Discussion on the application prospect of the transient electromagnetic method based on the dual launcher and mine advanced detection

The dual transmitter implements the equivalent anti-magnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, which can effectively reduce the scope of the transient electromagnetic detection blind area. However, this method is rarely reported in the detection of pipelines in urban geophysical exploration and the application of coal mines. Based on this, this paper realizes the equivalent anti-magnetic flux transient electromagnetic method based on the dual launcher. The suppression effect of this method on the blind area is analyzed by physical simulation. And the detection experiment of underground pipelines is carried out outdoors. The results show that the dual launcher can significantly reduce the turn-off time, thereby effectively reducing the impact of the blind area on the detection results, and the pipeline detection results verify the device’s effectiveness. Finally, based on the ground experimental results, the application prospect of mine advanced detection is discussed. Compared with other detection fields, the formation of blind areas is mainly caused by the equipment. If the dual launcher can be used to reduce the blind area, the accuracy of advanced detection can be improved more effectively. The above research results are of great significance for improving the detection accuracy of the underground transient electromagnetic method.

3D forward modeling and response characteristics of low-resistivity overburden of the CFS-PML absorbing boundary for ground-well transient electromagnetic method

This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.

Cone-shaped source characteristics and inductance effect of transient electromagnetic method

Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-off time and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m2. This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.

Numerical analysis of multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method

We calculate the multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method. The methods and models are unsuitable as geoelectric models of conductive surrounding rocks because they are based on regular local targets. We also propose a calculation and analysis scheme based on numerical simulations of the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields. In the modeling of the electromagnetic fields, the forward modeling simulations are performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method and the discrete image method, which combines the Gaver–Stehfest inverse Laplace transform with the Prony method to solve the initial electromagnetic fields. The precision in the iterative computations is ensured by using the transmission boundary conditions. For the response analysis, we customize geoelectric models consisting of near-borehole targets and conductive wall rocks and implement forward modeling simulations. The observed electric fields are converted into induced electromotive force responses using multicomponent observation devices. By comparing the transient electric fields and multicomponent responses under different conditions, we suggest that the multicomponent-induced electromotive force responses are related to the horizontal and vertical gradient variations of the transient electric field at different times. The characteristics of the response are determined by the varying the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields, i.e., diffusion, attenuation and distortion, under different conditions as well as the electromagnetic fields at the observation positions. The calculation and analysis scheme of the response consider the surrounding rocks and the anomalous field of the local targets. It therefore can account for the geological data better than conventional transient field response analysis of local targets.

A study on the discrete image method for calculation of transient electromagnetic fields in geological media

We conducted a study on the numerical calculation and response analysis of a transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground source in geological media. One solution method, the traditional discrete image method, involves complex operation, and its digital filtering algorithm requires a large number of calculations. To solve these problems, we proposed an improved discrete image method, where the following are realized： the real number of the electromagnetic field solution based on the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm for approximate inversion, the exponential approximation of the objective kernel function using the Prony method, the transient electromagnetic field according to discrete image theory, and closed-form solution of the approximate coefficients. To verify the method, we tentatively calculated the transient electromagnetic field in a homogeneous model and compared it with the results obtained from the Hankel transform digital filtering method. The results show that the method has considerable accuracy and good applicability. We then used this method to calculate the transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground magnetic dipole source in a typical geoelectric model and analyzed the horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field obtained from the ＂ground excitation-stratum measurement method. We reached the conclusion that the horizontal component response of a transient field is related to the geoelectric structure, observation time, spatial location, and others. The horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field reflects the eddy current field distribution and its vertical gradient variation. During the detection of abnormal objects, positions with a zero or comparatively large offset were selected for the drill- hole measurements or a comparatively long observation delay was adopted to reduce the influence of the ambient field on the survey results. The discrete image method and forward calculation results in this paper can be used as references for relevant research.

Mapping coalmine goaf using transient electromagnetic method and high density resistivity method in Ordos City, China

The research about subsurface characteristics by using transient electromagnetic method（TEM） and high density resistivity method（HDRM） were already conducted in Ordos. The objective of this research is to detect coalmine goaf areas based on rock resistivity. The data processing using wavelet transform, three point smoothing, RES2 DINV and Maxwell processing software to obtain 2D resistivity structure. The results showed that the layers with maximum resistivity values（30e33 U m on Line 1, 30e31 U m on Line 2, 32e40 U m on Line3） are founded at station 1e7, and 14e20 on Line 1,13e18 on Line 2, and 8e13 and 16e20 on Line 3 which is predicted as goaf layer, and the minimum resistivity values（20e26 U m of TEM, 45e75 U m of HDRM） at the other layers. This resistivity difference was caused by the geology and characteristics of the study area which is located close by the cleugh with rich coal, so the goaf area distinguishable with aquifer layer and coal seam. The results were also significant accidents and serious destruction of ecological environment.

