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Economic reform, open-door policy and changes in spatial development patterns in China 被引量:1
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作者 WANG Enru1, LU Xiang-xing2 (1.Department of Geography University of Washington Smith Hall, Box 353550 Seattle, WA 98195, USA 2. Department of Geography Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506, USA) 《Journal of Geographical Sciences》 SCIE CSCD 2000年第4期7-19,共13页
The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component an... The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component analysis is used to delineate spatial patterns. The analyses show that prior to the reform China's spatial development pattern was characterized by the dominance of the three municipalities and the Northeast, as well as by both the coast-interior and the north-south disparities. Northern provinces were generally more industrialized and economically powerful than the southern ones. After two decades of reform, regional development has become multi-centered with South China, the Yangtze Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin area being the three most important regions of the country. The coastal provinces as a whole rose to prominence on China's economic map while the Northeast has diminished its clout. The coast-interior gap not only remains but may have widened. The north-south disparity also still exists but there has been a role reversal with the south now in the lead position. Virtually all inland provinces now find themselves at or near the low end of the development spectrum. We argue that the major reason for the recent shifts in Chinese space economy is the spatially differentiated economic growth resulted from the reform and open door policy and from the new, uneven development strategy adopted by the Chinese government. The paper discusses four specific factors that have reshaped China's spatial development patterns. 展开更多
关键词 regional development pattern differentiated growth economic reform open door policy
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SRv6 Policy业务可靠性方案探讨
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作者 孟丽珠 宋盈 陈燕 《邮电设计技术》 2024年第4期66-70,共5页
介绍了SRv6 Policy、SBFD技术及5G承载网络SRv6 Policy业务可靠性方案。针对SBFD误触发问题,提出了在被动端生成BSID、部署引流策略及设置不同检测周期等3种完善措施,这些措施不仅提高了业务的可靠性,还显著提升了网络服务能力.
关键词 SRv6 policy SBFD 业务可靠性
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Policy Gradient Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Model-Free Multi-Objective Optimal Control
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作者 Hao Zhang Yan Li +2 位作者 Zhuping Wang Yi Ding Huaicheng Yan 《IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第4期1060-1062,共3页
Dear Editor,In this letter,the multi-objective optimal control problem of nonlinear discrete-time systems is investigated.A data-driven policy gradient algorithm is proposed in which the action-state value function is... Dear Editor,In this letter,the multi-objective optimal control problem of nonlinear discrete-time systems is investigated.A data-driven policy gradient algorithm is proposed in which the action-state value function is used to evaluate the policy.In the policy improvement process,the policy gradient based method is employed. 展开更多
关键词 policy GRADIENT OPTIMAL
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Research on Policy Diffusion Path and Reproduction of River Chief System
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作者 Fang Chen 《Journal of Environmental Protection》 2024年第3期227-245,共19页
The River Chief System (RCS) has evolved from local innovative practices to a national water governance strategy to address the current challenges in China’s water environmental management. In contrast to existing re... The River Chief System (RCS) has evolved from local innovative practices to a national water governance strategy to address the current challenges in China’s water environmental management. In contrast to existing research that focuses on the strengths, weaknesses, and improvements of RCS, this study uses literature study to reveal the dynamic evolution of RCS through three phases, with RCS spreading from developed coastal areas to central and western inland regions. RCS’s diffusion path involves vertical diffusion between central and local levels and horizontal diffusion among local governments. Moreover, RCS has also achieved conceptual spillover, gradually expanding into other governance domains, such as the Lake Chief System, the Field Chief System, the Forestry Chief System, and the integration of multiple chief roles. However, it is essential to scrutinize the phenomenon of applying similar governance mechanisms to different areas, as it may result in challenges such as overburdening local governments, insufficient public participation, oversimplification of differences in natural resource endowments, and limited applicability. This study also provides suggestions on how to address these challenges. The study contributes theoretical insights and policy implications, providing a foundation for practical policy innovation. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese Water Governance policy policy Diffusion River Chief System
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Inactivated H9N2 vaccines developed with early strains do not protect against recent H9N2 viruses:Call for a change in H9N2 control policy
