Rainfall-triggered waste dump instability analysis based on surface 3D deformation in physical model test

Landslide is the second largest natural disaster after earthquake. It is of significance to study the evolution laws and failure mechanism of landslides based on its surface 3D deformation information. Based on the rainfall-triggered waste dump instability model test, we studied the failure mechanisms of the waste dump by integrating surface deformation and internal slope stress and proposed novel parameters for identifying landslide stability. We developed a noncontact measurement device, which can obtain millimeter-level 3D deformation data for surface scene in physical model test;Then we developed the similar materials and established a test model for a waste dump. Based on the failure characteristics of slope surface, internal stress of slope body and displacement contours during the whole process, we divided the slope instability process in model test into four stages: rainfall infiltration and surface erosion, shallow sliding, deep sliding, and overall instability. Based on the obtained surface deformation data, we calculated the volume change during slope instability process and compared it with the point displacement on slope surface. The results showed that the volume change can not only reflect the slow-ultra acceleration process of slope failure, but also fully reflect the above four stages and reduce the fluctuations caused by random factors. Finally, this paper proposed two stability identification parameters: the volume change rate above the slip surface and the relative velocity of volume change rate. According to the calculation of these two parameters in model test, they can be used for study the deformation and failure mechanism of slope stability.

Shear resistance characteristics and influencing factors of root-soil composite on an alpine metal mine dump slope with different recovery periods

Artificial vegetation restoration is the main measure for vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation in alpine mine dumps on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.However,there are few reports on the dynamic changes and the influencing factors of the soil reinforcement effect of plant species after artificial vegetation restoration under different recovery periods.We selected dump areas of the Delni Copper Mine in Qinghai Province,China to study the relationship between the shear strength and the peak displacement of the root-soil composite on the slope during the recovery period,and the influence of the root traits and soil physical properties on the shear resistance characteristics of the root-soil composite via in situ direct shear tests.The results indicate that the shear strength and peak displacement of the rooted soil initially decreased and then increased with the increase of the recovery period.The shear strength of the rooted soil and the recovery period exhibited a quadratic function relationship.There is no significant function relationship between the peak displacement and the recovery period.Significant positive correlations(P<0.05)exists between the shear strength of the root-soil composite and the root biomass density,root volume density,and root area ratio,and they show significant linear correlations(P<0.05).There are no significant correlations(P>0.05)between the shear strength of the root-soil composite and the root length density,and the root volume ratio of the coarse roots to the fine roots.A significant negative linear correlation(P<0.05)exists between the peak displacement of the rooted soil and the coarse-grain content,but no significant correlations(P>0.05)with the root traits,other soil physical property indices(the moisture content and dry density of the soil),and slope gradient.The coarse-grain content is the main factor controlling the peak displacement of the rooted soil.

Using deep neural networks coupled with principal component analysis for ore production forecasting at open-pit mines

Ore production is usually affected by multiple influencing inputs at open-pit mines.Nevertheless,the complex nonlinear relationships between these inputs and ore production remain unclear.This becomes even more challenging when training data(e.g.truck haulage information and weather conditions)are massive.In machine learning(ML)algorithms,deep neural network(DNN)is a superior method for processing nonlinear and massive data by adjusting the amount of neurons and hidden layers.This study adopted DNN to forecast ore production using truck haulage information and weather conditions at open-pit mines as training data.Before the prediction models were built,principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the multicollinearity among highly correlated input variables.To verify the superiority of DNN,three ANNs containing only one hidden layer and six traditional ML models were established as benchmark models.The DNN model with multiple hidden layers performed better than the ANN models with a single hidden layer.The DNN model outperformed the extensively applied benchmark models in predicting ore production.This can provide engineers and researchers with an accurate method to forecast ore production,which helps make sound budgetary decisions and mine planning at open-pit mines.

Solution to the Horizontal Crossing Problem of Transportation System at Key Points in Open-Pit Mines

In order to reduce the horizontal crossing transportation problems between coal trucks and stripping trucks,large and small vehicles,and transport trucks and belt conveyors at key points of open pit mine in production,the separate transportation mode of underpass bridge and overpass steel trestle is proposed to optimize the open pit development transportation system,so as to solve the practical problems that the horizontal cross of transport vehicles causes vehicle blockage,affects production schedule and production safety.The results show that the horizontal crossing road can be changed into a separate type of overpass steel trestle,which can realize the classified transportation of large and small vehicles,reduce the traffic density,make vehicles with different functions go their own way,eliminate the hidden danger of traffic accidents,and improve the production efficiency.

