Option contract is one of the most important instruments for power generators developing bidding strategies and hedging market risk. Based on the peculiarities of bid-based-pool （BBP） power markets, a joint two-stag...Option contract is one of the most important instruments for power generators developing bidding strategies and hedging market risk. Based on the peculiarities of bid-based-pool （BBP） power markets, a joint two-stage Cournot equilibrium model for option and spot markets is developed, and analytical formulas for market equilibrium are derived using a backward induction method. The impacts of option contract on efficiency of electricity markets and the behaviors of strategic generators are analyzed. The results show that strategic generators will voluntarily participate in strategic option contracting, and the existence of option contract accelerates the degree of competitive intensity in electricity markets and mitigates the market power abuse of generators to a large extent. In order to retain high spot market price and stable revenues, generators are interested in holding extremely high volatility of spot market price.展开更多
This research examines how to use an option contract to coordinate a retailer-led supply chain where the market information can be updated. Based on Stackelberg game theory, we build a mode with one supplier and one ...This research examines how to use an option contract to coordinate a retailer-led supply chain where the market information can be updated. Based on Stackelberg game theory, we build a mode with one supplier and one retailer in which the retailer designs contracts to coordinate the supplier＇s production in a two-mode production environment. This focuses on an option contract that consists of two option prices and one exercise price. By theoretical analysis and numerical example, we find that such a contract can coordinate the supplier and retailer to act in the best interest of the channel. The optimal pricing conditions are given as follows： First, option prices should be negatively correlated to the exercise price and should be in a relevant range. Second, the first-period option price should be no greater than the second-period price and should be linearly correlated to the second-period option price when the latter is beyond some threshold. The results show that such option contracts can arbitrarily allocate the extra system profit between the two parties so that each party is in a win-win situation.展开更多
This paper considers a hotel supply chain consisting of a hotel and an online travel agent （OTA） for the distribution of a limited number of rooms through both offline and online channels. Under the merchant coopera...This paper considers a hotel supply chain consisting of a hotel and an online travel agent （OTA） for the distribution of a limited number of rooms through both offline and online channels. Under the merchant cooperation assumption, to overcome the disadvantages of the decentralized decision model and demand uncertainty, two collaboration mechanisms, namely a two-stage ordering contract and an option contract, are introduced to increase the profit in the hotel supply chain. This paper investigates the optimal decisions of the hotel and the OTA under different contract models. Moreover, the authors analyze the effect of demand uncertainty and the interaction of demand variability and the hotel＇s capacity on the profits of the hotel and the OTA under different models. The results show that both the two-stage ordering contract and the option contract can increase the profits of the entire supply chain and the hotel; however, the profit of the OTA can be increased through the two-stage ordering contract and option contract only when the hotel＇s capacity is relatively small and the demand variability is big; otherwise, the two collaboration mechanisms cannot increase the OTA＇s profit.展开更多
This paper considers the two-echelon supply chain system which consists of single agricultural producers and retailers,and analyzes the impact of sharing ratio on the option ordering quantity,and retailers and produce...This paper considers the two-echelon supply chain system which consists of single agricultural producers and retailers,and analyzes the impact of sharing ratio on the option ordering quantity,and retailers and producers' expected profits.Studies have shown that in the case of decentralization,when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0 and 0.3,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is a decreasing function of the sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.3 and 1,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is an increasing function of sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.421 and 1,the agricultural producers and retailers' expected profits are an increasing function of sharing ratio.Finally,through the numerical calculation,the applicability of the conclusions is verified,to provide a reference for the supply chain management practices.展开更多
The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzi...The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzing the endurance of farming households of water price and the shortcoming of transaction system of farming water fight, options of farming water are deviated from water fight market, which allows farming households to evade the natural and market risks by means of purchasing call or put option contracts in order to raise the utilization ratio of water and to realize the allocation optimum.展开更多
