义]研究我国地方数据政策体系的构建情况,旨在明确各地数据政策制定的进展与提点,进而推动政策体系的优化建设。[方法/过程]对31个省级政府的数据政策进行统计,并采用文本分析法梳理政策的总体内容框架,基于此,对比与解析政策内容的地区差异。[结果/结论]我国地方数据政策的发布可划分为国家信息化发展时期、大数据发展时期以及数据要素市场化时期三个阶段;政策总体内容框架包含数据基本内涵、数据资源建设、数据共享、数据开放、数据资产化、数据安全6大要点;不同地区涵盖上述政策要点的程度不同,也显示了我国数据政策在地方层面的特点。由此,我国地方数据政策需进一步面向多元数据对象、多层数据行动、多元责任主体,实现内容的体系化建设,并为国家数据政策体系的优化发展提供参考。

从“法制”到“法治”:改革开放以来我国家庭教育政策的演进逻辑与推进路径

家庭教育政策是规范与支持家庭教育发展的重要工具,是推进我国家庭家教家风建设的重要手段。改革开放以来,我国家庭教育政策经历了以边缘性探索为中心的萌芽发展阶段、以系统性规划为抓手的改革发展阶段和以体系化建设为重点的深入发展阶段。在此过程中,其动力机制、价值取向、实施过程保障及话语规则均有其独特的演进逻辑。家庭教育法治化是我国教育治理现代化的必然要求,在未来的发展中我国家庭教育从“法制”走向“法治”,可采取以下推进路径:形成强化基础建设、优质均衡发展的政策动力机制,秉持兼顾个体与社会、协调多元利益的政策价值取向,深化加强顶层设计、完善组织建设的政策实施过程保障,体现深入了解民情、广泛反映民意的政策话语规则。

开放获取赤字与开放获取公共政策构建研究

提出开放获取赤字概念,将国际开放获取效能差距定义为赤字问题。主要研究开放获取资源的结构性赤字、成本性赤字、知识产权赤字、科技治理赤字等方面。评估现实规则下我国同欧美国家实施开放获取的效果差异。论文建议,面向全面创新长远需要,构建符合国家战略需要的开放获取公共政策。提出了开放获取国家公共政策构建的价值导向和相关建议。

跨境电商产业政策对出口开放度的影响:来自合成控制法的证据

跨境电商作为数字经济时代的一种贸易新业态,是否有助于缓解当前逆全球化背景下中国外循环面临的挑战值得关注。文章以2012年和2013年实施的跨境贸易电子商务服务试点作为准实验,运用合成控制法进行了反事实分析,以此来识别跨境电商产业政策对试点城市出口开放度的因果效应,并在此基础上进一步从理论和实证的角度揭示了跨境电商产业政策对试点城市出口开放度的影响机制。研究结果表明,跨境电商产业政策显著促进了试点城市的出口开放度,这一结论通过了一系列稳健性检验;机制分析表明,跨境电商产业政策对试点城市出口开放度的影响主要是通过降低试点城市贸易成本这一渠道产生的。基于上述分析,文章最后针对性地提出了相关政策建议。

世界一流大学开放科学数据政策体系框架及内容要素研究

[目的/意义]针对世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系展开调研分析,以期为国内科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出政策建议。[方法/过程]本研究首先调研了世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系,其次归纳了其开放科学数据政策体系所包含的政策类型及涉及的相关政策法规,然后分析了各个政策类型应涵盖的与开放科学数据相关的政策内容要素,最后针对我国科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出了政策建议。[结果/结论]建议国内科研机构参考与借鉴世界一流大学的先进政策实践,尽快制定涵盖个人数据保护、科研档案管理、科研诚信管理、科研伦理治理、知识产权保护、数据安全管理等相关政策的开放科学数据政策体系,在政策制定层面支持科学数据、原始资料、科研档案的协同管理,以期确保在科学数据全生命周期内遵守近年来持续调整的各类相关政策法规,并关注科研机构与资助机构、出版机构、数据知识库等其他利益相关者制定的开放科学数据政策之间的政策协同问题。