Gap States of ZnO Thin Films by New Methods:Optical Spectroscopy,Optical Conductivity and Optical Dispersion Energy

The optical reflectance and transmittance spectra in the wavelength range of 300-2500 nm are used to compute the absorption coefficient of zinc oxide films annealed at different post-annealing temperatures 400, 500 and 600°C.The values of the cross point between the curves of the real and imaginary parts of the optical conductivity ɑ_1 and ɑ_1 with energy axis of films exhibit values that correspond to optical gaps and are about 3.25-3.3 eV. The maxima of peaks in plots dR/dλ and dT/dλ versus wavelength of films exhibit optical gaps at about 3.12-3.25 eV.The values of the fundamental indirect band gap obtained from the Tauc model are at about 3.14-3.2 eV. It can be seen that films annealed at 600°C have the minimum indirect optical band gap at about 3.15 eV. The films annealed at 600°C have Urbach＇s energy minimum of 1.38 eV and hence have minimum disorder. The dispersion energy d of films annealed at 500°C has the minimum value of 43 eV.

Ellipsometric analysis and optical absorption characterization of gallium phosphide nanoparticulate thin film

Gallium phosphide （GAP） nanoparticulate thin films were easily fabricated by colloidal suspension deposition via GaP nanoparticles dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide. The microstructure of the film was performed by x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The film was further investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. After the model GaP＋void[SiO2 was built and an effective medium approximation was adopted, the values of the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k were calculated for the energy range of 0.75 eV-4.0 eV using the dispersion formula in DeltaPsi2 software. The absorption coefficient of the film was calculated from its k and its energy gaps were further estimated according to the Tauc equation, which were further verified by its fluorescence spectrum measurement. The structure and optical absorption properties of the nanoparticulate films are promising for their potential applications in hybrid solar cells.

Tunable Optical Bandgap of Gadolinium Substituted Nickel-Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles-Effect of Calcination Temperature on Its Optical Parameters

The gadolinium substituted nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles of the composition, Ni0.5Zn0.5Gd0.05Fe1.95O4 were prepared using sol-gel method. In order to study the effect of calcination temperature on the optical parameters, the prepared powder was divided into five parts. The first part was taken as the as-prepared sample and the remaining four parts were calcinated at different temperatures, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C & 900°C. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of cubic spinel structure with single phase and Fd3m space group. The crystallite size was increased from 11.75 nm to 18.13 nm as the calcination temperature increased from 600 to 900°C whereas as-prepared sample exhibited 17.61 nm. The dislocation density was decreased from 7.243 × 10-3 to 3.042 × 10-3 nm-2 as the calcination temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C. The micro strain was decreased from 10 × 10-4 to 6.452 × 10-4 as the calcination temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C. The characteristic absorbance peaks were obtained at 255.2 nm for the ferrite nanoparticles of as-prepared and calcinated at 600°C and 800°C whereas it was obtained as 252.8 nm for the sample calcinated at 700°C and there was no such characteristic peak in UV-visible range for the sample calcinated at 900°C;it is expected in the below 200 nm region. The optical energy gap was calculated using Kubelka-Munk equation based on Tauc’s plot and found in the range 4.100 eV to 5.389 eV. The lowest energy gap of 4.100 eV exhibited by the sample calcinated at 700°C and the highest energy gap of 5.389 eV by the sample calcinated at 900°C. It is concluded that the tunable band gaps can be obtained with varying calcination temperature.

Thermoluminiscence Response of an Alloy Quaternary Ionic Crystal Exposed to High Energy Radiation

The alkali halide crystals exhibit significant TL （thermoluminescence） properties when exposed to ionizing radiation. The defects in crystals can be produced in high concentration by means of chemical impurities, radiation, mechanical work and others processes. This study is concerned with the TL properties of quaternary mixtures of alkali halide crystals when they are irradiated with beta and gamma-rays. The samples were made mixing KCI, KBr, RbCI, RbBr salts doped with divalent europium （Eu2＋）, by the Czochralski method sintering at 400 ~C during 6 hours in a N2 atmosphere. The samples were exposed to beta and gamma rays. We present the TL glow curves, demonstrating that the nature of the defects in the crystals can be produced by trapping states and recombination mechanisms. The highest temperature TL curves are the most interesting due to possible applications in dosimetry and optical energy storage.