A Predictive Energy Management Strategies for Mining Dump Trucks

The plug-in hybrid vehicles(PHEV)technology can effectively address the issues of poor dynamics and higher energy consumption commonly found in traditional mining dump trucks.Meanwhile,plug-in hybrid electric trucks can achieve excellent fuel economy through efficient energy management strategies(EMS).Therefore,a series hybrid system is constructed based on a 100-ton mining dump truck in this paper.And inspired by the dynamic programming(DP)algorithm,a predictive equivalent consumption minimization strategy(P-ECMS)based on the DP optimization result is proposed.Based on the optimal control manifold and the SOC reference trajectory obtained by the DP algorithm,the P-ECMS strategy performs real-time stage parameter optimization to obtain the optimal equivalent factor(EF).Finally,applying the equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS)realizes real-time control.The simulation results show that the equivalent fuel consumption of the P-ECMS strategy under the experimentally collected mining cycle conditions is 150.8 L/100 km,which is 10.9%less than that of the common CDCS strategy(169.3 L/100 km),and achieves 99.47%of the fuel saving effect of the DP strategy(150 L/100 km).

Charging for the waste dumping of open-pit metal mines

Based on the externality theory and the environmental value theory, the hypothesis of charging for waste dumping of open-pit metal mines was put forth. The charging methods were designed according to the characteristics of waste dumping of openpit metal mines, including charging based on the dumping amount of the total waste, multi-charging factors, exceeding standard punishment charging, and so on. The main charging parameter is based on the dumping area rather than the total amount of waste dumping. The charging model of waste dumping of open-pit mines was formulated, and the charging rate was divided into two parts, i.e., the standard charging rate and the differential charging rate. The standard charging rate was derived using the equilibrium dynamic model, whereas the differential one was obtained by establishing the fuzzy synthesized evaluation model.

Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine,Inner Mongolia,China

The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover （shrubs and herbaceous cover）, richness, abundance, soil nutrients （soil organic matter, N and P）, and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub ＋ grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community （215.87 mm）. Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub ＋ grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different config- urations were significant （P 〈0.05）. Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub ＋ grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub ＋ grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.

600WM汽轮机高压主汽门及高压调门DUMP阀故障分析与处理

介绍了DUMP阀的作用、结构原理,结合某电厂高压主汽门、高压调门几次故障案例,分析研究DUMP阀发生故障的原因,并提出相应的处理措施,为类似问题的解决提供了参考和借鉴。

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性研究

为了揭示露天煤矿排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性的动态特征和变化模式,以内蒙古北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场为研究对象,选取Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数、植被盖度、植被高度、地上和地下生物量8个指标,构建了基于群落结构稳定性与群落功能稳定性的排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性评价体系,采用综合评价法对处于人工植被恢复中的内排土场和恢复年限分别为4 a、5 a、8 a的沿帮排土场、南排土场和北排土场的南、北方向边坡植被恢复群落稳定性进行综合评估,并对群落稳定性因子与土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等环境因子间关系进行分析,探究影响排土场边坡群落稳定性的影响因素。结果表明:(1)随着恢复年限的增加,边坡植被群落稳定性整体呈稳步上升趋势,但与草原站背景值相比,其综合评价指数处于较不稳定或不稳定状态。(2)随着恢复年限的增加,排土场边坡群落稳定性由结构稳定性主导转向功能稳定性主导。恢复初期受人工影响,物种多样性提高,结构稳定性较高,随着时间的推移,结构稳定性波动下降,功能稳定性上升,其中地下生物量增长迅速,生物量向地下转移,进而形成矿区特有的植物群落结构稳定与功能稳定转变特征。(3)从坡向来看,随着恢复年限的增加,边坡群落稳定性逐渐由南坡优于北坡转变为北坡优于南坡。(4)南坡的结构稳定性与环境因子的相关性较高,而北坡的功能稳定性与环境因子相关性较高,表明不同坡向的群落采用了不同的响应策略以适应环境的变化,丰富的有机质和全氮含量对排土场边坡群落功能性稳定性会产生积极影响。

Legacy Gold Mine Sites & Dumps in the Witwatersrand: Challenges and Required Action

Legacy mine shafts and waste dumps in the Witwatersrand continue to create social and environmental challenges for communities, even in areas where gold mining ceased over 100 years ago. The slow pace of eradication of these gold mine shafts and waste dumps (or lack thereof) results in conflict between the communities and authorities, particularly the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) as the relevant authority in the field of environmental management in mining. This paper examines, through a literature review, the past and present legislative framework that resulted in legacy mine shafts and dumps and how communities find themselves living next to these mine sites, which results in social and environmental problems. The paper further explores the governments, particularly the DMRE, proposed initiatives to empower those who intend to extract value from the abandoned mines while curbing the scourge of crime in affected communities.