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作者 Yanjing Liu Qingqing Yu +8 位作者 Xiangyu Zhou Wenxin Li Xinwen He Yan Wang Guohua Deng Jianzhong Shi Guobin Tian Xianying Zeng Hualan Chen 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第6期2144-2148,共5页
H9N2 virus has been widely distributed in wild birds and poultry around the world since its first emergence in the United States of America in 1966(Gu et al.2017;Carnaccini and Perez 2020).The virus appeared in chicke... H9N2 virus has been widely distributed in wild birds and poultry around the world since its first emergence in the United States of America in 1966(Gu et al.2017;Carnaccini and Perez 2020).The virus appeared in chickens in China in the early 1990s,and over the last two decades has gradually become the dominant epidemic subtype(Sun and Liu 2015;Bi et al.2020).Although H9N2 virus infection alone cannot cause severe disease or death in poultry,H9N2 virus-infected birds experience a degree of egg production drop and can be easily infected by other pathogens,thus causing economic losses for poultry industry. 展开更多
关键词 H9N2 POULTRY policy
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A quantitative study of disruptive technology policy texts:An example of China’s artificial intelligence policy
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作者 Ying Zhou Linzhi Yan Xiao Liu 《Journal of Data and Information Science》 CSCD 2024年第3期155-180,共26页
Purpose:The transformative impact of disruptive technologies on the restructuring of the times has attracted widespread global attention.This study aims to analyze the characteristics and shortcomings of China’s arti... Purpose:The transformative impact of disruptive technologies on the restructuring of the times has attracted widespread global attention.This study aims to analyze the characteristics and shortcomings of China’s artificial intelligence(AI)disruptive technology policy,and to put forward suggestions for optimizing China’s AI disruptive technology policy.Design/methodology/approach:Develop a three-dimensional analytical framework for“policy tools-policy actors-policy themes”and apply policy tools,social network analysis,and LDA topic model to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of policy tools,cooperative relationships among policy actors,and the trends in policy theme settings within China’s innovative AI technology policy.Findings:We find that the collaborative relationship among the policy actors of AI disruptive technology in China is insufficiently close.Marginal subjects exhibit low participation in the cooperation network and overly rely on central subjects,forming a“center-periphery”network structure.Policy tool usage is predominantly focused on supply and environmental types,with a severe inadequacy in demand-side policy tool utilization.Policy themes are diverse,encompassing topics such as“Intelligent Services”“Talent Cultivation”“Information Security”and“Technological Innovation”,which will remain focal points.Under the themes of“Intelligent Services”and“Intelligent Governance”,policy tool usage is relatively balanced,with close collaboration among policy entities.However,the theme of“AI Theoretical System”lacks a comprehensive understanding of tool usage and necessitates enhanced cooperation with other policy entities.Research limitations:The data sources and experimental scope are subject to certain limitations,potentially introducing biases and imperfections into the research results,necessitating further validation and refinement.Practical implications:The study introduces a three-dimensional analysis framework for disruptive technology policy texts,which is significant for formulating and enhancing disruptive technology policies.Originality/value:This study utilizes text mining and content analysis techniques to quantitatively analyze disruptive technology policy texts.It systematically evaluates China’s AI policies quantitatively,focusing on policy tools,policy actors,policy themes.The study uncovers the characteristics and deficiencies of current AI policies,offering recommendations for formulating and enhancing disruptive technology policies. 展开更多
关键词 Disruptive technologies Artificial intelligence SYNERGIES policy tools Thematic evolution
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Mapping Climate Services for Disaster Risk Management: A Systematic Review and Research Gaps from a Policy Process Perspective
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作者 Aboubacar Issaka Ousman Gaoh Wolfram Laube +1 位作者 Georges Abbevi Abbey Moussa Waongo 《American Journal of Climate Change》 2024年第2期314-360,共47页
Climate services (CS) are crucial for mitigating and managing the impacts and risks associated with climate-induced disasters. While evidence over the past decade underscores their effectiveness across various domains... Climate services (CS) are crucial for mitigating and managing the impacts and risks associated with climate-induced disasters. While evidence over the past decade underscores their effectiveness across various domains, particularly agriculture, to maximize their potential, it is crucial to identify emerging priority areas and existing research gaps for future research agendas. As a contribution to this effort, this paper employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to review the state-of-the-art in the field of climate services for disaster risk management. A comprehensive search across five literature databases combined with a