Two new steroidal glucosides from Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl

Two new steroidal glucosides, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl （25S）-furost-5-ene-1β,3β,22α,26-tetraol l-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- （1 → 3）-[α-h-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）]-[β-D-fueopyranoside and （25R） spirost-5-ene-3β,14α-diol-3-β-O-β-L-rhanmopyranosyl- （1 → 2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）]-[-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the Ophiopogon japonicus （L.f.） Ker-Gaw. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

A New Furospirostanol Saponin,Ophiofurospiside B from Ophiopogon japonicus(Thunb.) Ker-Gawl

Introduction The tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus （ L. f） Ker- Gawl, which is a Chinese traditional medicine named ＂maidong＂ have been recorded to have various medical functions for curing cardiovascular diseases and bacterial infections, especially heart diseases. Phytochemical studies on this plant were reported previously. In search of new and bioactive components from Chinese traditional medicines, the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus have been investigated in this study. The present paper article covers the isolation and structure elucidation of a new furospirostanol saponin, namely, Ophiofurospiside B （compound 1 ） and two known steroidal saponins （ compounds 2 and 3）.

A new C_(27)-steroidal glycoside from Ophiopogon japonicus

A new C27-steroidal glycoside with three known compounds were isolated from the tuber of Ophiopogonjaponicus （Thunb.） Ker-Gawl. Based on the spectral analysis, including HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC, their chemical structures were determined as pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→ 4）-13-D-gluco- pyranoside （1）, pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, ophiopojaponin C （3） and ophiopogonin D （4）. 2007 Jian Zhong Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Recognition System for Leaf Diseases of Ophiopogon japonicus Based on PCA-SVM

Taking leaf black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight of Ophiopogon japonicus as the research objects,lesions were separated by K-Means clustering segmentation technology.PCA(principal component analysis)was carried out on the 46-dimensional eigenvectors composed of color,shape and texture features,and then the multi-level classifier designed by SVM(support vector machine)was used to identify lesions.The recognition rate of the developed leaf disease recognition system of O.japonicus achieved 93.3%.The results indicates that the system is of great significance to the prevention and control of O.japonicus diseases and the modernization of O.japonicus industry.

Two new steroidal glycosides from Ophiopogon japonicus

Two new C27-steroidal glycosides were isolated from the fibrous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus. The spectral analysis and chemical evidence revealed their chemical structures to be （25R）-spirost-5,14-dien-3β-yl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-β-D- xylopyranosyl-（1 → 4）-β-D-glucopyranoside （1） and ophiogenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）.

Application of Multivariate Analysis Method in Evaluation of Quality and Traits of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] To study the relationship between the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus. [Methods]The multi-indicator function model of Sichuan O. japonicus was established by using the multivariate analysis method and taking the yield of and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus as indicators. [Results] In the multivariate non-linear fitting,the Pearson correlation test was used to reduce the dimension of the model,and the significant correlated variables were rejected,leaving three independent variables: the total fresh weight of the plant( x_1),the fresh weight of the aboveground part(x_2) and the fresh weight of fibrous roots(x_3),established the total saponin( y) function model for Sichuan O. japonicus: y = a_1+a_2x_2+ a_3x_3+ a_4x_1x_2+ a_5x_1x_3+ a_6x_2x_3+ a_7x_1~2+ a_8x_2~2+ a_9x_3~2.[Conclusions]When the total fresh weight of plant,fresh weight of aboveground part and fresh weight of fibrous roots were known in Sichuan O. japonicus root tuber,the total saponin content could be estimated by polynomial of these three variables. The establishment of this functional model system is expected to provide a scientific basis for the scientific prediction of the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus.

Experimental Study on Content of Aqueous Extract and Total Flavonoids in Different Parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1

[Objectives]To study the differences in the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in different parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1,and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of O. japonicus resources. [Methods] According to Volume I of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and with reference to literature methods,taking water as extraction solvent,hot dip method was used to determine the content of aqueous extract; taking ethanol as extraction solvent,the content of total flavonoids was determined using hot dip method,Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. [Results]The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus1 was higher than that of traditional O. japonicas; the content of aqueous extract in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1; the content of total flavonoids in leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the root tubers; the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in Sichuan O. japonicus 1 in the second year was higher than that in the first year.[Conclusions]The quality of new cultivar of Sichuan O. japonicas 1 was significantly higher than the traditional O. japonicus. Nowadays,the main part of drug use in O. japonicas is root,but as to the content of total flavonoids,fibrous roots and leaves are more dominant,it is feasible to develop and utilize the resources of flavonoids in the fibrous roots and leaves. The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids from the second year O. japonicus was higher than that in the first year O. japonicus,but its increased amount did not meet the requirements of economic benefits.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Tillering Ability of Ophiopogon japonicus cv