Study on the Application of Real-Time Drone Monitoring in Ordos Open-Pit Coal Mine

In the process of intelligent mine construction in open-pit mine, in order to improve the safety monitoring ability of mine transportation system, solve the problems of large human interference and blind Angle detection by existing conventional monitoring methods, this paper establishes an open-pit mine monitoring data set, and proposes a real-time intelligent monitoring model based on UAV. The reasoning component with strong computing power and low power consumption is selected, and the lightweight object detection model is selected for the experiment. A quantitative standard of dynamic energy consumption detection by evaluation algorithm is proposed. Through experimental comparison, it is found that YOLOv4-tiny has the highest comprehensive grade in detection accuracy, speed, energy consumption and other aspects, which is suitable for application in the above model.

Cycle Time Analysis of Open Pit Mining Dump Trucks

This study demonstrates a practical cycle time analysis of dump truck haulage system of “Ukhaa Khudag” open-pit coal mine located in Umnugobi Province, Mongolia. It examines the possibility of minimizing the cycle time of the haulage system as well as factors impacting the speed of the dump truck. The current study divides the open pit mine road for the dump trucks into five sections which are bench road, ramp, surface road, dump road uphill, and dump road. Meanwhile, it investigates the influence of the length, the grade, and the rolling resistance of the road section on the cycle time. The data is analyzed using mathematical regression methods via Microsoft Excel program. For each of the five road sections, we compare the statistical calculations of three regression models: linear, quadratic and exponential;thus, a total of thirty regression models are obtained in this research. Accordingly, the cycle time for each road section is predicted by the most accountable model. The loaded and empty direction of the movement is measured and calculated for each road section, and it appears that the difference between the calculated mean value and the actual cycle time of the models is 0.82 seconds with a relative error of 2.51 percent.

基于土壤肥力恢复力模型的河曲露天煤矿复垦治理效果评价

以河曲旧县露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)和专家评分理论法建立了露天煤矿排土场土壤肥力综合评价模型,获得土壤结构稳定性、土壤保水能力、土壤保肥能力及土壤生物活性4项准则和25个因素,利用YAAHP计算软件确定了排土场土壤肥力恢复力各影响因素的权重。结果表明,评价体系准则层中土壤保肥能力权重最大(0.5477),其次分别是土壤保水能力(0.1980)、土壤生物活性(0.1408)和土壤结构稳定性(0.1135),因素层有机质F1权重最高(0.1162);根据现场抽样,已复垦区的土壤质量水平要高于未复垦区的土壤质量水平,整体来看土壤质量水平均处于中等偏下和较差水平,土壤恢复力的主要因素是土壤保肥能力,特别是土壤有机质含量。土壤肥力恢复力模型为提高排土场土壤质量、加快土壤重构、促进土壤生态系统恢复提供治理思路。

规制日本向海洋处置核污染水的相关国际法理剖析

日本向海洋处置核污染水问题,违反了《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》有关风险预防、防止与减少及控制海洋环境污染、加强国际合作、开展海洋环评、可持续发展等规定,也暴露出国际法中相关规定在应对此类问题上存在规则不严密、适用局限性以及约束力度不足等缺陷。为了全面、有效规制日本向海洋处置核污染水,《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》需要进一步做出有针对性的修订与完善,切实加强履约工作,充分发挥国际法作用,以维护海洋生态环境安全。

欧盟对中国反倾销的贸易限制效应研究——基于2010—2022年月度贸易数据

本文将欧洲联盟2010—2022年间对我国发起的反倾销案件进行完整梳理,首先选取我国遭受欧盟反倾销的典型涉案产品,详细阐述欧洲联盟进口量和进口额在反倾销前后的变动趋势。其次,使用2010—2022年间欧洲联盟与我国的HS6位码月度贸易数据构建动态面板模型,采用差分广义矩估计,确定以季度为研究周期,更为合理地动态考察欧洲联盟对我国反倾销的贸易限制效应,并区分反倾销节点异质性和产品异质性。最后,采用反事实估计法量化欧洲联盟对我国反倾销典型涉案产品的贸易限制比例。研究结果表明,欧洲联盟对我国反倾销典型涉案产品存在贸易限制效应,立案调查的贸易限制效应通常不存在滞后,而肯定性终裁的贸易限制效应往往存在滞后。本文对我国出口企业如何预警欧洲联盟发起的反倾销具有实际意义,也有助于重点出口行业合理调整生产,避免欧洲联盟对我国反倾销带来的损失。若贸易数据可以细分反倾销涉案产品的HS8位码,则能进一步将产品创新可能带来的影响纳入考察。

