Solution to the Horizontal Crossing Problem of Transportation System at Key Points in Open-Pit Mines

In order to reduce the horizontal crossing transportation problems between coal trucks and stripping trucks,large and small vehicles,and transport trucks and belt conveyors at key points of open pit mine in production,the separate transportation mode of underpass bridge and overpass steel trestle is proposed to optimize the open pit development transportation system,so as to solve the practical problems that the horizontal cross of transport vehicles causes vehicle blockage,affects production schedule and production safety.The results show that the horizontal crossing road can be changed into a separate type of overpass steel trestle,which can realize the classified transportation of large and small vehicles,reduce the traffic density,make vehicles with different functions go their own way,eliminate the hidden danger of traffic accidents,and improve the production efficiency.

Using deep neural networks coupled with principal component analysis for ore production forecasting at open-pit mines

Ore production is usually affected by multiple influencing inputs at open-pit mines.Nevertheless,the complex nonlinear relationships between these inputs and ore production remain unclear.This becomes even more challenging when training data(e.g.truck haulage information and weather conditions)are massive.In machine learning(ML)algorithms,deep neural network(DNN)is a superior method for processing nonlinear and massive data by adjusting the amount of neurons and hidden layers.This study adopted DNN to forecast ore production using truck haulage information and weather conditions at open-pit mines as training data.Before the prediction models were built,principal component analysis(PCA)was employed to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the multicollinearity among highly correlated input variables.To verify the superiority of DNN,three ANNs containing only one hidden layer and six traditional ML models were established as benchmark models.The DNN model with multiple hidden layers performed better than the ANN models with a single hidden layer.The DNN model outperformed the extensively applied benchmark models in predicting ore production.This can provide engineers and researchers with an accurate method to forecast ore production,which helps make sound budgetary decisions and mine planning at open-pit mines.

Development and characterization of formulation of dust-suppressant used for stope road in open-pit mines

The components of dust-suppressant were determined based on the analysis on characteristics and mechanisms of road dust raising in open-pit mines. The components were initially selected from moisture agent, coagulation agent and surfactant. The optimal formulation was determined based on orthogonal test and using the water loss rate as the evaluation index. The performances of moisture releasing and adsorption, wind resistance of optimal formulation in the natural environment were tested. The results show that the formula obtained in experiments provide a good performance of moisture absorption and water retention, and it also had a good dust preventing and controlling performance due to its high surface strength and consolidation under dry conditions. It has good application prospects considering the wide variety of sources for materials and the simple preparation process.

Study on the Application of Real-Time Drone Monitoring in Ordos Open-Pit Coal Mine

In the process of intelligent mine construction in open-pit mine, in order to improve the safety monitoring ability of mine transportation system, solve the problems of large human interference and blind Angle detection by existing conventional monitoring methods, this paper establishes an open-pit mine monitoring data set, and proposes a real-time intelligent monitoring model based on UAV. The reasoning component with strong computing power and low power consumption is selected, and the lightweight object detection model is selected for the experiment. A quantitative standard of dynamic energy consumption detection by evaluation algorithm is proposed. Through experimental comparison, it is found that YOLOv4-tiny has the highest comprehensive grade in detection accuracy, speed, energy consumption and other aspects, which is suitable for application in the above model.

毛坪铅锌矿采场热环境影响因素研究

矿井热害是矿井深部开采面临的重要问题。以毛坪铅锌矿为工程案例,采用现场测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同热源对深部矿井采场热环境的影响。基于现场实测的采场地温梯度与热环境参数,构建了毛坪铅锌矿采场物理模型,采用COMSOL软件分析了较低地温条件下风流温度、人体热源、机电设备以及充填体四种热源对采场及围岩温度的影响,并通过现场温度测量数据对数值计算结果进行验证。结果表明:毛坪铅锌矿目前开采水平地温为21.60℃,地温梯度为1.66℃/hm;灰砂比是影响充填体放热的重要因素,充填体产生的热量不仅会借助风流直接传至采场,还能通过围岩传导至巷道壁面,造成采场温度升高;地温对采场温度影响较大,采场温度随着地温的增大呈线性增加;毛坪铅锌矿中各个热源对采场环境的影响程度不同,其中风流能显著提高采场温度,充填体和机电设备次之,人体热源对采场温度的影响最小。