An efficient hybrid protection scheme with shared/dedicated backup paths on elastic optical networks

Fast recovery and minimum utilization of resources are the two main criteria for determining the protection scheme quality. We address the problem of providing a hybrid protection approach on elastic optical networks under contiguity and continuity of available spectrum constraints. Two main hypotheses are used in this paper for backup paths computation. In the first case, it is assumed that backup paths resources are dedicated. In the second case, the assumption is that backup paths resources are available shared resources. The objective of the study is to minimize spectrum utilization to reduce blocking probability on a network. For this purpose, an efficient survivable Hybrid Protection Lightpath （HybPL） algorithm is proposed for providing shared or dedicated backup path protection based on the efficient energy calculation and resource availability. Traditional First-Fit and Best-Fit schemes are employed to search and assign the available spectrum resources. The simulation results show that HybPL presents better performance in terms of blocking probability, compared with the Minimum Resources Utilization Dedicated Protection （MRU-DP） algorithm which offers better performance than the Dedicated Protection （DP） algorithm.

Zn-Cu-codoped SnO_2 nanoparticles: Structural, optical, and ferromagnetic behaviors

Zn-Cu-codoped SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical precipitation method. All nanoparticles are crystalline, with the average size increases from 2.55 nm to 4.13 nm as the calcination temperature increases from 400℃ to 600℃. The high calcination temperature can enhance the crystalline quality and grain growth. The oxygen content decreases with decreasing calcination temperature; at a low temperature of 400℃, Zn-Cu-codoped SnO2 nanoparticles are in a rather oxygen-poor state having many oxygen vacancies. The optical band gap energies of Zn-Cu-codoped SnO2 nanoparticles calcined at 400℃ and 600℃ are decreased from 3.93 eV to 3.62 eV due to quantum confinement effects. Both samples exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism, with a larger saturation magnetization at 400℃ due to the presence of large density of defects such as oxygen vacancies. Zn-Cu-codoped SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit large optical band gap energies and room temperature ferromagnetism, which make them potential candidates for applications in optoelectronics and spintronics.

Intersubband optical absorption of electrons in double parabolic quantum wells of Al_xGa_(1-x)As/Al_yGa_(1-y)As

Some realizable structures of double parabolic quantum wells（DPQWs） consisting of Al_xGa_（1-x）As/Al_yGa_（1-y）As are constructed to discuss theoretically the optical absorption due to the intersubband transition of electrons for both symmetric and asymmetric cases with three energy levels of conduction bands. The electronic states in these structures are obtained using a finite element difference method. Based on a compact density matrix approach, the optical absorption induced by intersubband transition of electrons at room temperature is discussed. The results reveal that the peak positions and heights of intersubband optical absorption coefficients（IOACs） of DPQWs are sensitive to the barrier thickness, depending on Al component. Furthermore, external electric fields result in the decrease of peak, and play an important role in the blue shifts of absorption spectra due to electrons excited from ground state to the first and second excited states. It is found that the peaks of IOACs are smaller in asymmetric DPQWs than in symmetric ones. The results also indicate that the adjustable extent of incident photon energy for DPQW is larger than for a square one of a similar size. Our results are helpful in experiments and device fabrication.

Synthesis and Investigation of Phenol Red Dye Doped Polymer Films

The optical properties of the pure polymer film and polymer films doped with Phenol Red dye at different concentrations were investigated. The films were prepared using the casting technique. Poly (methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer was doped with the Phenol Red dye dissolved in a mixture of chloroform and little quantity of methanol, used as suitable solvent for both the dye and the polymer. The spectral absorption measurements of these films were carried out at different dye concentrations using UV-Vis double-beam spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 300 - 800 nm. The optical parameters of the prepared Phenol Red dye doped polymer films, absorption coefficient (α), extinction coefficient (κ), refractive index (n), optical and electrical conductivities (σopt and σelect), and optical energy band gap (Eg), were determined. The results showed that the Phenol Red dye doped polymer film is a good candidate for photonic applications such as, solar cells, optical sensors, and other photonic devices.

