Digital coherent detection research on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry with simplex pulse codes

The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.

Influence of laser linewidth on performance of Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry

The effects of optical sources with different laser linewidths on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR） are investigated numerically and experimentally. Simulation results show that the spectral linewidth of spontaneous Brillouin scattering remains almost constant when the laser linewidth is less than 1 MHz at the same pulse width; otherwise, it increases sharply. A comparison between a fiber laser （FL） with 4-kHz linewidth at 3 dB and a distributed feedback （DFB） laser with 3-MHz linewidth is made experimentally. When a constant laser power is launched into the sensing fiber, the fitting linewidths of the beat signals （backscattered Brillouin light and local oscillator （LO）） is about 5 MHz wider for the DFB laser than for the FL and the intensity of the beat signal is about a half. Furthermore, the frequency fluctuation in the long sensing fiber is lower for the FL source, yielding about 2 MHz less than that of the DFB laser, indicating higher temperature/strain resolution. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.

Two-dimensional distributed strain sensing with an Archimedean spiral arrangement in optical frequency domain reflectometry

We demonstrate a distributed two-dimensional(2D)strain-sensing system in optical frequency domain reflectometry(OFDR)with an Archimedean spiral arrangement of the sensing fiber.The Archimedean spiral describes a simple relationship between the radial radius and polar angle,such that each circle(the polar angle from0 to 2π)can sense the 2D strain in all directions.The strain between two adjacent circles can also be easily obtained because an Archimedean spiral facilitates sensing of every angle covering the full 2D range.Based on the mathematical relation of Archimedean spirals,we deduce the relationship between the one-dimensional position of the sensing fiber and 2D distribution in polar coordinates.The results of the experiment show that an Archimedean spiral arrangement system can achieve 2D strain sensing with different strain load angles.

Nonlinearity-Compensation-Free Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Based on Electrically-Controlled Optical Frequency Sweep

A nonlinearity-compensation-free optical frequency domain reflectometry(OFDR)scheme is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on the electrically-controlled optical frequency sweep.In the proposed scheme,the linear frequency sweep light is generated by propagating an ultra-narrow-linewidth continuous-wave(CW)light through an electro-optic frequency shifter which consists of a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator(DPMZM)and an electronic 90°hybrid,where the electro-optic frequency shifter is driven by a linear frequency modulated signal generated by a direct digital synthesizer(DDS).Experimental results show that the spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the proposed OFDR scheme without the nonlinear phase compensation are comparable to those of OFDR employing a commercial tunable laser source(TLS),an auxiliary interferometer,and a software-based nonlinear phase compensation method.The proposed OFDR scheme is helpful to reduce the complexity of the optical structure and eliminate the difficulty of developing the nonlinear phase compensation algorithm.

Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Comparison of central corneal thickness measurements with three new optical devices and a standard ultrasonic pachymeter

AIM:To compare the RTVue spectral optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT),Sirius Scheimpflug-Placido topographer,Lenstar optical low coherence reflectometry(OLCR)and ultrasound pachymetry(USP)devices in terms of their agreement and repeatability of measuring central corneal thickness(CCT).METHODS:In this prospective study,50 eyes of 50patients were included.Three repeated measures were obtained using SD-OCT,Scheimpflug-Placido topographer and USP and five measurements were determined with the OLCR.Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement among the instruments,and 95%limits of agreement(LoA)for each comparison were calculated.Intra-examiner repeatability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs).RESULTS:The mean CCT by SD-OCT,ScheimpflugPlacido topographer,OLCR,and USP were 525.90±34.08μm,525.92±34.10μm,530.30±35.62μm,and543.50±37.11μm respectively.All 4 modalities of CCT measurements correlated closely with each other,with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.977 to0.995.The mean differences(and upper/lower LoA)for CCT measurements were-0.05±6.77μm(13.3/-13.3)between SD-OCT and Scheimpflug-Placido topographer,4.38±3.79μm(11.8/-3.1)between OLCR and SD-OCT,4.38±6.03μm(16.2/-7.5)between OLCR and ScheimpflugPlacido topographer,13.20±6.46μm(25.9/0.5)between USP and OLCR,17.59±6.76μm(30.8/4.3)between USP and SD-OCT,and 17.58±8.13μm(33.5/1.6)between USP and Scheimpflug-Placido topographer.Intra-examiner repeatability was excellent for all devices with ICCs】0.98.CONCLUSION:For most practical purposes,CCT measurements with the RTVue,Sirius and Lenstar can be used interchangeably.Although highly correlated,CCTmeasurement differences between USP and these 3optical instruments can be significant depending on the clinical situation.