Experiment in metal disturbance during advanced detection using a transient electromagnetic method in coal mines

Tunneling machines, or excavators, are large and good conductors and affect the reliability of data gathering and interpretation in advanced detection using transient electromagnetic methods. In our experiment, we used a coincident-loop and central loop type of configuration, where the coil plane l） vertical to and 2） parallel to the working face. A SIROTEM instrument at different locations was used to observe the transient electromagnetic responses of the excavator and to analyze the response amplitudes. The result shows that the tunneling machine affects the advanced detection data and is related to the way the coil is coupled. When the excavator is 6 m from the observatory, the interference of tunneling machine can be ignored.

Prediction Technology of Buried Water-Bearing Structures in Coal Mines Using Transient Electromagnetic Method

Buried water-conducting and water-bearing structures in front of the driving head may easily lead to water bursts in coal mines. Therefore,it is very important for the safety of production to make an accurate and timely forecast about water bursts. Based on the smoke ring effect of transient electromagnetic fields,the principle of transient electro-magnetic method used in detecting buried water-bearing structures in coal mines in advance,is discussed. Small multi-turn loop configurations used in coal mines are proposed and a field procedure of semicircular sector scanning is presented. The application of this method in one coal mine indicates that the technology has many advantages compared with others. The method is inexpensive,highly accurate and efficient. Suggestions are presented for future solutions to some remaining problems.

Calculation of all-time apparent resistivity of large loop transient electromagnetic method with very fast simulated annealing

In large loop transient electromagnetic method(TEM),the late time apparent resistivity formula cannot truly reflect the geoelectric model,thus it needs to define the all-time apparent resistivity with the position information of measuring point.Utilizing very fast simulated annealing(VFSA) to fit the theoretical electromagnetic force(EMF) and measured EMF could obtain the all-time apparent resistivity of the measuring points in rectangular transmitting loop.The selective cope of initial model of VFSA could be confirmed by taking the late time apparent resistivity of transient electromagnetic method as the prior information.For verifying the correctness,the all-time apparent resistivities of the geoelectric models were calculated by VFSA and dichotomy,respectively.The results indicate that the relative differences of apparent resistivities calculated by these two methods are within 3%.The change of measuring point position has little influence on the tracing pattern of all-time apparent resistivity.The first branch of the curve of all-time apparent resistivity is close to the resistivity of the first layer medium and the last branch is close to the resistivity of the last layer medium,which proves the correctness of the arithmetics proposed.

Application of Transient Electromagnetic Method with Multi-Radiation Field Sources in Deep Edge Mineral Resources Exploration

In recent years,in order to meet the practical needs of deep edge mine detection with large depth and high precision,transient electromagnetic method(TEM)near emission source detection mode has become an international advanced method(Xue et al.,2020).

A three-dimensional transient electromagnetic data inversion method based on a time–frequency transformation

Herein,a three-dimensional(3D)inversion method in the frequency domain based on a time–frequency transformation was developed to improve the efficiency of the 3D inversion of transient electromagnetic(TEM)data.The Fourier transform related to the electromagnetic response in the frequency and time domains becomes a sine or cosine transform under the excitation of downward-step current.We established a transformation matrix based on the digital fi ltering calculation for the sine transform,and then the frequency domain projection of the TEM data was determined from the linear transformation system using the smoothing constrained least squares inversion method,in which only the imaginary part was used to maintain the TEM data transformation equivalence in the bidirectional projection.Thus,the time-domain TEM inversion problem was indirectly and effectively solved in the frequency domain.In the 3D inversion of the transformed frequency-domain data,the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shannoquasi–Newton(L-BFGS)method was used and modifi ed with a restart strategy to adjust the regularization parameter when the algorithm tended to a local minimum.Synthetic data tests showed that our domain transformation method can stably project the TEM data into the frequency domain with very high accuracy;furthe rmore,the 3D inversion of the transformed frequency-domain data is stable,can be used to recover the real resistivity model with an acceptable effi ciency.

