Flexible Fixture Design for the Top and End Surface Processing of NP2_NP4 Cylinder Heads

This paper focuses on the design of fixtures for NP2 and NP4 cylinder heads on a horizontal machining center of flexible machining automatic lines.It began with an analysis of the diagrams of part processing and working procedure which formed the basis for the design of the processing technology scheme,a selection of suitable machine tools,and the setting of processing parameters.Fixtures tailored to the chosen machine tools were then designed to meet the processing requirements.Additional aspects of the project included the design of part drawings,calculation of working time quota,design of auxiliary guides,support clamping,and hydraulic circuits,all aimed at fulfilling practical production requirements.

Review on biomass metallurgy:Pretreatment technology,metallurgical mechanism and process design

The metallurgy industry consumes a considerable amount of coal and fossil fuels,and its carbon dioxide emissions are increasing every year.Replacing coal with renewable,carbon-neutral biomass for metallurgical production is of great significance in reducing global carbon consumption.This study describes the current state of research in biomass metallurgy in recent years and analyzes the concept and scientific principles of biomass metallurgy.The fundamentals of biomass pretreatment technology and biomass metallurgy technology were discussed,and the industrial application framework of biomass metallurgy was proposed.Furthermore,the economic and social advantages of biomass metallurgy were analyzed to serve as a reference for the advancement of fundamental theory and industrial application of biomass metallurgy.

Flexibility analysis and design of heat exchanger network for syngas-to-methanol process

The heat exchanger network(HEN)in a syngas-to-methanol process was designed and optimized based on pinch technology under stable operating conditions to balance the energy consumption and economic gain.In actual industrial processes,fluctuations in production inevitably affect the stable operation of HENs.A flexibility analysis of the HEN was carried out to minimize such disturbances using the downstream paths method.The results show that two-third of the downstream paths cannot meet flexibility requirements,indicating that the HEN does not have enough flexibility to accommodate the disturbances in actual production.A flexible HEN was then designed with the method of dividing and subsequent merging of streams,which led to 13.89%and 20.82%reductions in energy consumption and total cost,respectively.Owing to the sufficient area margin and additional alternative heat exchangers,the flexible HEN was able to resist interference and maintain production stability and safety,with the total cost increasing by just 4.08%.

Process Characterization of the Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil to Biodiesel Using Design of Experiments and Infrared Spectroscopy

For optimization of production processes and product quality,often knowledge of the factors influencing the process outcome is compulsory.Thus,process analytical technology(PAT)that allows deeper insight into the process and results in a mathematical description of the process behavior as a simple function based on the most important process factors can help to achieve higher production efficiency and quality.The present study aims at characterizing a well-known industrial process,the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)for usage as biodiesel in a continuous micro reactor set-up.To this end,a design of experiment approach is applied,where the effects of two process factors,the molar ratio and the total flow rate of the reactants,are investigated.The optimized process target response is the FAME mass fraction in the purified nonpolar phase of the product as a measure of reaction yield.The quantification is performed using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares regression.The data retrieved during the conduction of the DoE experimental plan were used for statistical analysis.A non-linear model indicating a synergistic interaction between the studied factors describes the reactor behavior with a high coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.9608.Thus,we applied a PAT approach to generate further insight into this established industrial process.

Application of quality by design in the current drug development

Quality by Test was the only way to guarantee quality of drug products before FDA launched current Good Manufacturing Practice. To clearly understand the manufacture processes, FDA generalized Quality by Design(QbD) in the field of pharmacy, which is based on the thorough understanding of how materials and process parameters affect the quality profile of final products. The application of QbD in drug formulation and process design is based on a good understanding of the sources of variability and the manufacture process. In this paper,the basic knowledge of QbD, the elements of QbD, steps and tools for QbD implementation in pharmaceutics field, including risk assessment, design of experiment, and process analytical technology(PAT), are introduced briefly. Moreover, the concrete applications of QbD in various pharmaceutical related unit operations are summarized and presented.

Altium Designer在电子技术与工艺实践教学新增项目开发中的应用研究

电子技术与工艺实践教学在培养学生工程实践、创新能力方面发挥了重要作用。实践课程不断丰富教学内容,增加新的教学项目,完善教学设计,使知识体系更加完备,教学环节更加合理,充分调动了学生学习的主动性。详细介绍了基于Altium Designer的新增实践教学项目教学内容、教学方法、教学设计及教学效果。

Applications of quality by design(QbD) and its tools in drug delivery

Quality by Test (Qb T) was the only way to guarantee the quality of drug products before FDA launches current Good Manufacturing Practice (c GMP)[1], which is an approach without clear understanding of the processes. In order to solve this problem,FDA generalized Quality by Design (QbD) in the field of pharmacy (2)In pharmaceutical industry, Qb D brings cost-efficiency and simplicity of manufacturing process into reality.