[Objectives]This study was conducted to discuss the effects of tillering law and its controlling factors on the growth of Ophiopogon japonicus cv.[Methods]With O.japonicus cv as an experimental material,its average number of tillers,proliferation coefficient,total number of tillers,death number,germination index,germination rate,fresh root weight,root volume and survival rate were determined.[Results] The reproductive ability of the NAA treatments was significantly higher than that of the 6-BA treatments,and the average tillering capacity of the 5 mg/L NAA treatment was significantly higher,90% higher than that of the CK.The proliferation coefficient of O.japonicus cv was significantly better in the NAA treatments than in the 6-BA treatments,and the 5 mg/L-NAA treatment was more significant.The NAA treatments showed total numbers of tillers significantly higher than those of the 6-BA treatments,and exhibited significantly reduced deaths.The 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups had the strongest germination-promoting effects on O.japonicus cv,which were significantly different from those of other experimental groups,and were 92% and 95% higher than that of the CK,respectively.As to the germination rate indicator of O.japonicus cv,the 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups exhibited the highest values,which increased by 48% and 43%,respectively,compared with the CK.The 6-BA treatments significantly improved the root growth of O.japonicus cv compared with the NAA treatments,and they significantly promoted root volume of O.japonicus cv.The survival rate of O.japonicus cv treated with hormone NAA was 23.3% higher than that of the 6-BA treatment group.[Conclusions] This study provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive ability of O.japonicus cv and expanding its commercial production.

Recognition of Ophiopogon japonicus Disease Based on Image Feature Fusion

The images of three diseases of black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight in Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus leaves were taken the research object,and the bimodal method,Otsu threshold segmentation method and K-means clustering segmentation algorithm were compared and analyzed on the images of O.japonicus.The segmentation effect showed that the K-means clustering algorithm combined with the mathematical morphology processing method could meet the segmentation requirements.Then,the color,shape,and texture information of the lesion image were extracted and fused into a feature vector.Next,the variance analysis and principal component analysis method were applied to eliminate the feature parameters with poor disease characterization ability and reduce the eigenvector dimension to 10 dimensions.Finally,the classifiers for disease identification were designed by the support vector machine,and the recognition rate reached 90%after testing.The method has the advantages of low cost,simple algorithm and high efficiency,and basically meets the requirements of practical applications.

麦冬皂苷D调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对炎症性肠病大鼠炎性损伤的影响

目的:探究麦冬皂苷D调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对炎症性肠病(IBD)大鼠炎性损伤的影响。方法:将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、麦冬皂苷D低剂量组、麦冬皂苷D高剂量组和麦冬皂苷D高剂量+H-89(cAMP抑制剂)组。检测大鼠质量和大鼠结肠长度;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-17、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、cAMP水平;流式细胞术检测大鼠外周血中Th17、Treg细胞比例;HE染色检测结肠组织病理损伤;Western blot检测大鼠结肠组织中Bax、Bcl-2以及cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:治疗结束后,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠结肠组织显著损伤,体质量、结肠长度、血清IL-10、cAMP水平、外周血Treg细胞比例、结肠组织Bcl-2、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达显著降低,血清IL-17、IL-6、TNF-α水平、外周血中Th17比例和Th17/Treg比值、Bax蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,麦冬皂苷D低、高剂量组大鼠结肠组织显著减轻,体质量、结肠长度、血清IL-10、cAMP水平、外周血Treg细胞比例、结肠组织Bcl-2、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达显著升高,血清IL-17、IL-6、TNF-α水平、外周血中Th17比例和Th17/Treg比值、Bax蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05);H-89可部分逆转麦冬皂苷D对炎症性肠病大鼠的治疗作用(P<0.05)。结论:麦冬皂苷D可降低IBD大鼠炎症反应和结肠组织损伤,可能是通过激活cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路实现的。

麦冬传统炮制工艺与京帮炮制经验探讨

[目的]探讨麦冬的传统炮制工艺和京帮炮制经验,为麦冬的现代研究提供借鉴。[方法]搜集古代本草文献中麦冬炮制的资料及传统京帮传世资料中麦冬炮制的相关记载,并向老药师咨询,在分析整理的基础上对麦冬的各种炮制方法进行复原。[方法]麦冬去心的机制有去心除烦、去心治经枯、去心养肺阴,以第一种流传最广。去心的方法有沸水润去心、清水润去心、焙软去心,以第一种效果最好。酒浸法的目的是减轻麦冬久服胃寒的副作用。米炒法宜将米薄铺于锅中,铺麦冬于米上,不宜翻动,其色均匀,如与米同翻炒则麦冬易鼓起。蒸法有清蒸与拌乳蒸两种。麦冬不易粉碎,《本草纲目》记载的间断焙干法很好。麦冬熬膏与制丸均利用其含汁液的特点。传统京帮麦冬在闷润与去心的方法上均有明显的地方特色,朱麦冬为撒水微润,朱砂细粉随撒随翻动。这两个炮制品种已消失半个世纪。[结论]麦冬的炮制方法的复原和优化,有望提高麦冬药效,为临床提供更高质量的麦冬药材。揭示传统京帮麦冬炮制的地方特色,为复兴消失的炮制品种提供了可能,对于丰富中药资源,提升中药的临床应用价值具有重要意义。