Feasibility study of the transient electromagnetic method for chamber blasting misfire detection and recognition

In this paper,transient electromagnetic method was used to carry out the feasibility study on the detection and recognition of chamber blasting misfire.Firstly,an electromagnetic background field was established in the test;secondly,a benign conductor was preset in the chamber,and then the background field was eliminated after the electromagnetic field was measured;thirdly,the transient electromagnetic field was measured again after blasting;at last,the chamber blasting misfire was detected and recognized by comparing the change of eddy current field of the preset benign conductor before and after blasting.The test results showed that:When the buried depth of aluminum box target was no more than 30 m,transient electromagnetic method can clearly identify the position of the aluminum box;when the buried depth of aluminum box was more than30 m,the buried depth and position of the aluminum box was not sure due to the unknown level of secondary eddy current field generated by aluminum box.

Application of shallow high-resolution transient electromagnetic method( TEM) in geological investigation of debris flow

In the investigation of debris flow, the detection of the source area of the post-disaster debris flow is an important basis for evaluating the distribution of the debris flow accumulation layer and the subsequent control. In this paper, a shallow high-resolution TEM is used to detect the debris flow source area in Dashigou village, Yongji County, Jilin Province. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the depth range of debris flow damage. The detection results show that there is an obvious low resistance zone at about 10 m depth along the survey line, which is in good agreement with the drilling data and the high density electrical detection. It is proved that the depth is the maximum impact depth of the debris flow. The practical engineering proves that the method has high resolution in shallow layer detection, high efficiency and convenience in field acquisition. The maximum detection depth range of this method is 30--40 m, which meets the requirements of high efficiency and accurate detection for regional debris flow source area, and has high practical application value.

Simulation research and application on response characteristics of detecting water-filled goaf by transient electromagnetic method

Water inrush disasters poses a great threat to the safe exploitation of coal resources.To solve this problem,the transient electromagnetic method(TEM)was proposed to accurately detect the water accumulation in the goaf.The electromagnetic response characteristics of diferent water-flled goaves were studied by electromagnetic feld theory,numerical simulation and feld verifcation.Through the models of 100%water accumulation,50%water accumulation,0%water accumulation,100%water accumulation with collapsed rock,50%water accumulation with collapsed rock and 0%water accumulation with collapsed rock goaf,the characteristics of induced voltage attenuation curves were studied.Meanwhile,the relationship between the attenuation voltage value and area of the transmitting coil,the depth of the goaf,the background resistivity,and the delay time were also simulated.The results illustrate that the attenuation curve of induced voltage presented a regular exponential decay form in the 0%water accumulation model but existed abnormal exaltation for voltage in water-flled model.Through the linear ftting curve,it can be seen that the abnormal intensity of the induced voltage becomes stronger as the distance between the measuring point and the center of the target decrement.Moreover,the abnormal amplitude of the induced voltage increases with the rise of the water accumulation and collapsed rock will weakly reduce the low-resistivity anomalous efect on the water-accumulated goaf.In addition,the response value of the attenuation voltage increased as the area of the transmitting coil increases,but decreased with increasing delay time and increasing background resistivity and depth of the target body.The feld detection results of the Majiliang coal mine also confrmed the theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation.

One-dimensional constrained inversion of electrical source transient electromagnetic method

The damped least squares inversion principle is applied to the transient electromagnetic one-dimensional inversion of electrical sources,and a new model is obtained by continuously iterating the initial model,thereby fitting the observed transient electromagnetic response,and performing one-dimensional inversion through induced electromotive force play.In this paper,in the damped least squares inversion,constraints are added to the Jacobian matrix,and simultaneous constraint equations and conventional inversion equations are solved.By weighting the constraint parameters,the difference between adjacent resistivities and layer thicknesses is minimized.Finally,K-type and H-type theoretical models were used to verify the reliability of the algorithm,and compared with the conventional transient electromagnetic damping least squares inversion.

Forward simulation of coal fire model by transient electromagnetic method with electrical source

Uncontrolled coal fires are natural disasters that may cause mineral loss and environmental damage.The traditional loop source transient electromagnetic method can effectively detect the low-resistivity region of coal fires,but its detection efficiency is not so good for high-resistivity regions.In view of this limitation,a technique based on electrical source transient electromagnetics is proposed in this paper to detect high-resistivity regions in the spontaneous combustion process of coal.Considering the complex geometry of the coal fire area,an unstructured tetrahedral grid is used in this study to realize the spatial discretization of the model,and solve the electromagnetic field based on a vector finite element algorithm.Numerical analysis is used to investigate methods for detecting coal fires and the characteristics of effective anomalies are further examined to provide guidance for practical detection.