snowball search method using ResearchRabbit was conducted and yielded 242 peer-reviewed articles, book sections, and reports over 2013-2023 after the screening process. The analysis revealed flood, drought, and food insecurity as major climate-related disasters addressed in the reviewed literature. Major climate services addressed included early warning systems, (sub)seasonal forecasts and impact-based warnings. Grounded in the policy processes’ theoretical perspective, the main focus identified and discussed three prevailing policy-oriented priority areas: 1) development of climate services, 2) use-adoption-uptake, and 3) evaluation of climate services. In response to the limitations of the prevalent supply-driven and top-down approach to climate services promotion, co-production emerges as a cross-cutting critical aspect of the identified priority areas. Despite the extensive research in the field, more attention is needed, particularly pronounced in the science-policy interface perspective, which in practice bridges scientific knowledge and policy decisions for effective policy processes. This perspective offers a valuable analytical lens as an entry point for further investigation. Hence, future research agendas would generate insightful evidence by scrutinizing this critical aspect given its importance to institutions and climate services capacity, to better understand intricate facets of the development and the integration of climate services into disaster risk management. 展开更多
关键词 Climate Services Disaster Risk Management policy Process Science-policy Interface Institutional Analysis
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The Adjustment of NATO’s Space Policy and Its Implications
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作者 He Qisong 《China International Studies》 2024年第4期155-176,共22页
Under the US leadership,NATO has been adjusting its space policy and strengthening its space deterrence capabilities to address the so-called“threat”from China and Russia.While the deterrent effect of NATO’s space ... Under the US leadership,NATO has been adjusting its space policy and strengthening its space deterrence capabilities to address the so-called“threat”from China and Russia.While the deterrent effect of NATO’s space policy remains to be seen,the various measures taken to implement the policy will have a considerable impact on the global space landscape,accelerating the weaponization of space and making it more difficult to prevent an arms race in space and govern space security. 展开更多
关键词 NATO policy LANDSCAPE
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Perception Enhanced Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Autonomous Driving in Complex Scenarios
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作者 Lyuchao Liao Hankun Xiao +3 位作者 Pengqi Xing Zhenhua Gan Youpeng He Jiajun Wang 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第7期557-576,共20页
Autonomous driving has witnessed rapid advancement;however,ensuring safe and efficient driving in intricate scenarios remains a critical challenge.In particular,traffic roundabouts bring a set of challenges to autonom... Autonomous driving has witnessed rapid advancement;however,ensuring safe and efficient driving in intricate scenarios remains a critical challenge.In particular,traffic roundabouts bring a set of challenges to autonomous driving due to the unpredictable entry and exit of vehicles,susceptibility to traffic flow bottlenecks,and imperfect data in perceiving environmental information,rendering them a vital issue in the practical application of autonomous driving.To address the traffic challenges,this work focused on complex roundabouts with multi-lane and proposed a Perception EnhancedDeepDeterministic Policy Gradient(PE-DDPG)for AutonomousDriving in the Roundabouts.Specifically,themodel incorporates an enhanced variational autoencoder featuring an integrated spatial attention mechanism alongside the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient framework,enhancing the vehicle’s capability to comprehend complex roundabout environments and make decisions.Furthermore,the PE-DDPG model combines a dynamic path optimization strategy for roundabout scenarios,effectively mitigating traffic bottlenecks and augmenting throughput efficiency.Extensive experiments were conducted with the collaborative simulation platform of CARLA and SUMO,and the experimental results show that the proposed PE-DDPG outperforms the baseline methods in terms of the convergence capacity of the training process,the smoothness of driving and the traffic efficiency with diverse traffic flow patterns and penetration rates of autonomous vehicles(AVs).Generally,the proposed PE-DDPGmodel could be employed for autonomous driving in complex scenarios with imperfect data. 展开更多
关键词 Autonomous driving traffic roundabouts deep deterministic policy gradient spatial attention mechanisms
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Tracking direct and indirect impact on technology and policy of transformative research via ego citation network
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作者 Xian Li Xiaojun Hu 《Journal of Data and Information Science》 CSCD 2024年第3期65-87,共23页
