Brillouin optical time-domain analysis for geotechnical monitoring

In this paper, we show some recent experimental applications of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis(BOTDA) based sensors for geotechnical monitoring. In particular, how these sensors can be applied to detecting early movements of soil slopes by the direct embedding of suitable fiber cables in the ground is presented. Furthermore, the same technology can be used to realize innovative inclinometers, as well as smart foundation anchors.

Influence of laser linewidth on performance of Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry

The effects of optical sources with different laser linewidths on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) are investigated numerically and experimentally. Simulation results show that the spectral linewidth of spontaneous Brillouin scattering remains almost constant when the laser linewidth is less than 1 MHz at the same pulse width; otherwise, it increases sharply. A comparison between a fiber laser (FL) with 4-kHz linewidth at 3 dB and a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with 3-MHz linewidth is made experimentally. When a constant laser power is launched into the sensing fiber, the fitting linewidths of the beat signals (backscattered Brillouin light and local oscillator (LO)) is about 5 MHz wider for the DFB laser than for the FL and the intensity of the beat signal is about a half. Furthermore, the frequency fluctuation in the long sensing fiber is lower for the FL source, yielding about 2 MHz less than that of the DFB laser, indicating higher temperature/strain resolution. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.

Digital coherent detection research on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry with simplex pulse codes

The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR), where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card(DAQ). A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator(LO) in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.

Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring and Stability Analysis of a Model Slope under Surcharge Loading

In the discipline of geotechnical engineering, fiber optic sensor based distributed monitoring has played an increasingly important role over the past few decades. Compared with conventional sensors, fiber optic sensors have a variety of exclusive advantages, such as smaller size,higher precision, and better corrosion resistance.These innovative monitoring technologies have been successfully applied for performance monitoring of geo-structures and early warning of potential geohazards around the world. In order to investigate their ability to monitor slope stability problems, a medium-sized model of soil nailed slope has been constructed in laboratory. The fully distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis(BOTDA)sensing technology was employed to measure the horizontal strain distributions inside the model slope.During model construction, a specially designed strain sensing fiber was buried in the soil mass.Afterward, the surcharge loading was applied on the slope crest in stages using hydraulic jacks and a reaction frame. During testing, an NBX-6050 BOTDA sensing interrogator was used to collect the fiber optic sensing data. The test results have been analyzed in detail, which shows that the fiber optic sensors can capture the progressive deformation and failure pattern of the model slope. The limit equilibrium analyses were also conducted to obtain the factors of safety of the slope under different surface loadings. It is found that the characteristic maximum strains can reflect the stability of the model slope and an empirical relationship was obtained. This study verified the effectiveness of the distributed BOTDA sensing technology in performance monitoring of slope.

A performance enhanced Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensing system

Aiming at the problem of large fading noise in Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis system, a wavelength scanning technique is proposed to enhance the performance of the temperature sensing system. The principle of the proposed technique to reduce the fading noise is introduced based on the analysis of Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis system. The experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) at the end of optical fiber with length of 50 m after 17 times wavelength scanning is 5.21 d B higher than that with single wavelength, the Brillouin frequency shift(BFS) on the heated fiber with length of 70 m inserted at the center of sensing fiber can be accurately measured as 0.19 MHz, which is equivalent to a measurement accuracy of 0.19 °C. It indicates that the proposed technique can realize high-accuracy temperature measurement and has huge potential in the field of long-distance and high-accuracy sensing.

土木与岩土工程监测新技术——BOFDA的性能与特点

在实验的基础上对新型分布式光纤监测技术——布里渊频域分析技术(BOFDA)的感测性能进行了测试与分析,其空间分辨率可达20cm,测试精度可达±2με,测试重复性为±4με;通过与布里渊光时域分析技术(BOTDA)测试性能的比较,对BOFDA的测试性能进行了评价,分析了应变过渡区产生的原因;通过BOFDA等强度梁实验,并与电阻应变片测试结果和理论计算值比较,证明了BOFDA优异的测试性能。最后,对BOFDA在各类工程防灾减灾监测中可能遇到传感光缆的保护及温度补偿问题进行了分析,并提出相应解决方案。

基于Brillouin散射的分布式光纤拉伸应变传感器的理论分析

分布式光纤拉伸应变传感器具有非常重要的应用前景。本文中着重从理论上分析讨论了光纤拉伸应变与由此引起的Ｂｒｉｌｌｏｕｉｎ散射光相对于入射光频移量的变化关系。计算结果表明：其理论和实验数据基本吻合。