Analysis and Trajectory Design for Supersonic Target

To seek an inexpensive supersonic target,characteristics of various targets are analyzed,its tactical and technical specifications are drafted,and a refitting scheme using big-caliber supersonic rockets is put forward. An optimization model to meet tactical and technical requirements is built,in which the speed and the trajectory angle at the end of active phase are used as the design variables and the horizontal flight distance of the target is used as the objective function. The simulated results show that the method is reasonable and feasible.

A Teaching Experiment between Design Concept and Structural Behaviour： Full-Scale Constructions in a Second-Year Studio

Consciousness is the main quality one can ask architecture students. Consciousness means the ability to recognize that the design process is a ＂problem solving＂ activity and not an exercise of uncontrolled imagination. In architectural education, small structures are a common subject in American and European universities where the inductive teaching is practiced routinely. This teaching experiment is developed within a design studio course in the second year of an architecture degree course and regards design and construction of a small bridge l：l scale. The exercises focus on the role of structural behaviour within architectural design. The teaching method contributes to the perception of the great complexity of the design process, to the acquisition of an attitude of prudence in design choices and to attention to detail in the development of creativity.

DFM:“Design for Manufacturing”or“Design Friendly Manufacturing”

As the IC manufacturing enter sub 20nm tech nodes,DFM become more and more important to make sure more stable yield and lower cost.However,by introducing newly designed hardware(1980i etc.)process chemical(NTD)and Control Algorithm(Focus APC)into the mature tech nodes such as 14nm/12nm,more process window and less process variations are expected for latecomer wafer fabs(Tier-2/3 companies)who just started the competition with Tier-1 companies.With improved weapons,latecomer companies are able to review their DFM strategy one more time to see whether the benefit from hardware/process/control algorithm improvement can be shared with designers.In this paper,we use OPC simulation tools from different EDA suppliers to see the feasibility of transferring the benefits of hardware/process/control algorithm improvement to more relaxed design limitation through source mask optimization(SMO):1)Better hardware:scanner(better focus/exposure variation),CMP(intrafield topo),Mask CD variation(relaxed MEEF spec),etc.2) New process:from positive tone development to negative tone development.3)Better control schemes:holistic focus feedback,feedback/forward overlay control,high order CD uniformity improvement.Simulations show all those gains in hardware and process can be transferred into more relaxed design such as sub design rule structure process window include forbidden pitches(1D)and smaller E2E gaps(2D weak points).

Autonomous Vehicle Technologies Effects the Automotive Concept Design Stages with AHP Method

In the automotive concept design stages, functionally positioning the newly introduced autonomous technologies or remodelling the vehicle accordingly and evaluating the steps or determining the workload together with the collaboration intensity in the current flow is the initial step for the entire process efficiency. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to reveal the effects of the autonomous technologies, which are newly included in the automotive concept design stages in automotive manufacturing industry companies that continue their lives under heavy competition conditions, according to the order of importance. The objective of this research is to both increase the efficiency of automotive concept design stages and to determine the measurement of the effects of new autonomous vehicle technologies in practice. Under the AHP method used in the research, the automotive concept design stages constitute the alternatives in the order of importance of the working structure, as well as the application variables of autonomous vehicle technologies, the criteria of the mathematical model. In addition, the research method modelled in the study, under the AHP mathematical model, reveals the performances or order of importance of the automotive concept design stages under autonomous technologies. Therefore, the resulting process performances constitute important inputs for efficiency and optimization studies under different research approaches. When the results of the study are examined, due to the high level of influence on the new vehicle concept design performance in automotive industry companies, the adaptation or application steps of autonomous vehicle technologies create new needs in the whole process. The determination of innovation creation clusters in the design process steps or the selection of the density of new technology adaptation in the stages and the order of importance provide a competitive advantage along with optimization in the basic functions of the automotive industry companies. However, the determination of new workload clusters in the mentioned automotive concept design process steps or the effect of autonomous technologies in the design stages, selection, transfer from theory to practice, multiple conflicting criteria and uncertain parameters create a very complex situation. For all these reasons, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the widely used multi-criteria decision-making tools, is considered as a suitable approach for creating such order of importance and solving problems. In this study, an AHP mathematical model was created that determines the workload clusters created by autonomous vehicle technology applications that have just begun to guide the automotive concept design process, which is the main function of automotive manufacturing industry companies. Therefore, in line with the innovations, changes and adequacy criteria created by the current automotive concept design stages in the new autonomous vehicle technology adaptation, a stage order of importance has been selected.