Frequency Up-conversion Luminescence Properties and Mechanism of Tm^(3+) /Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+) Co-doped Oxyfluorogermanate Glasses

Oxyfluoride glasses were developed with composition 60GeO 2 ·10AlF 3 ·25BaF 2 ·（1.95-x）GdF 3 · 3YbF 3 ·0.05TmF 3 ·xErF 3 （x=0.02,0.05,0.08,0.11,0.14,0.17）in mole percent.Intense blue（476 nm）,green（524 and 546 nm）and red（658 nm）emissions which identified from the 1G 4 →3H 6 transition of Tm3＋and the（2H 11/2 ,4S 3/2 ）→4I 15/2 ,4F 9/2 →4I 15/2 transitions of Er3＋,respectively,were simultaneously observed under 980 nm excitation at room temperature.The results show that multicolor luminescence including white light can be adjustably tuned by changing doping concentrations of Er3＋ion or the excitation power.In addition,the energy transfer processes among Tm3＋,Er3＋and Yb3＋ions,and up-conversion mechanisms are discussed.

Redistributing the energy flow of tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields

The redistribution of the energy flow of tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields is presented.We theoretically design and experimentally generate this kind of ellipticity-variant vector optical field, and further explore the redistribution of the energy flow in the focal plane by designing different phase masks including fanlike phase masks and vortex phase masks on them. The flexibly controlled transverse energy flow rings of the tightly focused ellipticity-variant vector optical fields with and without phase masks can be used to transport multiple absorptive particles along certain paths, which may be widely applied in optical trapping and manipulation.

Synthesis and optical characterization of Eu^(2+),Tb^(3+)-codoped Sr_3Y(PO_4)_3 green phosphors

A series of Eu^2＋,Tb^3＋-codoped Sr3 Y（PO4）3（SYP） green phosphors were synthesized by hightemperature solid-state reaction. Several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectrum,and photoluminescence spectrum, were used to investigate the obtained phosphors. The present study investigates in detail photoluminescence excitation and emission properties, energy transfer between the two dopants, and effects of doping ions on optical band gap. SYP：0.05 Eu2＋ phosphor shows an intense and broad excitation band ranging from 220 to 400 nm and exhibits a bright green emission band with CIE chromaticity coordinates（0.189, 0.359） under 350 nm excitation. Green emission of SYP：0.03 Tb3＋ is intensified by codoping with Eu^2＋, and energy transfer mechanism between them is demonstrated to be a dipole-dipole interaction. Upon 350 nm excitation, SYP：Eu^2＋,Tb^3＋ phosphors exhibits two dominating bands peaking at 466 and 545 nm, which are assigned to 4 f^65 d^1→4 f^7 transition of Eu^2＋ ions and ~5 D4→~7 F5 transition of Tb^3＋ ions, respectively. Optimal doping concentrations of Eu^2＋ and Tb^3＋ in the SYP host are 5 mol% and 15 mol%, respectively. Results indicate that SYP：Eu^2＋,Tb^3＋ phosphors are potentially used as green-emitting phosphors for white light-emitting diodes.

Effect of band gap energy on the electrical conductivity in doped ZnO thin film

The transparent conductive pure and doped zinc oxide thin films with aluminum, cobalt and indium were deposited by ultrasonic spray technique on glass substrate at 350 ℃. This paper is to present a new approach to the description of correlation between electrical conductivity and optical gap energy with dopants＇ concentration of A1, Co and In. The correlation between the electrical and optical properties with doping level suggests that the electrical conductivity of the films is predominantly estimated by the band gap energy and the concentrations of A1, Co and In. The measurement in the electrical conductivity of doped films with correlation is equal to the experimental value, the error of this correlation is smaller than 13%. The minimum error value was estimated in the cobalt-doped ZnO thin films. This result indicates that such Co-doped ZnO thin films are chemically purer and have far fewer defects and less disorder owing to an almost complete chemical decomposition.