海洋倾废行为的立法规制研究

近十几年来,随着中国工业、农业的蓬勃发展,人口数量的增加,海洋运输和海洋开发技术的进步,大批港口和城市的兴起和扩建,出现了未取得许可证或者不按照许可证的规定向海洋倾倒废弃物的现象。大规模地向海洋排放有毒、有害废弃物,会严重污染海洋资源,其中的关键因素之一是对海洋环境污染责任人违法行为的低成本惩罚。海洋倾废行为给海洋生态环境带来极大的隐患,使人类的生活面临严峻的挑战。面对日趋加重的污染情况,整个国际社会认识到通过立法保护海洋环境的关键性和紧迫性。

充水作用下露天煤矿内排土场边坡稳定性分析

为分析废弃矿坑改造成蓄水湖时充水高度对内排土场边坡稳定性的影响,采用室内相似试验、数值模拟和理论分析的方法对不同水位高度下内排土场边坡稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明:随着充水高度的增加,浸润线运移速度、边坡最大位移、孔隙水压力和边坡土体受到的压力整体呈增长趋势。充水高度越大,边坡倾角越大,边坡稳定系数越低。研究结论为露天煤矿改造成蓄水湖或蓄能水电站项目工程提供参考。

矿山废弃地植被恢复对土壤养分的影响与评价

[目的]探讨适合干旱半干旱矿山排土场特殊生境的人工植被类型,可为露天矿废弃地植被恢复模式的优化与植被建设工程的精准实施提供科学依据。[方法]以草原区大型露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,研究不同人工植被恢复类型土壤主要养分变化特征,并采用灰色关联度法分析评价不同人工植被类型的土壤肥力状况。[结果]干旱半干旱草原区矿山废弃地人工植被的土壤pH值均在8.5以上,属于碱性土壤,且与自然恢复的对照区(CK)之间变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。人工植被土壤(0~40 cm)全氮、有机碳平均含量分别为486.66 mg·kg^(-1)、0.50%,与自然恢复植被相比(全氮305.95 mg·kg^(-1)、有机碳0.33%)有显著增加(P<0.05),其中,草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens)、紫花苜蓿(Medica⁃go sativa)群落的土壤全氮含量达到607.20、603.45 mg·kg^(-1),水解性氮含量为85.27、107.06 mg·kg^(-1),显著高于其它人工植被类型(P<0.05),油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、小叶杨(Populus simonii)、柠条(Caragana Korshinskii)群落的土壤有机碳含量显著高于其它植被类型(P<0.05);人工植被对土壤中全磷含量、速效磷含量、全钾含量的影响不明显;基于灰色关联度法排土场平台的土壤肥力要明显优于边坡;土壤水解性氮、速效磷、速效钾含量与参考数列指标的关联度比较大。[结论]露天矿排土场植被恢复后土壤中钾元素充足,氮、磷等营养元素的不足会成为植被恢复的主要限制因子,速效养分含量对草原矿区排土场的土壤肥力影响更为重要;矿山废弃地11种植被恢复类型中,排土场平台榆树(Ulmus pumila)群落、草木樨群落、油松群落、紫花苜蓿群落的土壤肥力较高,边坡栽植柠条土壤肥力状况相对较好。

中德城市生活垃圾分类投放法律制度比较研究

随着经济的飞速发展,城市生活垃圾投放作为源头环节受到的关注度越来越高。然而,我国现行的垃圾分类投放中仍存在法律法规体系不健全、分类投放责任主体分工不明确、生活垃圾分类标准不统一以及生活垃圾法律责任不完善等问题。德国对生活垃圾的分类处理较先进,有着完备的废弃物管理体系。德国在1972年通过了首部《废弃物处理法》,而后的51年里,其垃圾分类成就之巨大为人称道。因此,在结合我国国情的基础上,借鉴德国生活垃圾分类投放管理中的相关经验,健全城市生活垃圾分类管理相关立法,理顺城市生活垃圾分类投放主体之间的关系,建立基本统一的垃圾分类标准并完善分类投放的主体法律责任,使城市生活垃圾分类投放法律制度中存在的问题尽快得到解决。

考虑粒径分布的某大型排土场坡角设计

排土场具有成分复杂、粒径分布不均匀、孔隙率大、黏聚力小等特点,极易产生滑坡,为此对大型排土场边坡坡面碎石土粒径分布进行现场调查。研究发现,大粒径碎石从坡顶到坡底的含量逐渐提高,在坡底部含量占80.12%,粒径的分选性显著,决定了排土场力学性质下部强、上部弱的分布特点。在此基础上通过对给定坡高所允许最大坡角进行研究,得出随着坡角增大边坡稳定系数逐渐减小,两者之间近似呈线性关系,最终得到了180 m坡高允许的最大坡角为30°。研究为排土场设计工作提供依据。