通过期权机制,建立供应链协调过程中各决策主体的决策模型,发现期权机制下的供应链及其成员的收益要优于报童模型(N ew svendor)的情况。供应商通过制定期权的价格政策和选择合适的产品出清方式,可以将部分市场风险转移给供应商,供应商...通过期权机制,建立供应链协调过程中各决策主体的决策模型,发现期权机制下的供应链及其成员的收益要优于报童模型(N ew svendor)的情况。供应商通过制定期权的价格政策和选择合适的产品出清方式,可以将部分市场风险转移给供应商,供应商也因此通过期权而获得相应的风险补偿,从而达到供应链协调,实现帕累托最优。根据电子半导体类产品的特征,对论文中的理论模型进行详细的模拟分析,结果验证了期权契约在供应链协调过程中的有效性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.70871074)
文摘Option contract is one of the most important instruments for power generators developing bidding strategies and hedging market risk. Based on the peculiarities of bid-based-pool （BBP） power markets, a joint two-stage Cournot equilibrium model for option and spot markets is developed, and analytical formulas for market equilibrium are derived using a backward induction method. The impacts of option contract on efficiency of electricity markets and the behaviors of strategic generators are analyzed. The results show that strategic generators will voluntarily participate in strategic option contracting, and the existence of option contract accelerates the degree of competitive intensity in electricity markets and mitigates the market power abuse of generators to a large extent. In order to retain high spot market price and stable revenues, generators are interested in holding extremely high volatility of spot market price.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 70532004 and 70621061)
文摘This research examines how to use an option contract to coordinate a retailer-led supply chain where the market information can be updated. Based on Stackelberg game theory, we build a mode with one supplier and one retailer in which the retailer designs contracts to coordinate the supplier＇s production in a two-mode production environment. This focuses on an option contract that consists of two option prices and one exercise price. By theoretical analysis and numerical example, we find that such a contract can coordinate the supplier and retailer to act in the best interest of the channel. The optimal pricing conditions are given as follows： First, option prices should be negatively correlated to the exercise price and should be in a relevant range. Second, the first-period option price should be no greater than the second-period price and should be linearly correlated to the second-period option price when the latter is beyond some threshold. The results show that such option contracts can arbitrarily allocate the extra system profit between the two parties so that each party is in a win-win situation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71471066,71371006,71090403Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-13-0219)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No.20130172110029
文摘This paper considers a hotel supply chain consisting of a hotel and an online travel agent （OTA） for the distribution of a limited number of rooms through both offline and online channels. Under the merchant cooperation assumption, to overcome the disadvantages of the decentralized decision model and demand uncertainty, two collaboration mechanisms, namely a two-stage ordering contract and an option contract, are introduced to increase the profit in the hotel supply chain. This paper investigates the optimal decisions of the hotel and the OTA under different contract models. Moreover, the authors analyze the effect of demand uncertainty and the interaction of demand variability and the hotel＇s capacity on the profits of the hotel and the OTA under different models. The results show that both the two-stage ordering contract and the option contract can increase the profits of the entire supply chain and the hotel; however, the profit of the OTA can be increased through the two-stage ordering contract and option contract only when the hotel＇s capacity is relatively small and the demand variability is big; otherwise, the two collaboration mechanisms cannot increase the OTA＇s profit.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(7093200571102055)+1 种基金Youth Fund Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education(13ZB003514ZA0304)
文摘This paper considers the two-echelon supply chain system which consists of single agricultural producers and retailers,and analyzes the impact of sharing ratio on the option ordering quantity,and retailers and producers' expected profits.Studies have shown that in the case of decentralization,when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0 and 0.3,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is a decreasing function of the sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.3 and 1,the option ordering quantity of farm produce is an increasing function of sharing ratio; when the revenue sharing ratio is between 0.421 and 1,the agricultural producers and retailers' expected profits are an increasing function of sharing ratio.Finally,through the numerical calculation,the applicability of the conclusions is verified,to provide a reference for the supply chain management practices.
基金This paper is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China （No. 70373042）.
文摘The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzing the endurance of farming households of water price and the shortcoming of transaction system of farming water fight, options of farming water are deviated from water fight market, which allows farming households to evade the natural and market risks by means of purchasing call or put option contracts in order to raise the utilization ratio of water and to realize the allocation optimum.
文摘通过期权机制,建立供应链协调过程中各决策主体的决策模型,发现期权机制下的供应链及其成员的收益要优于报童模型(N ew svendor)的情况。供应商通过制定期权的价格政策和选择合适的产品出清方式,可以将部分市场风险转移给供应商,供应商也因此通过期权而获得相应的风险补偿,从而达到供应链协调,实现帕累托最优。根据电子半导体类产品的特征,对论文中的理论模型进行详细的模拟分析,结果验证了期权契约在供应链协调过程中的有效性。