麦冬密植移栽机设计与研究

针对麦冬对种植密度要求较高、种植季节性强,且市面上已有的移栽机无法实现麦冬的密植和满栽,而采用人工栽植效率又低下的情况,设计了一种基于曲柄摇杆机构和凸轮机构耦合的自动夹取苗移栽装置。该装置可实现麦冬栽植过程中的自动取苗、栽植入土和快速推苗,栽植的株距和行距可调。试用结果显示:该装置在栽植机构每次栽16株、栽植速度1次/s的情况下,可以实现约6×10^(4)株/h的高效栽植,满足麦冬栽植的高密度和高效率的要求,提高了麦冬种植的机械化水平。

前置挖掘式小型履带川麦冬收获机的设计与试验

针对川麦冬收获时根土分离难度大、易损伤茎苗等问题,设计了一种前置挖掘式小型履带麦冬收获机,由挖掘装置、输送筛选装置、液压装置和行走装置等组成。为确定收获机的可行性,根据三因素三水平响应面试验法构建入土角度、振动链的输送速度、振动轮的振动频率对麦冬收获损伤率、明茎率和带土率的回归模型,优化回归模型得到最优参数组合,即机器的前进速度为0.1m/s、入土角度为20°、振动链的转速为190r/min、振动轮的振动频率为600Hz。试验结果表明:在最优参数组合下,麦冬收获损伤率为2.94%,明茎率为96.7%,带土率为12.5%,达到了较为理想的收获效果。研究可为麦冬收获机的完善和作业参数优化提供参考。

高光谱结合支持向量机鉴别不同产地的麦冬药材

采用高光谱结合支持向量机方法建立了不同产地麦冬药材的鉴别方法。收集5个不同产地的麦冬样品并采集其高光谱数据,用SG平滑滤波对高光谱数据预处理,再结合支持向量机方法建立麦冬产地分类模型。结果显示,经预处理后模型对测试集的分类准确率可达到93.00%。结果表明,高光谱结合支持向量机方法是一种很有前景的麦冬药材鉴别方法。

川麦冬多糖的结构特征及对过度运动小鼠肝损伤的改善作用

该文对川麦冬多糖的结构特征、抗氧化活性进行分析,探讨其对过度运动小鼠肝损伤的改善作用。采用水提醇沉法获得川麦冬多糖(Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharides,POJ),通过高效液相色谱法确定POJ的单糖组成,利用红外光谱推测其特征基团,并构建过度运动疲劳小鼠肝损伤模型,评价POJ对肝损伤的改善作用机制。结果表明,POJ得率为5.4%,重均分子质量为19315 Da,数均分子质量为17005 Da;由葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、木糖组成,4种单糖的摩尔比为4.35∶5.21∶1.34∶1,其异头碳为β构型,POJ具有较强的清除自由基能力,且与多糖浓度具有显著的正相关;肝脏损伤模型结果显示,POJ能显著提高肝脏组织抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛、蛋白羰基化含量,同时还可降低血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的含量,病理结构图显示POJ具有改善肝脏细胞损伤的作用;同时,POJ能激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α(adenylate-activated protein kinase,AMPKα)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路,显著提高AMPKα、Nrf2、HO-1、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过物酶、过氧化氢酶的mRNA表达。研究表明,POJ能够激活AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,促进下游抗氧化酶基因mRNA的表达,提高机体的抗氧化能力,从而缓解过度运动疲劳对肝脏造成的氧化损伤。该研究为川麦冬多糖在医药及运动功能性食品方面的开发应用提供了理论依据。

