The mealybug Oracella acuta, native to the southeastern US, was accidentally introduced into slash pine plantations in Guangdong Province in China in 1988. A classical biological control program was initiated in 1995,...The mealybug Oracella acuta, native to the southeastern US, was accidentally introduced into slash pine plantations in Guangdong Province in China in 1988. A classical biological control program was initiated in 1995, and the parasitoids Allotropa oracellae, Acerophaus coccois, and Zarhopalus debarri were imported from the US. A total of 19 972 parasitized mealybugs were shipped to China from 1996-2004, from which 15 430 wasps emerged, 12 933 of which were the three target species. Efforts to establish a mass-rearing program for the parasitoids in China failed. Five field release sites were established, and 6 020 parasitoids were released. Only 118 individuals of the three imported species were collected during establishment checks, although several wasps were collected 1-2 years after the last parasitoid release. Over 2 000 Anagyrus dactylopii, a cosmopolitan parasitoid, emerged from the parasitized mealybugs collected, a majority from the Taishan area near the site of the original introduction ofO. acuta. To date the imported parasitoids have failed to establish, and natural enemies have not noticeably reduced mealybug populations.展开更多
一、湿地松粉蚧发生为害概况目前在广东为害的粉蚧,标本经马里兰美国农业部研究中心的昆虫鉴定和益虫引进研究所Douglass R.Miller博士和杨平澜先生鉴定种名为Oracella acuta(Lobdell),英文名为loblolly pine mealybug,中文名直译应称...一、湿地松粉蚧发生为害概况目前在广东为害的粉蚧,标本经马里兰美国农业部研究中心的昆虫鉴定和益虫引进研究所Douglass R.Miller博士和杨平澜先生鉴定种名为Oracella acuta(Lobdell),英文名为loblolly pine mealybug,中文名直译应称为火炬松粉蚧,杨平澜和胡金林(1990)建议种的中名为“湿地松粉蚧”.可能是这种粉蚧在广东采集于湿地松,以为害湿地松为主,因而命名为“湿地松粉蚧”.因为“湿地松粉蚧”的中文名已传开了,为了说明方便,本文也采用“湿地松粉蚧”的名称.湿地松粉蚧主要分布在美国得克萨斯州到大西洋沿岸各州,如得克萨斯州,弗罗里达州,路易斯安那州,密西西比州,亚拉巴马州,佐治亚州,南卡罗纳州,北卡罗纳州,弗吉尼亚州,华盛顿州.主要寄主植物有火炬松Pinus taeda,矮松P.virginiana,萌芽松(又称短叶松)P.echinata,长叶松P.palustris,湿地松P.elliottii.以为害火炬松为主.展开更多
基金The authors thank Weyerhaeuser Company, Union Camp Company, Mississippi Department of Forestry, Texas For- est Service, and Bowater Inc. for the use of their seed orchards for parasitoid collections. Chris Crowe, Mark Dalusky, and Mike Cody （Univeristy of Georgia） assisted with the field work in the US, and Tian-song Fang and Jia-xiong Xu （Guangdong Forest Research Institute） and many workers at the TaiShan Seed Orchard helped with field releases and surveys in China. The USDA Forest Service provided funding for travel and field work, par- tial support was also provided by the National Science Foundation of China （30525009）. Alan Bullard （USDA FS）, Wayne Berisford （University of Georgia）, and Jian Wu （State Forestry Administration） also helped support the project. The authors also thank Bill Roltsch （CDFA） and Jim Hanula （USDA FS SRS） for their reviews of an earlier draft of this paper.
文摘The mealybug Oracella acuta, native to the southeastern US, was accidentally introduced into slash pine plantations in Guangdong Province in China in 1988. A classical biological control program was initiated in 1995, and the parasitoids Allotropa oracellae, Acerophaus coccois, and Zarhopalus debarri were imported from the US. A total of 19 972 parasitized mealybugs were shipped to China from 1996-2004, from which 15 430 wasps emerged, 12 933 of which were the three target species. Efforts to establish a mass-rearing program for the parasitoids in China failed. Five field release sites were established, and 6 020 parasitoids were released. Only 118 individuals of the three imported species were collected during establishment checks, although several wasps were collected 1-2 years after the last parasitoid release. Over 2 000 Anagyrus dactylopii, a cosmopolitan parasitoid, emerged from the parasitized mealybugs collected, a majority from the Taishan area near the site of the original introduction ofO. acuta. To date the imported parasitoids have failed to establish, and natural enemies have not noticeably reduced mealybug populations.