Purpose:The disseminating of academic knowledge to nonacademic audiences partly relies on the transition of subsequent citing papers.This study aims to investigate direct and indirect impact on technology and policy o... Purpose:The disseminating of academic knowledge to nonacademic audiences partly relies on the transition of subsequent citing papers.This study aims to investigate direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research based on ego citation network.Design/methodology/approach:Key Nobel Prize-winning publications(NPs)in fields of gene engineering and astrophysics are regarded as a proxy for transformative research.In this contribution,we introduce a network-structural indicator of citing patents to measure technological impact of a target article and use policy citations as a preliminary tool for policy impact.Findings:The results show that the impact on technology and policy of NPs are higher than that of their subsequent citation generations in gene engineering but not in astrophysics.Research limitations:The selection of Nobel Prizes is not balanced and the database used in this study,Dimensions,suffers from incompleteness and inaccuracy of citation links.Practical implications:Our findings provide useful clues to better understand the characteristics of transformative research in technological and policy impact.Originality/value:This study proposes a new framework to explore the direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research. 展开更多
关键词 Transformative research Nobel Prize winning articles Citation networks Technological impact policy impact
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China’s Proactive Fiscal Policy
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作者 Xing Li Chen Long 《China Economist》 2024年第1期58-74,共17页
In contrast to the traditional Western approach to macro-fiscal management,China’s proactive fiscal policy is founded on a people-centered development philosophy and,with distinctive Chinese characteristics,is a sign... In contrast to the traditional Western approach to macro-fiscal management,China’s proactive fiscal policy is founded on a people-centered development philosophy and,with distinctive Chinese characteristics,is a significant policy innovation of macroeconomic management in the Chinese modernization.Although there are notable distinctions between the Western“Keynesian”and the“nonKeynesian”schools of thought,both of these approaches’core policy goals and methodological roots are the same,composing the traditional Western macro-fiscal approach.This approach faces increasing real dilemmas.China’s proactive fiscal policy,however,places greater emphasis on future potential growth rates in addition to equilibrium between supply and demand,achieving a fiscal policy transformation with a new approach.In this paper we argue that with such a new approach,China should reconsider the nature and reasonable level of the fiscal deficit,the function and risk assessment criteria of government debt,the scope and effects of reductions in taxes and fees,its approach and focus of demand management,and the costs and resulting efficiencies of policies in order to develop a new fiscal policy paradigm that is more in line with its stated goals. 展开更多
关键词 Proactive fiscal policy fiscal approach potential growth rate
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Review of China's Energy Policy in 2023
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作者 Zhang Pengcheng 《China Oil & Gas》 CAS 2024年第1期14-21,共8页
In 2023,China's energy policy primarily focused on deepening systemic and institutional reforms,enhancing energy security capabilities,strengthening energy conservation and carbon reduction,and improving the stand... In 2023,China's energy policy primarily focused on deepening systemic and institutional reforms,enhancing energy security capabilities,strengthening energy conservation and carbon reduction,and improving the standard system.It has laid the foundation for China's policy direction,which is predicated on ensuring energy security,centered on economic construction,and aimed at achieving the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals on schedule.In the current key tasks,China has accelerated the construction of a big unified electricity market,vigorously promoted upgrading industries for low-carbon,high-end,and intelligent development,and established carbon markets and standard systems aligned with international practices,achieving substantial progress. 展开更多
关键词 policy DEEPENING UNIFIED
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HELLO ASEAN Visa-free policy sparks surge of Chinese tourists to Southeast Asia
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作者 Gao Yuan 《China Report ASEAN》 2024年第4期34-36,共3页
As of March 1,Malaysia,Singapore,and Thailand have all implemented visa-free entry policy for Chinese citizens,allowing stays of up to 30 days.The three Southeast Asian countries have been popular destinations for Chi... As of March 1,Malaysia,Singapore,and Thailand have all implemented visa-free entry policy for Chinese citizens,allowing stays of up to 30 days.The three Southeast Asian countries have been popular destinations for Chinese outbound tourists since the late 1980s and early 1990s.The implementation of the visa-free entry policy is expected to attract more Chinese tourists,especially young people,to travel to Southeast Asia and boost the recovery of the tourism industry in the region. 展开更多
关键词 policy HELLO SOUTHEAST
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COMRADES FOREVER--To Lam’s visit demonstrates that China remains Vietnam’s top foreign policy priority