不同遮阴处理对4种麦冬光合特性的影响

以山麦冬(Liriope spicata)、禾叶山麦冬(Liriope graminifolia)、金边麦冬(Liriope muscari var.variegata)、湖北麦冬(Liriope spicata var.prolifera)为试材,通过不同遮阴度处理90 d后,研究不同遮阴度对4种麦冬光合特性的影响,以期为园林中不同光照环境选择适宜的麦冬种类提供理论依据。结果表明,适度遮阴促进4种麦冬的叶绿素合成,山麦冬、禾叶山麦冬的叶绿素(a+b)含量均在25%遮阴度下达到最大值,分别为2.38、2.10 mg/g,金边麦冬、湖北麦冬的叶绿素(a+b)含量均在50%遮阴度时达到最大值,分别为1.22、1.81 mg/g;25%遮阴度时山麦冬净光合速率最大,为11.13μmol/(m^(2)·s),禾叶山麦冬、金边麦冬、湖北麦冬均在50%遮阴度时净光合速率最大,分别为6.15、6.82、8.01μmol/(m^(2)·s)。由此可知,山麦冬最适遮阴度为25%,禾叶山麦冬适宜的遮阴度在25%~50%,金边麦冬、湖北麦冬的适宜遮阴度为50%。

往复直插式麦冬播种装置的设计与优化

为了改善川麦冬播种条件,提高播种效率,基于麦冬苗特性和农艺要求,设计了一种基于曲柄摇块机构的往复直插式麦冬播种装置,实现了以单个电机作为唯一动力完成从苗盘中取苗和播种的动作。运用Matlab编写了播种装置的运动学辅助分析软件讨论部分机构参数对运动轨迹的影响并得到了较优初始值,以理想的播种运动轨迹作为目标对参数进行优化得到了最优结果。运用Solidworks和Adams进行建模仿真,验证了优化结果的可行性。该研究可为麦冬播种机的设计提供理论参考。

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定麦冬配方颗粒中4个成分的含量及山麦冬成分的检查

目的:采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)建立同时测定麦冬配方颗粒中4个有效成分的含量,并检查是否含有山麦冬的2个专属性成分的方法。方法:采用XBridge BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速:0.2 mL·min^(–1),柱温:35℃,电喷雾离子源,多反应监测模式正、负离子全扫描。对麦冬配方颗粒中麦冬皂苷C、麦冬皂苷D、甲基麦冬黄烷酮A、甲基麦冬黄烷酮B、山麦冬皂苷B、短葶山麦冬皂苷C进行含量测定并聚类分析。结果:6个待测成分在各自线性范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.995),平均加样回收率为95.9%~99.3%,RSD为0.9%~2.2%。26批样品中麦冬皂苷C、麦冬皂苷D、甲基麦冬黄烷酮A、甲基麦冬黄烷酮B的质量分数分别为6.4~17.3、15.1~29.1、9.0~22.6、4.5~14.4μg·g–1;有3批检出山麦冬皂苷B,其中2批同时检出短葶山麦冬皂苷C。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可用于麦冬配方颗粒的质量控制。

麦冬多糖对破骨细胞分化的影响研究

目的探讨麦冬多糖(OPS)对破骨细胞分化的影响。方法从C57BL/6j小鼠股骨中提取骨髓单核巨噬细胞(BMMs),在细胞培养液中分别添加2.5、10.0和40.0μg/mL OPS(A、B、C组),对照组未添加OPS。检测OPS对BMMs细胞活性、破骨细胞骨吸收能力及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)活性的影响,同时分析OPS对碳酸酐酶2(Car2)、组织蛋白酶K(CTSK)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、TRAP、液泡型H^(+)-ATP酶(V-ATPase)mRNA表达的影响。结果A、B、C组48、96 h时吸光度值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组(1.00±0.15)比较,B组成熟破骨细胞数目降低至(0.61±0.06)(P<0.05),而C组成熟破骨细胞数目为(0.31±0.03)(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,B、C组5 d时破骨细胞TRAP活性显著降低(P<0.05)。A、B、C组7 d时破骨细胞TRAP活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。A、B、C组骨吸收面积仅为对照组的71%、40%和6%(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,B、C组Car2、CTSK、MMP-9、TRAP、V-ATPase mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论OPS可显著抑制破骨细胞分化功能,是一种潜在的用于骨质疏松治疗的抗骨吸收药物。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定中药材麦冬中74种农药残留

目的建立一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)用于麦冬中74种农药残留的测定,以确保其安全性和符合质量控制标准。方法采用QuEChERS提取方法进行样品前处理,随后使用HPLC-MS/MS进行定量分析,涵盖了74种农药种类,以确保准确性和灵敏性。结果HPLC-MS/MS在0.001~0.5 mg/L的浓度范围内显示出良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均>0.99。在0.01、0.02和0.05 mg/kg的添加水平下,所得到的平均回收率介于70.1%~119.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为1.5%~16.5%,表明该方法具有良好的准确性和精密性。结论本研究成功建立了一种简单、快速、准确的HPLC-MS/MS方法。该方法适用于中药材麦冬中多种农药残留的同时检测。为了更直观地展示检测结果和方法的有效性,建议在实际应用中配合色谱图进行展示。