荷载作用下砂土边坡-管道相互作用试验研究

随着我国西气东输、南水北调等重大工程的快速推进,埋地管道不可避免地会穿越高陡山区,并受到区域地形地貌的影响,而关于边坡-管道相互作用机制的认识还相对滞后,相关研究亟需加强。基于分布式光纤应变传感(distributed strain sensing,简称DSS)、粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)技术,开展加载工况下砂土边坡-管道相互作用的室内模型试验,探究了临坡地基极限承载力的影响因素,并研究了不同坡角下边坡土体变形破坏机制及埋地管道的结构响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)临坡地基经历了弹性压密、局部剪切和整体破坏3个阶段,并呈现不对称楔形破坏模式;(2)临坡地基极限承载力随着坡角的增大呈减小趋势,同一坡角下埋地管道的存在会降低临坡地基极限承载力;(3)管道对边坡滑裂面形成路径的影响程度随着坡角的增大而变大;(4)在荷载作用下埋地管道横截面环向应变呈“椭圆化”分布,据此提出了管周界面土抗力的简化计算模型与椭圆度计算式。相关结论对边坡-管道系统的变形控制与结构设计有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

面向电力管廊外破监测的分布式光纤传感技术研究

电力管廊是城市里重要的基础设施,对其结构和状态进行监测及评估备受关注。本文针对电力管廊外力破坏监测的问题,提出一种基于衰减补偿的光时域差分曲线方差阈值定位振动事件的方案,并通过实验论证了其定位外破事件的准确性。该方案基于相敏型光时域反射系统架构,根据管廊外破事件引起的光纤振动导致光时域反射曲线在该事件位置处混乱度急剧增加的现象,对不同测量序列得到的光时域反射曲线作差,然后对光纤各位置对应的差值向量数据求方差,设定方差阈值定位外破事件。同时,考虑到光纤衰减导致方差阈值随距离增加而降低的问题,采用衰减补偿算法使光纤上任意散射位置对应相同的脉冲功率水平,从而修正光纤衰减对方差阈值的影响。实验搭建了分布式光纤振动传感系统,采用脉宽为30 ns、峰值功率为30 dBm的光脉冲,在约25 km的光纤范围,获得±3 m的定位精度。电力管廊外力破坏事件,具有低频、大扰动、持续长的特点,所提出系统方案通过曲线平均抑制瑞利散射衰落噪声,结合光纤衰减补偿校正散射信号幅值,从而将振动事件引起的光信号相位变化作为探测曲线波动的主导因素,以确保对外力破坏事件不漏报、不误报。

面向航天领域应用的分布式光纤传感技术研究(特邀)

基于光纤传感网络的测量技术具备多测点、快速测量、抗电磁干扰及本征安全等优势,在航空航天、电力和土木等领域有广泛的应用前景。回顾了航天领域光纤传感技术的应用进展,围绕飞行器应用的光纤传感关键技术,着重分析了光纤传感器设计与制备和分布式光纤调制解调技术,以集成高密度弱反射光纤光栅传感器的热防护材料为监测对象,搭建光频域反射系统,获取了单面加热情况下热防护材料毫米级空间分辨率温度分布信息,并给出了高空间分辨率分布式光纤传感系统在航天领域应用的发展建议。

基于光频域反射仪的应变实时监测系统(特邀)