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作者 Yang Danzhi 《China Report ASEAN》 2024年第8期30-31,共2页
On August 20,2024,General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam(CPV)Central Committee and Vietnamese President To Lam concluded his state visit to China.China was the destination for Lam's first overseas vis... On August 20,2024,General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam(CPV)Central Committee and Vietnamese President To Lam concluded his state visit to China.China was the destination for Lam's first overseas visit after taking office as general secretary of the CPV Central Committee,which clearly demonstrates that the heads of both countries attach importance to developing the bilateral relations and that Vietnam regards China as the strategic choice and top priority for its foreign policy. 展开更多
关键词 policy VIETNAM PRIORITY
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Moderating effect of corporate financialization on the impact of climate policy on corporate green innovation:Evidence from China
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作者 Chao Tu Zhilong Qin Qingqing Yang 《Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment》 2024年第3期230-240,共11页
With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between c... With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses. 展开更多
关键词 Staggered DID Model China’s carbon emission trading policy Green innovation Corporate financialization DIGITALIZATION
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Paired Assistance:Policy Rationale and Economic Performance as Illustrated by Xizang and Xinjiang
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作者 Li Xihui Wang Guiduo +1 位作者 Duan Pengfei Huang Jixin 《China Economist》 2024年第3期70-88,共19页
This study highlights the changing priorities of China’s paired assistance throughout the past decades,as well as its theoretical implications and economic growth effects for recipient regions.Using panel data from 3... This study highlights the changing priorities of China’s paired assistance throughout the past decades,as well as its theoretical implications and economic growth effects for recipient regions.Using panel data from 32 prefecture-level cities from 1990 to 2020,this study uses the multiperiod difference-in-differences approach to examine how paired assistance has contributed to economic growth in Xizang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The findings indicate that,first,the implementation of the paired assistance policy has boosted economic growth in Xizang and Xinjiang.Second,paired assistance has stimulated economic growth in recipient communities by improving infrastructure.Third,paired assistance has contributed to economic growth in recipient communities by providing improved public services such as education and healthcare.Improvements to public services have a relatively smaller indirect effect in short term than infrastructure development on economic growth.Yet both education and healthcare are crucial to people’s quality of life in recipient communities.This paper has refined and broadened research on the effects of paired assistance,providing preference for future policymaking. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese characteristics paired assistance multiperiod difference-in-differences assessment of policy effects
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The Impact of the Monetary Policy During the COVID-19 in the Brazilian Banking Sector
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作者 Karina Robial Michele Nascimento Jucá 《Chinese Business Review》 2024年第2期60-75,共16页
The COVID-19 pandemic caused an outbreak on the global productive chains,transforming companies and society in general.Governments adopted anticyclical policies such as basic interest rates reduction as response.Brazi... The COVID-19 pandemic caused an outbreak on the global productive chains,transforming companies and society in general.Governments adopted anticyclical policies such as basic interest rates reduction as response.Brazil basic interest rate is denominated Selic.The application of these policies requires the protagonist of bank’s financial intermediation.This study aims to verify two events-under the perspective of the efficient markets’theory.The first is the communication of the first death by COVID-19-and the subsequent,Selic rate reduction to 2%p.a.-and its effects on bank’s shares prices.The hypotheses presented are:H1-The announcement of the first death by COVID-19 negatively impacts the banks’shares returns and H2-The announcement of the Selic interest rate-during the COVID-19-positively impacts the return of the banks’shares.We adopt event study methodology in a final sample of nine and 15 banks to Events 1 and 2 respectively.The results confirm H1 as well as the semi-strong informational efficiency market.H2 is not confirmed.Results confirm the non-effectiveness of the anticyclical policy of basic interest rate reduction.This contributes to the discussion about the impacts of COVID-19 and the efficacy of anticyclical policies. 展开更多
关键词 monetary policy COVID-19 BANKS Brazil event study
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Dynamic evaluation of digital and green development policies based on text mining of the PMC framework
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作者 Ye Chunmei Wu Lihua 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2024年第3期319-326,共8页