基于Bayes算法与数值模拟的缓倾斜破碎薄矿体采矿方法优选

为实现某锰矿顶板破碎低品位缓倾斜薄矿体安全高效经济开采,首先根据开采条件设计出5种技术可行的采矿方法,然后基于贝叶斯(Bayes)和蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)方法建立涵盖技术和经济共17项评价指标的采矿方法优选体系进行采矿方法优选。研究结果表明,浅孔进路V型掏槽后退/前进采矿法、中深孔进路V型掏槽/平行抛掷采矿法和浅孔接钎头斜向掏槽采矿法的综合得分依次为0.524、0.193、0.214、0.228和0.221,浅孔进路V型掏槽后退采矿法最优。最后采用MIDAS数值模拟对优选出的采矿方法的4种不同跨度采场的稳定性进行分析,其采场跨度12 m时可在采场稳定性和矿石回收率之间取得较好平衡。综合考虑技术、经济和安全指标的采矿方法及采场结构参数优化思路,可为该矿山选出安全高效采矿方案,并可供类似矿山参考借鉴。

基于正交设计的大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比试验研究

针对传统模型材料难以满足大比例模型采场材料需求,结合大比例模型相似模拟试验特点及相似理论,以陶粒、河沙、粉煤、水泥和石膏为原料,设计正交试验,测试试件的物理力学等参数。结果表明:大比例模型采场材料基本特征为低容重、高强度。煤体材料密度随陶粒/骨料比值的增大而减小,抗压强度和抗拉强度随陶粒/骨料、水膏比的增大而减小,随水胶比的增大而增大,弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角随陶粒/骨料和骨胶比的增大而减小。通过多元线性回归分析反算大比例模型采场煤体相似材料配比模型,并通过试验得到不同尺寸试件各试验指标误差在20%内波动,证实了该配比模型的可靠性。

采场全生命周期的矿压危害事件知识图谱表示方法研究

知识图谱是认知智能研究不可或缺的组成部分。针对采场矿压危害事件传统分析方法对煤矿开采过程中应力时空演化过程及隐患演化与风险防控关系等表达存在不足的问题,本文基于采场全生命周期提出一种采场矿压危害事件知识图谱表示方法:首先,从地质灾害的角度,分析采场应力及分布的动态特性,对矿压地质灾害中的各节点进行动态关联,提出顾及时空过程的采场矿压地质灾害知识图谱表示方法。其次,从事故的角度,分析采场矿压事故隐患演化与风险防控过程,将隐患耦合演化与防治措施融入知识图谱表示模型中。最后,运用Neo4j构建矿压危害事件知识图谱。结果表明:依据该表示方法构建的知识图谱,不仅刻画了灾害事件中不同对象的时空演化过程,还描述了隐患耦合演化过程以及对应的风险防控措施,为采场矿压危害的防治提供了智能研究途径。

基于最优组合权重的GRA-TOPSIS地下采场爆破方案优选模型

从经济技术、人员设备安全及爆破质量参数等3个方面综合考虑,选取15项二级指标作为影响采场爆破效果的评判标准,将AHP法与熵权法相结合进行赋权以确定最优权重,并将优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)与灰色关联法(GRA)相结合,构建GRA-TOPSIS综合评价模型。以某铜矿为例,初选5种爆破方案,根据评价指标对各爆破方案进行定量分析,得出其综合优越度,进而确定最优爆破方案。研究结果表明,5种爆破方案综合优越度分别为58.5%、62.0%、35.0%、68.7%、32.8%,即最优爆破方案为倾斜掏槽、80°倾斜崩矿。经矿山实践验证,评价结果与实际爆破效果吻合,表明将该模型用于采场爆破方案优选是可行的。

复杂应力环境下胶结充填采矿法进路开采顺序优化

针对复杂应力环境下胶结充填采矿法进路开采顺序合理性问题,以金川二矿区为例,借助数值仿真软件构建三维数值模型,对不同进路开采顺序下应力场、位移场及塑性破坏区进行分析;在此基础上,采用组合赋权与模糊综合评价相结合的方法对进路开采顺序优化,并开展现场工业试验。结果表明:不同走向进路开采顺序和进路开采空间顺序均对开采区域最大主应力、最大拉应力、垂直位移、塑性破坏区以及临近下一采场最大主应力、垂直位移有一定程度影响;采用下盘至上盘、先开采垂直矿体走向进路的开采顺序时,采场整体开采安全性高,且现场试验效果良好。研究结果可为复杂应力环境下胶结充填采矿法进路开采顺序设计与优化提供理论依据。

Optimization model of GNSS/pseudolites structure design for open-pit mine positioning

A new pseudolites （PLs） structure optimization model of global navigation satellite system （GNSS）/PLs integration positioning system used in deep open-pit mine was presented. Position dilution of precision （Pdop） and reliability were selected as the optimization indicators to build a multi-objective optimization model to decide the optimum PLs location. A scheme was designed by establishing a four-dimensional model taking azimuth （a）, elevation angle （e） and epoch （t） of satellites as the input independent variables and Pdop as the dependent variable to calculate the optimum PLs location zone considering the real circumstances. And then the ultimate PLs location can be fixed by testing the curves of Pdop along time. A field collected Trimble R8 GPS data set in China University of Mining and Technology （CUMT） campus was used for the model test to show the effectiveness, and the proposed PLs optimum design scheme was used at the west open-pit mine of Fushun mining group Co., Ltd., in China, better Pdop and reliability have been achieved for the integration system. Both experiments show that the proposed scheme is excellent in designing GNSS/PLs system which is helpful for improving the performance of the positioning system and reducing the cost.