基于VMD和排列熵的海缆振动信号降噪方法

为了有效去除信号中的噪声,提出了基于变分模态分解(VMD)和排列熵(PE)的海缆振动信号降噪方法。该方法首先使用VMD将信号分解成从高频到低频的数个本征模态函数,然后计算各模态分量的PE值定量表征其随机性程度。接着,对含噪声信息较多的本征模函数(IMF)分量进行小波阈值降噪,并通过信号重构得到降噪后的海缆振动信号。为了验证该方法的有效性,搭建了基于布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)的海底电缆(海缆)振动信号监测模拟实验系统,通过实验获得了冲刷、摩擦、锚砸3种工况下的海缆振动信号。实验结果表明:所提方法能有效去除海缆振动信号中的高频噪声,其冲刷、摩擦及锚砸3类信号的信噪比分别提升至30.2578 dB、29.6354 dB、38.7862 dB,且标准差较低。

基于布里渊散射光时域分析的形状传感研究

搭建了基于布里渊散射光时域分析技术的应变测量系统,采用七芯光纤作为分布式形状传感器,通过测量七个纤芯在弯曲时的布里渊散射谱,验证了七芯光纤偏芯之间每两个对称芯所受应变值相等且互为相反数的特点。对比七芯光纤中间芯与偏芯的布里渊增益谱,测得偏芯在不同弯曲半径下的布里渊频移变化,得到偏芯在每个位置受到的应变值。利用并行传输标架形状重构算法对七芯光纤在曲率直径为0.112 m和0.052 m时的形状进行了重构,当曲率直径为0.112 m时,曲率重构误差为0.375%。

基于时域曲线相关性鉴别的分布式光纤扰动定位算法研究

针对瑞利散射信号的随机性以及光纤衰减导致分布式光纤传感系统扰动定位困难、事件误报率高的问题,根据瑞利散射曲线的时域相关性,提出了基于滑动窗的相关系数的扰动事件校验与定位算法。该算法根据在发生扰动事件时相邻周期的光时域反射曲线、扰动点及后续位置相关性骤降的特征,在相邻两周期的光时域反射曲线末端设置数据窗并计算相关系数,设定相关系数的阈值校验有无扰动事件发生。若判别存在扰动事件,则向前滑动数据窗并计算相关系数,然后与定位阈值对比从而定位事件。文中搭建了分布式光纤振动传感系统,在25 km长的光纤范围内实现了±3 m的定位误差、±5 m的空间分辨率,系统响应时间仅为0.15 s。

BOFDA技术综述及用于岩土工程监测的可行性研究

布里渊散射光频域分析技术(BOFDA),是一套通过测量连续泵浦光和连续探测光相互作用后产生的布里渊散射光所确定的基带函数的脉冲响应,运用相关计算方法确定传感光纤上物理信息的综合系统。与其它分布式光纤传感器相比,BOFDA可在窄基带下操作,具有分布式、高信噪比、高空间分辨率、低成本、多频信号平行测量和处理、信号动态范围大等优点。本文对BOFDA用于测量应变和温度的基本原理进行了介绍,并对前人做的室内、现场试验进行了概括和总结。

基于BOFDA的感测光纤温度系数影响因素研究

在使用感测光纤对被测物应变进行监测时,由于光纤中的布里渊散射光对温度和应变同时敏感,所以当温度影响需要剔除时,通过探究光纤温度系数影响因素来进行合理的温度补偿就显得尤为重要。基于布里渊光频域分析技术(BOFDA),针对8种不同光纤的护套、涂覆层、附着基质等因素,研究了分布式光纤的温度系数影响因素。结果表明,涂覆层对光纤温度系数的影响可忽略不计,护套热膨胀会带动裸纤的变形使其温度系数增大,Hytrel、聚氨酯两种护套材料会在45℃软化失去对裸纤的影响;光纤附着基质为非金属材料时,光纤温度系数由裸纤、护套、基质三者共同决定;当基质为金属材料时,光纤温度系数仅由裸纤和基质决定;据此提出了一种对感测光纤整体进行温度补偿的新思路,即当温度变化ΔT时,可用温度系数来表示实际计算时需要剔除的布里渊频移量。