New Autonomous Vehicle Technologies Effect on Automotive Concept Design Stages

New road transportation systems solutions create significant changes in existing automotive manufacturing industry products and technologies, from design to use. The conveniences within the framework of new approaches brought by autonomous vehicle technologies primarily make individuals transition from driver duty to passenger and high-comfort alternative travel technologies. Therefore, the research: defining the path followed by the autonomous vehicle technologies, which lead to the development of the said new life model and automotive products within the future fiction, in the stages of designing new concept vehicles in practice or measuring the effect on the processes constitute important values for the future prediction of this sector. In addition, the research has focused on the effects of interdisciplinary studies at the automotive concept design stages, which are at the beginning of today’s lean and new product development process, where innovation goals or technologies emerge with more concrete needs. New autonomous vehicle technologies and the main purpose of revealing the interdisciplinary studies created by new disciplines in the current automotive concept design stages make significant contributions to the optimization of the lean product development process and value creation. For this reason, the automotive manufacturing industry, which is on the eve of a major transformation with the said new autonomous vehicle technologies;determining the needs or sustainable position in the flow of digital perception and orientation systems;determining value creation criteria related to the functioning of automotive concept design processes or new acceptance criteria through one-on-one interviews in the field;constitutes the focus of the research. The research has examined the new interdisciplinary studies and effects of new autonomous vehicle technologies in the automotive concept design phase, which is the first step of lean product development, with local and global automotive industry company comparisons in operation. Therefore, the differences and similarities between the concept design stages of global automotive companies that are both co-developers of new autonomous vehicle technologies and manufacturing automotive products and local automotive manufacturing companies that only assemble them determine the future competitive structuring of the industry.

A Comparative Analysis of Visualization Methods in Architecture:Employing Virtual Reality to Support the Decision-Making Process in the Architecture,Engineering,and Construction Industry

The design process of the built environment relies on the collaborative effort of all parties involved in the project.During the design phase,owners,end users,and their representatives are expected to make the most critical design and budgetary decisions-shaping the essential traits of the project,hence emerge the need and necessity to create and integrate mechanisms to support the decision-making process.Design decisions should not be based on assumptions,past experiences,or imagination.An example of the numerous problems that are a result of uninformed design decisions is“change orders”,known as the deviation from the original scope of work,which leads to an increase of the overall cost,and changes to the construction schedule of the project.The long-term aim of this inquiry is to understand the user’s behavior,and establish evidence-based control measures,which are actions and processes that can be implemented in practice to decrease the volume and frequency of the occurrence of change orders.The current study developed a foundation for further examination by proposing potential control measures,and testing their efficiency,such as integrating Virtual Reality(VR).The specific aim was to examine the effect of different visualization methods(i.e.,VR vs.construction drawings)on,(1)how well the subjects understand the information presented about the future/planned environment;(2)the subjects’perceived confidence in what the future environment will look like;(3)the likelihood of changing the built environment;(4)design review time;and(5)accuracy in reviewing and understanding the design.

Electromagnetic System Design and Visual Simulation

An electromagnet design system is developed using Visual C++ language and OpenGL technology to visualize parametric 3D model. The system consists of primary design, optimization design, dynamic and static characteristics, and visual simulation. All empirical parameters and curves used in design process are stored in database. Through human-computer interactions, an electromagnetic system can be designed conveniently with the results and characteristics curves displayed in graphic model. Using this system can greatly shorten the process of product design, and the results satisfy technical requirements.

Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design for Commercial Complex Buildings:Theory and Method Based on Inverse Problem

Scientific and technological progress and innovation help the design in­dustry,which plays an important role in sustainable development.It will improve the operation efficiency of enterprises and explore a blue sea for enterprise.In essence,design should be the process of deriving the optimal scheme from different schemes or imaginary scenes.Based on this,this paper proposes an overall optimization method for Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning(HVAC)design.Compared with the traditional design method,under certain constraints,it can obtain the optimal design scheme that maximizes the value of the designed product.This study provides new inverse problem ideas and methods for HVAC designers,and provides solutions for enhancing the value of HVAC design products.

Lightweight Body-In-White Design Driven by Optimization Technology

Structural optimization technologies are increasingly applied to lightweight automotive structural design.In a body-inwhite(BIW)development project,optimization technologies are applied in three steps that are seamlessly integrated into engineering practice.By following a design-driven approach,an innovative design that was 50.65 kg lighter than the base design was achieved.First,topology optimization was used to investigate the optimal material distribution in a given design space,and helped in extracting the main load path,while considering crashworthiness,NVH,and static stiffness performance requirements.In the second step,the effective design of a beam cross-section and feasible joints was carried out based on optimization technology and expert knowledge.In this step,the deep involvement of manufacturing process experts on stamping and joint connection feasibility analysis increased the chance of success remarkably.The sensitivity analysis,topography optimization,and gauge optimization of the created draft 3D BIW frame comprised the last step before finalizing the initial design.The new design was validated by full load case simulations,including full vehicle crashworthiness analysis,mode frequency,and body mount point dynamic stiffness analysis,and BIW stiffness and component attachment stiffness analysis.The validation results indicate that the new BIW design achieves the performance goal,while being 13.3%lighter than the base design.