大冶铁矿高阶段并段开采结构参数稳定性研究

目的:针对大冶铁矿随着采深的降低矿石储量逐渐减小的问题,将-450 m中段及-540 m中段进行并段开采是解决深部开采开拓工程量大、投资高的有效途径,充填法高阶段并段开采的可行性和安全性都有待进行探索及研究。为保证大冶铁矿高阶段并段开采安全高效进行,基于工程地质条件和岩体质量分级结果,开展了大冶铁矿采场高阶段并段开采结构参数优化研究。方法:基于Q系统岩体分级的采场最大无支护跨度计算方法,引入矿岩质量指标,分析矿山各个巷道开采安全要求和断面尺寸,合理确定相应的采场结构参数,计算得到采场最大允许安全跨度。针对高阶段并段开采扰动对上覆岩层的影响,利用FLAC 3D有限元模拟软件对采场高度为105、120、135 m三种方案分别进行了数值模拟研究,得到了不同开采方案下采场顶底板位移变化值和应力分布规律。结果:当阶段高度不超过120 m时,最大位移出现在顶底板中部且变形较小,出现塑性破坏区较少,能保证矿山安全开采。当采场高度达到135 m时,充填体两侧出现拉应力,采场两侧充填体位移量较大,超过采场稳定性。结论:1)结合“Q系统岩体分级的采场最大无支护跨度计算”方法,综合考虑岩体完整性、节理特征、地下水和地应力等因素的影响,确定大冶铁矿高阶段并段开采极限跨度为20 m。2)基于FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,针对三种采场阶段高度一步骤和二步骤回采前后应力场、位移场和塑性区对比分析,确定采场高度不宜超过120 m。意义:研究结果以期为大冶铁矿高阶段并段安全开采合理的采场结构参数优化提供依据,并为国内外同类矿山高阶段开采采场结构参数设计提供参考。

Modified algorithm of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning for applications in open-pit mines

A modified algorithm of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning （GG-PPP） was developed by decreasing the number of unknowns to be estimated so that accurate position solutions can be achieved in the case of less number of visible satellites. The system time difference between GPS and GLONASS （STDGG） and zenith tropospheric delay （ZTD） values were firstly estimated in an open sky condition using the traditional GG-PPP algorithm. Then, they were used as a priori known values in the modified algorithm instead of estimating them as unknowns. The proposed algorithm was tested using observations collected at BJFS station in a simulated open-pit mine environment. The results show that the position filter converges much faster to a stable value in all three coordinate components using the modified algorithm than using the traditional algorithm. The modified algorithm achieves higher positioning accuracy as well. The accuracy improvement in the horizontal direction and vertical direction reaches 69% and 95% at a satellite elevation mask angle of 50°, respectively.

Failure characteristics and its influencing factors of talus-derived rock mass during open-pit mining

The failure characteristic of talus-derived rock mass continues to challenge quantitative hazard assessments in open-pit mining. Physical model test was used to assess the failure modes and mechanisms on talus-derived rock mass. The different types of failure modes of the talus-derived rock mass were introduced and a possible failure mechanism relation between the failure zone and the structure of the talus-derived rock mass was also shown. The physical model test results indicate that the rainfall has significant influence on the stability and failure modes of talus-derived rock mass during open-pit mining. The development of the seepage area caused by rainfall initiates the localized failure in that particular area, and the initiation of localized instability is mainly induced by stress changes concentrated in the seepage area.

地下矿山新型浮箱式膏体充填接顶技术研究及应用

膏体充填后充填体存在一定下沉量和自流坡度角,导致充填接顶效果不佳的问题。为了提升窄长形下向进路式采场的充填接顶效果,避免顶板暴露面积过大而失稳,提出浮箱式点柱接顶技术。分析了浮箱式点柱的承载机理,量化了浮箱尺寸、强度和排间距计算方法。开展现场实验,探究浮箱在高黏度料浆中能否浮起问题。结合该技术在云南某铅锌矿的应用实例,验证了本文提出的设计方法和接顶技术的有效性。结果表明:浮箱可在高黏度料浆中浮起,且部分凸出充填体,对顶板形成有效支撑。采用该技术的实验采场顶板对充填体浮箱的压力约为0.65 MPa。采用浮箱式点柱接顶技术可以形成充填体-浮箱式点柱共同支护体系,提升顶板稳定性,具有显著的安全效益。