在分布式光纤传感技术中,光频域反射仪(optical frequency-domain reflectometry,OFDR)凭借高空间分辨率及高灵敏度等特点,在测量应力和温度等物理量测量方面有很大优势。结合弱反射光纤光栅阵列搭建了一套OFDR分布式传感系统,并使用可视化编程平台实现了数据的采集和处理,最终能够实时显示弱反射光纤光栅阵列中任一点的应变或温度测量结果。实验结果显示,所搭建的分布式传感系统具备0.08 mm空间分辨率,6.9με的应变测量精度,1 Hz应变测量刷新率的测量能力,具备分布式动态应变实时监测的能力。在石油化工和航空航天等需要高空间分辨率和实时动态应变感知能力的领域,所研制的分布式光纤应变传感系统将拥有广阔的应用前景。

Φ-OTDR系统的数字信号处理及应用

相位敏感光时域反射(Φ-OTDR)传感系统具有高动态响应、高灵敏等特点,在大型工程结构健康监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。而Φ-OTDR系统仪器化水平和工程应用很大程度上取决于数字信号处理(DSP)技术。本文对比分析了近年来Φ-OTDR系统在信号的量化、解调、抑噪以及模式识别上主要的数字信号处理方法和技术,并通过架空输电线路状态监测、埋地电缆外破预警两个应用实例,阐述了工程应用中数字信号处理与行业背景知识相结合的重要性和方法,并对Φ-OTDR系统中数字信号处理方法的发展现状和趋势进行了总结与展望。

面向管线监测的分布式光纤传感土壤传热研究

现存的管道泄漏监测技术空间分辨率有限,且常规的光纤布置方式难以达到所要求的分辨率。基于此,针对油气管线监测布线问题,在一维平铺式线监测的基础上,提出了正弦式表面监测的光纤铺设方式。以高空间分辨率的光频域反射分布式光纤传感技术为辅助手段,验证了正弦式光纤铺设方法的优越性,其能够全面地反映土壤整个面的温度分布,监测范围变广,漏检可能性降低。采用变量法分析了土壤容重、土壤含水率与土壤导热系数之间的关系以及热源温度对土壤传热的影响,验证了光频域反射分布式光纤传感技术能够精确地监测土壤温度场,并利用土壤温度场的变化规律为其他分布式测温技术在埋地光纤布置时提供指导。

基于单光子探测的光子计数光时域反射仪研究进展

基于光时域反射技术(Optical Time Domain Reflectometry, OTDR)的光纤分布式传感器可以实现对整个传感光纤空间可分辨的分布式测量,相比点式传感器具有极大的技术及应用成本优势。而传统的基于模拟探测的OTDR光纤分布式传感器在空间分辨率及动态范围上存在性能瓶颈。基于单光子探测的光子计数OTDR光纤分布式传感系统通过数字化的探测和记录方式,可以突破传统OTDR系统的性能极限。本文对光子计数OTDR系统技术及发展进行了综述,旨在通过本文的综述,明确基于单光子探测的光子计数OTDR系统的优势及限制,以及该技术的未来发展趋势,促进基于OTDR技术的光纤分布式传感器的进一步发展。

光纤复合型110 kV油纸套管研制及内部温度分布特性

油纸电容式套管是油浸式变压器的重要部件,为实现套管内部温度监测,提出将单模光纤和多模光纤并行缠绕于电容芯子外侧,利用布里渊光时域分析和拉曼光时域反射光纤传感技术对其进行全时空温度监测的设计方案。利用有限元仿真计算得到布设光纤前后套管局部场强变化幅度较小,由0.673 kV/mm改变为0.752 kV/mm;同时对光纤进行了热老化试验,验证了方案的可行性,并研制出1根光纤复合型110 kV油纸套管。在施加电压为126 kV时,套管局部放电量为5.03 pC,局部放电试验结果满足国标要求。通过温升试验测量得到套管温度数据并进行了温度场仿真研究,实测数据表明套管表面轴向温差达到45.2℃,而内侧芯子轴向温差仅为6.7℃,结合仿真结果推理得到套管内部存在上、下油循环且油流方向相反。该套管的研制可为油纸电容式套管的状态监测提供新的思路与参考。