海上超长PHC管桩BOFDA内力测试

布里渊光频域分析技术(Brillouin Optical Frequency Domain Analysis,BOFDA)是全分布式光纤感测技术中的一种,具有独特的测试与监测优势.将BOFDA应用于海上超长PHC(Prestressed High Strength Concrete)管桩内力测试,并在超长PHC管桩成桩过程中,就将传感光缆植入桩身中,可明显提高传感光缆的成活率和测试精度.现场测桩试验结果表明:在超长PHC管桩成桩过程中传感光缆的植入工艺是十分成功的,桩身轴力和侧摩阻力测试结果能够很好地反映桩身内力的分布变化规律,成效显著,为PHC管桩,特别是海上超长PHC管桩的内力测试提供了一种新的内力测试方法,值得推广.

基于BOFDA的PE管道微弯变形检测方法

为监测埋地管道因地质不稳定产生的弯曲变形情况,提出了一种基于布里渊光频域分析(BOFDA)技术的聚乙烯(PE)管道微弯检测方法。将玻璃纤维基带应变光缆沿管壁胶粘敷设,使光纤与管道协同变形,通过布里渊频移量计算得到光纤应力变化值,并采用共轭梁重构算法反演管道弯曲扰度。实验结果表明:该方法能够很好地分辨和测量管道弯曲的方向和位移量,误差小于0.4 cm,提升了管道的数字化安全监测和预警水平。

基于BOFDA的地下连续墙变形监测技术研究

为解决传统的位移监测技术多为点式,易出现漏检等问题,基于布里渊光频域分析(BOFDA)技术,进行地下连续墙变形现场监测的方法与技术研究,给出依据分布式光纤监测的应变数据换算地下连续墙变形的计算方法,并采用传感光缆直埋入地连墙的布设方式对墙体进行分布式、精细化的监测。将该技术和施工方法应用于软土地区某基坑工程进行验证,结果表明:BOFDA技术能够很好地反映墙体变形的发展过程,开挖深度大,地连墙最大应变位置发生下移,应变数据经过计算后将得到地连墙分布式的位移数据。

SNR improvement in self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer using Golay pulse codes

The application of Golay pulse coding technique in spontaneous Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor based on self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The enhancement of system signal to noise ratio(SNR) and reduction of temperature measurement error provided by coding are characterized. By using 16-bit Golay coding, SNR can be improved by about 2.77 d B, and temperature measurement error of the 100 m heated fiber is reduced from 1.4 °C to 0.5 °C with a spatial resolution of 13 m. The results are believed to be beneficial for the performance improvement of self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer.

分布光纤Raman光子温度传感器(DOFRPTS)系统的信号和噪声分析

在DOFRPTS系统中，自发反斯托克斯Raman散射光子是温度信息的载体．Rayligh散射光子是压力、应力信息的载体，在2公里长光纤上，实时采样1000个点．可同时测量空间温度场的分布和空间力场的分布．系统中分别采用Rayleigh散射OTDR技术和Raman散射OTDR技术．对所测点进行定位．本文对DOFRPTS系统中的信号、噪声进行了分析，测温精度由系统的信噪比来确定，本系统的测温精度达±1℃．

Experimental validation for time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography of linear scheme

We present a full three-dimensional,featured-data algorithm for time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography that inverts the Laplace-transformed time-domain coupled diffusion equations and employs a pair of appropriate transform-factors to effectively separate the fluorescent yield and lifetime parameters. By use of a time-correlation single-photon counting system and the normalized Born formulation,we ex- perimentally validate that the proposed scheme can achieve simultaneous reconstruction of the fluorescent yield and lifetime distributions with a reasonable accuracy.

Parallel-Computing Wavelet-Based FDTD Method for Modeling Nanoscale Optical Resonator

An efficient wavelet-based finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method is implemented for analyzing nanoscale optical devices,especially optical resonator.Because of its highly linear numerical dispersion properties the high-spatial-order FDTD achieves significant reduction in the number of cells,i.e.used memory,while analyzing a high-index dielectric ring resonator working as an add/drop multiplexer.The main novelty is that the wavelet-based FDTD model is extended in a parallel computation environment to solve physical problems with large dimensions.To demonstrate the efficiency of the parallelized FDTD model,a mirrored cavity is analyzed.The analysis shows that the proposed model reduces computation time and memory cost,and the parallel computation result matches the theoretical model.