某露天矿山采场边坡岩体质量分析及稳定性研究

随着矿坑采剥规模以及采剥深度日益增加,露天采场局部边坡受原井下采空区影响日益凸显。以某局部边坡存在采空区的露天采矿场为例,通过采用现场调研、数值模拟以及理论分析,对露天矿山采空区开展岩体质量分析与边坡稳定性研究。结果表明,RQD法与BQ修正法对该露天采场边坡岩体分级结果较为一致,岩体质量等级以Ⅲ级为主;该露天采场边坡内部分布的采空区对边坡稳定性影响较小,边坡总体稳定性较好,数值模拟结论为露天采区后续安全稳定生产提供有利依据。

改进的Mathews稳定图法在新城金矿−530 m中段采场设计中的应用

在地下金属矿山开采中,采场结构参数的合理选择对于确保采矿安全至关重要。本文基于Mohr-Coulomb准则对Mathews稳定图法进行修正,提出了一个新的岩石应力系数Aʹ,以更准确地反映不同应力状态下岩石的破坏程度。针对新城金矿−530 m中段矿体断裂构造发育明显、岩层较破碎的特殊地质条件,采用改进的Mathews稳定图法确定最佳采场结构参数。计算结果显示,当采场长度为20 m时,最佳跨度为9 m。为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,利用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟软件对采场的应力分布、位移和塑性区进行了深入分析。模拟结果与改进的Mathews稳定图法计算结果高度一致,证实了所确定的结构参数的科学性和合理性。本文不仅展示了数值模拟与工程经验方法相结合在确定安全开采尺寸方面的有效性,同时也为新城金矿的安全开采提供了有力支撑。

Slope stability of reclaimed coal mines through a new water filling index

A common reclamation practice for closed coal surface mines is filling them with water to form pit lakes.The creation and sustainability of these lakes are significantly affected by the stability of the corresponding slopes.The present study provides a general framework for analyzing the water filling’s effect on slope stability based on a new water filling index,which can indirectly consider the factors affecting the process and efficiently quantify the filling speed’s influence.The assumptions of the proposed approach are thoroughly discussed,and the range of the water filling index is identified.Furthermore,the safety factor is calculated using the finite element method with the shear strength reduction technique during the filling process for various conditions(soil properties,slope geometry,hydraulic conditions,and water filling speed).Results are presented as normalized stability charts for practical use.During the water filling,the stability gradually decreases until the reservoir reaches a critical level of 10%e40%of the total height;it then increases to even more stable conditions than the initial one.Overall,the present analysis allows for the preliminary stability evaluation of a coal mine during the formation of a pit lake and the appropriate quantification of the water filling’s effect.

顶板支护条件下的切顶工程优化研究及应用

以金厂河ZnV3矿体阶段空场嗣后充填采场顶部切顶条柱稳定性为研究对象,通过分析采场在不同阶段应力状态的分布规律,结合顶板破碎围岩锚固支护的现状,为提升条柱的稳定性,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法进行研究分析。研究结果表明:切顶联络道两侧交替布置4 m宽凿岩硐室、3 m宽条柱的优化方案,能有效分担应力集中作用对条柱的影响,极大提高了条柱的稳定性;优化方案改变了顶板支护区域,进一步提高了空区后顶板的稳定性。根据研究成果开展了工业试验,验证了优化方案的可行性,对安全生产具有重要意义,可在矿山进行应用。切顶工程的优化,在提高条柱稳定性的情况下,进一步提高了顶板的稳定性,可为类似矿山提供借鉴。

浅埋煤层房采破坏区充填复采技术研究与应用

针对浅埋煤层前期开采遗留的大量房采破坏区严重影响现阶段工作面正常开采的问题,以五家沟煤矿5-1号煤层15301工作面的赋存情况和开采条件为研究背景,采用煤矿探巷机器人和机载三维激光扫描系统,探查出靠近15301辅运巷道三个房采区的情况,对房采破坏区失稳机理进行研究,确定了破坏区支护强度,通过对充填材料不同配比实验,同时结合填充效果的探查结果,提出了安全快速通过充填区技术。研究与实践表明:当破坏区支护强度P_(k)≥2.1 MPa时,可避免房采破坏区失稳;确定了满足五家沟煤矿充填的主体材料为充填料Ⅰ,其中,水泥、粉煤灰掺入比例为3∶7,水灰比为1∶(0.8~1.2);对房采区进行充填后,利用安全快速通过充填区技术,顺利完成了15301工作面房采破坏区充填复采,取得了良好的技术与经济效益,为类似条件下的浅埋煤层开采提供技术借鉴。