基于KNN算法与φ-OTDR系统的高铁声屏障故障识别方法

提出了一种基于K近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN)算法和相位敏感光时域反射(Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry,φ-OTDR)系统的高铁声屏障故障识别方法。设计了V字型光缆敷设方式,能够感知声屏障不同高度吸声板在脉动力冲击下的振动,并利用φ-OTDR系统采集振动信号。对振动信号进行多域特征提取以及K近邻分类后,可以实现对声屏障故障状态识别。实验结果表明,在复杂场景下对于故障点的识别正确率达到了90.9%。该方法为声屏障故障识别提供了一条可行的技术路线,能够减少对专业人员的依赖,对于提升高铁声屏障智能运维水平具有重要意义。

基于优化MRVA的Φ-OTDR相干衰落抑制方法

本文针对相位敏感光时域反射(Φ-OTDR)系统的一种相干衰落抑制方法旋转矢量移动平均(MRVA)进行了优化,获得了性能更优的相干衰落抑制.该优化方法从两个方面展开,首先使用加权窗口代替MRVA方法中的矩形窗口,兼顾测量精度和空间分辨率;然后根据移动平均与低通滤波的数理等效性,将时域移动平均转换为运算速度更快的频域低通滤波,提高信号处理效率.实验结果表明,相较于MRVA方法,该方法的解调相位精度提高了约23%,计算时间从0.957 s缩短至0.026 s,运算速度提高约36倍.

Recent Advances in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (Ф-OTDR)

Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry(Ф-OTDR)is an effective way to detect vibrations and acoustic waves with high sensitivity,by interrogating coherent Rayleigh backscattering light in sensing fiber.In particular,fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing(DAS)based on theФ-OTDR with phase demodulation has been extensively studied and widely used in intrusion detection,borehole seismic acquisition,structure health monitoring,etc.,in recent years,with superior advantages such as long sensing range,fast response speed,wide sensing bandwidth,low operation cost and long service lifetime.Significant advances in research and development(R&D)ofФ-OTDR have been made since 2014.In this review,we present a historical review ofФ-OTDR and then summarize the recent progress ofФ-OTDR in the Fiber Optics Research Center(FORC)at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(UESTC),which is the first group to carry out R&D ofФ-OTDR and invent ultra-sensitive DAS(uDAS)seismometer in China which is elected as one of the ten most significant technology advances of PetroChina in 2019.It can be seen that theФ-OTDR/DAS technology is currently under its rapid development stage and would reach its climax in the next 5 years.

Interferometric Distributed Sensing System With Phase Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry

We demonstrate a distributed optical fiber sensing system based on the Michelson interferometer of the phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （q0-OTDR） for acoustic measurement. Phase, amplitude, frequency response, and location information can be directly obtained at the same time by using the passive 3 ×3 coupler demodulation. We also set an experiment and successfully restore the acoustic information. Meanwhile, our system has preliminary realized acoustic-phase sensitivity around -150 dB （re rad/μPa） in the experiment.

用于OFDR振动传感的改进型相位生成载波算法研究

基于光频域反射(optical frequency domain reflectometry,OFDR)的振动传感技术由于其抗电磁干扰、抗腐蚀、安装方便,且具有精准的定位能力等,引起了许多的关注。而相位解调算法是OFDR振动传感的关键技术。应用于OFDR振动传感的相位解调算法有很多种,但都或多或少受调制深度或者光强大小的影响。为了同时减少这两种因素对解调结果的影响,提出了一种改进的相位生成载波算法,通过数学计算消除解调信号中的光强项和调制深度项等非线性项。分别从理论和仿真两方面与传统算法作对比,验证了改进型算法的性能,证实其可以同时减少上述两种因素对解调结果的影响。该算法可用于提高振动传感系统的稳定性。

Impact of Brillouin amplification on the spatial resolution of noise-correlated Brillouin optical reflectometry

Distributed optical fiber sensors have been widely used to monitor temperature, strain, vibration, and so on. Specifically, the sensors based on Brillouin scattering have been studied extensively to measure the strain or temperature along an oDtical fiber.