Numerical modeling of the 2D time-domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source of the current excitation

To effectively minimize the electromagnetic field response in the total field solution, we propose a numerical modeling method for the two-dimensional （2D） time- domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source based on the DuFort- Frankel finite-difference method. In the proposed method, we included the treatment of the earth-air boundary conductivity, calculated the normalized partial derivative of the induced electromotive force （Emf）, and determined the forward time step. By extending upward the earth-air interface to the air grid nodes and the zero-value boundary conditions, not only we have a method that is more efficient but also simpler than the total field solution. We computed and analyzed the homogeneous half-space model and the fiat layered model with high precision--the maximum relative error is less than 0.01% between our method and the analytical method--and the solution speed is roughly three times faster than the total-field solution. Lastly, we used the model of a thin body embedded in a homogeneous half-space at different delay times to depict the downward and upward spreading characteristics of the induced eddy current, and the physical interaction processes between the electromagnetic field and the underground low-resistivity body.

Application of geophysical methods in fine detection of urban concealed karst:A case study of Wuhan City,China

The construction of modern livable cities faces challenges in karst areas,including ground collapse and engineering problems.Wuhan,with a population of 13.74×10^(6) and approximately 1161 km^(2)of soluble rocks in the urban area of 8569.15 km^(2),predominantly consists of concealed karst areas where occasional ground collapse events occur,posing significant threats to underground engineering projects.To address these challenges,a comprehensive geological survey was conducted in Wuhan,focusing on major karstrelated issues.Geophysical methods offer advantages over drilling in detecting concealed karst areas due to their efficiency,non-destructiveness,and flexibility.This paper reviewed the karst geological characteristics in Wuhan and the geophysical exploration methods for karst,selected eight effective geophysical methods for field experimentation,evaluated their suitability,and proposed method combinations for different karst scenarios.The results show that different geophysical methods have varying applicability for karst detection in Wuhan,and combining multiple methods enhances detection effectiveness.The specific recommendations for method combinations provided in this study serve as a valuable reference for karst detection in Wuhan.

An inversion of transient electromagnetic data from a conical source

Multiturn coils is an effective transmitter for transient electromagnetic method(TEM) used in narrow space and complex terrain at presently. However, its high mutual inductance coupling and long turn-off time affect the quality of later data processing and interpretation. Compared with multiturn coils, the new conical source has low mutual inductance and short turn-off time. Based on the superposition principle, we use Hankel transform and numerical filtering method for forward modelling of the conical source field in the layered-media and explore TEM characteristics excited by this source. We apply improved damped least square inversion to integrated transient electromagnetic(TEM) data. We first invert the induced voltage into similar resistivity and apparent depth, and then use the inverted results as input parameters in the initial model and transform the apparent resistivity data into the frequency domain. Then, damped least square inversion is performed in the frequency domain using the initial model. Subsequently, we use automated model building to search for the extremes and inflection points in the resistivity–depth data that are treated as critical layer parameters. The inversion of theoretical and observed data suggests that the method modifies the resistivity and depth and yields a model of the underground layers.

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of fullspace transient electromagnetic responses of water in goaf

The full-space transient electromagnetic response of water-filled goaves in coal mines were numerically modeled. Traditional numerical modeling methods cannot be used to simulate the underground full-space transient electromagnetic field. We used multiple transmitting loops instead of the traditional single transmitting loop to load the transmitting loop into Cartesian grids. We improved the method for calculating the z-component of the magnetic field based on the characteristics of full space. Then, we established the full- space 3D geoelectrical model using geological data for coalmines. In addition, the transient electromagnetic responses of water-filled goaves of variable shape at different locations were simulated by using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. Moreover, we evaluated the apparent resistivity results. The numerical modeling results suggested that the resistivity differences between the coal seam and its roof and floor greatly affect the distribution of apparent resistivity, resulting in nearly circular contours with the roadway head at the center. The actual distribution of apparent resistivity for different geoelectrical models of water in goaves was consistent with the models. However, when the goal water was located in one side, a false low-resistivity anomaly would appear on the other side owing to the full-space effect but the response was much weaker. Finally, the modeling results were subsequently confirmed by drilling, suggesting that the proposed method was effective.