Aiming to identify policy topics and their evolutionary logic that enhance the digital and green development(dual development)of traditional manufacturing enterprises,address weaknesses in current policies,and provide... Aiming to identify policy topics and their evolutionary logic that enhance the digital and green development(dual development)of traditional manufacturing enterprises,address weaknesses in current policies,and provide resources for refining dual development policies,a total of 15954 dual development-related policies issued by national and various departmental authorities in China from January 2000 to August 2023 were analyzed.Based on topic modeling techniques and the policy modeling consistency(PMC)framework,the evolution of policy topics was visualized,and a dynamic assessment of the policies was conducted.The results show that the digital and green development policy framework is progressively refined,and the governance philosophy shifts from a“regulatory government”paradigm to a“service-oriented government”.The support pattern evolves from“dispersed matching”to“integrated symbiosis”.However,there are still significant deficiencies in departmental cooperation,balanced measures,coordinated links,and multi-stakeholder participation.Future policy improvements should,therefore,focus on guiding multi-stakeholder participation,enhancing public demand orientation,and addressing the entire value chain.These steps aim to create an open and shared digital industry ecosystem to promote the coordinated dual development of traditional manufacturing enterprises. 展开更多
关键词 digital and green development text mining topic modeling policy modeling consistency(PMC)framework machine learning
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Science and Technology Promotion Policies of Strategic Emerging Industries in Anhui Province
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作者 Wenming SUN 《Meteorological and Environmental Research》 2024年第4期5-7,共3页
In recent years,based on advantages of industry,market,science and technology and other development environment,strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province are developing rapidly,and emerging industries such as ne... In recent years,based on advantages of industry,market,science and technology and other development environment,strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province are developing rapidly,and emerging industries such as new energy,new materials,new generation of information technology occupy an important market share in China and even the world.However,there are still a number of problems in the process of development,and the policy support has a greater impact.In this paper,the development status of strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province was discussed firstly,and then the challenges and problems of the development was discussed.Finally,some science and technology promotion policies of strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province were proposed. 展开更多
关键词 Strategic emerging industries Market competitiveness policy support
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Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy
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作者 MA Rui-yang 《Journal of Literature and Art Studies》 2024年第6期436-442,共7页
Language is an important carrier of human culture and a specific method for communication between humans.It is one of the most important symbols of human identity and flags of dividing group identity.At present,in the... Language is an important carrier of human culture and a specific method for communication between humans.It is one of the most important symbols of human identity and flags of dividing group identity.At present,in the modern national state,the government is paying more attention to language policy and being more and more prudent to it.In the process of making and implementing language policy,the government must take into account a range of factors such as the country’s national history,politics,culture,economy,and relations between different social groups.From the mid-nineteenth century,when New Zealand became a British colony,until the mid-twentieth century,the Maori people were inspired to defend their rights and respect for themselves by the rise of Maori nationalist ideology and Maori political radicalism in a struggle that lasted more than 100 years.Until 1994,there were more than 800 kohanga reo,early childhood institutions that established Maori language instruction independent of the school system,and the nationalism drives to revitalize the Maori national language was at its peak.The process of revolution on Maori language policies in New Zealand reflects a trend of nationalist thoughts from Maori becoming more deep.Exploring the process of change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy will help to develop the study of the social history of indigenous peoples during the colonial period and will contribute to the study of the development of colonized countries and regions in the post-colonial period.The change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy has provided an important example of the preservation and revitalization of the indigenous languages of the world’s former colonies,which is of great significance for the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity. 展开更多
关键词 language policy Māori NATIONALISM New Zealand
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