Technological progress and prospects of reservoir stimulation

Through reviewing the development history of reservoir hydraulic fracturing technology, this paper demonstrated the latest research progress at home and abroad and summarized six technical gaps between China and the world, that is fracture propagation mechanism, fracturing software development, fracturing vehicle equipment, downhole tools temperature and pressure resistance, proppant replacement and big data information database. The technical difficulties include lack of geological-engineering deep integration, unclear factors on horizontal well multi-fracture propagation, difficulty in reducing construction costs, environment protection pressure, lack of new experimental and field test equipment, immature techniques for fracturing fluid, and low efficacy of factorized fracturing equipment. We proposed six suggestions on China’s future reservoir hydraulic fracturing technology:(1) strengthen the mechanism study of unconventional reservoir hydraulic fracturing;(2) accelerate the development of geological-engineering integration software;(3) promote the upgrading of EOR fracturing techniques;(4) carry out low-cost multi-functional fracturing fluid formula experiment;(5) complete high-efficiency fracturing equipment;(6) build big database, informational and remote decision-making system of hydraulic fracturing.

Interoperable Process： Efficient Systems in New Constructive and Product Performances

In the construction sector, which is one of the major goals of the new economy, the company is aiming at a new constructive practice and upgrading of the built, using ICT （information and communications technology） technologies. So the focus is on new operating and organizational models of sustainable building processes in the architecture, engineering and construction sectors, which are based on three-dimensional models of digital technology BIM （building information modeling）. It is intended as a human activity that improves building workflows and, through software and IFACs （industry foundation classes）, manages flexibility, coordinates and optimizes operational choices on time, economic, and environmental sustainability parameters. The goal is a new interoperable building process that involves designers, contractors and businesses from programming to lifecycle building and maintenance through the integrated project delivery of the building. Dynamic architectures, interactive with efficient technological and constructive systems, are integrated with innovative products of complex nature and bi-directional performance, engineered, with energy storage and renewable resources. The methodologies are based, above all, on the adoption of BIM technologies with the digital project manager and the use of robotic technological tools. Digitization is applied for the design and construction of architectural and infrastructure artifacts, in interaction with intelligent, adaptive, nanotechnical and user-friendly materials and climate. The results are aimed at efficient buildings with user comfort and safety, accuracy, and risk monitoring with remote monitoring, highlighting VDC （visual design construction） in CID （computational intelligent design）.

Problems Involving New Technology Application for Environmental Protection Equipment

The numerous environmental protection equipments for desulfuration,denitration,and precipitation have been installed in the domestic coal-fired power plants,while the investment and energy consumption of the units increase correspondingly.To reduce the operational cost and initial investment as much as possible,the working processes of the environmental protection equipments are optimized in the design and some new technologies are adopted for energy saving.These technologies include the SCR,SNCR,combined SCR and SNCR for denitration device,system without gas-gas heater design for desulfuration,desulfuration system without bypass,booster fan and induced draft fan integrated,stack and cooling tower integrated and so on.However,such measures may cause some new problems during the operation of the equipment.The problems are summarized and analyzed thoroughly and the feasible methods are provided to solve them,which could decrease the operational risk of units.The present discussion can also improve the further design of environmental protection equipments to ensure the long-term steady operation of the units.

重载铁路双柱式桥墩加固技术优化研究

为探索基于性能提升的桥墩加固优化设计方法,以重载铁路中数量较多的分离式双柱式桥墩为对象,基于数值模拟分析和桥墩加固运营性能试验,开展3种常用方法加固条件下的桥墩静力性能对比分析和动力性能对比试验研究,并进行加固技术优化研究.结果表明,设计荷载作用下,墩身外包加固抑制墩顶水平位移效果较好,而"增大基础和增补桩基"组合加固则能有效减少基底截面应力;运营列车作用下,3种方法加固条件的墩顶横向振幅较加固前均有不同程度降低,但也有部分桥墩受施工等因素影响出现振幅增大的情况.采用优化提出的"增大基础+增补桩基+墩身外包"三重加固法,墩顶横向振幅降低幅度超过50%,能够很好地满足重载铁路双柱式桥墩强化改造需求.