Since Grover’s algorithm was first introduced, it has become a category of quantum algorithms that can be applied to many problems through the exploitation of quantum parallelism. The original application was the uns...Since Grover’s algorithm was first introduced, it has become a category of quantum algorithms that can be applied to many problems through the exploitation of quantum parallelism. The original application was the unstructured search problems with the time complexity of O(). In Grover’s algorithm, the key is Oracle and Amplitude Amplification. In this paper, our purpose is to show through examples that, in general, the time complexity of the Oracle Phase is O(N), not O(1). As a result, the time complexity of Grover’s algorithm is O(N), not O(). As a secondary purpose, we also attempt to restore the time complexity of Grover’s algorithm to its original form, O(), by introducing an O(1) parallel algorithm for unstructured search without repeated items, which will work for most cases. In the worst-case scenarios where the number of repeated items is O(N), the time complexity of the Oracle Phase is still O(N) even after additional preprocessing.展开更多
Recent rapid advancements in communication technology have brought forth the era of Web 3.0,representing a substantial transformation in the Internet landscape.This shift has led to the emergence of various decentrali...Recent rapid advancements in communication technology have brought forth the era of Web 3.0,representing a substantial transformation in the Internet landscape.This shift has led to the emergence of various decentralized metaverse applications that leverage blockchain as their underlying technology to enable users to exchange value directly from point to point.However,blockchains are blind to the real world,and smart contracts cannot directly access data from the external world.To address this limitation,the technology of oracles has been introduced to provide real-world data for smart contracts and other blockchain applications.In this paper,we focus on mitigating the risks associated with oracles providing corrupt or incorrect data.We propose a novel Web 3.0 architecture for the Metaverse based on the multiidentifier network(MIN),and its decentralized blockchain oracle model called Meta Oracle.The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve minor time investment in return for significantly more reliable data and increased throughput.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)represents a subtype of gallbladder malignancies characterized by a low incidence,aggressive nature,and poor prognosis.Despite its clinical severity,the genetic alte...BACKGROUND Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)represents a subtype of gallbladder malignancies characterized by a low incidence,aggressive nature,and poor prognosis.Despite its clinical severity,the genetic alterations,mechanisms,and signaling pathways underlying gallbladder NEC remain unclear.CASE SUMMARY This case study presents a rare instance of primary gallbladder NEC in a 73-year-old female patient,who underwent a radical cholecystectomy with hepatic hilar lymphadenectomy and resection of liver segments IV-B and V.Targeted gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis tools,including STRING,GeneMANIA,Metascape,TRRUST,Sangerbox,cBioPortal and GSCA,were used to analyze the biological functions and features of mutated genes in gallbladder NEC.Twelve mutations(APC,ARID2,IFNA6,KEAP1,RB1,SMAD4,TP53,BTK,GATA1,GNAS,and PRDM3)were identified,and the tumor mutation burden was determined to be 9.52 muts/Mb via targeted gene sequencing.A protein-protein interaction network showed significant interactions among the twelve mutated genes.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used to assess mutation functions and pathways.The results revealed 40 tumor-related pathways.A key regulatory factor for gallbladder NEC-related genes was identified,and its biological functions and features were compared with those of gallbladder carcinoma.CONCLUSION Gallbladder NEC requires standardized treatment.Comparisons with other gallbladder carcinomas revealed clinical phenotypes,molecular alterations,functional characteristics,and enriched pathways.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hydroxyurea,an antimetabolite,is frequently prescribed for various hemato-logical disorders,and its common side effects include gastrointestinal problems,cutaneous or mucosal lesions and pyrexia/fever.CASE ...BACKGROUND Hydroxyurea,an antimetabolite,is frequently prescribed for various hemato-logical disorders,and its common side effects include gastrointestinal problems,cutaneous or mucosal lesions and pyrexia/fever.CASE SUMMARY This study reports the case of a 67-year-old woman who developed recurrent abdominal pain after 10 years of continuous hydroxyurea therapy for primary thrombocythemia.Colonoscopy revealed an ileocecal ulcer.After discontinuing hydroxyurea therapy for 6 months,follow-up colonoscopy showed a significant reduction in the ulceration.CONCLUSION We consider cecal ulcers as a rare complication of hydroxyurea therapy which typically resolves upon stopping the drug.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is the most common and aggressive subtype of biliary tract cancer(BTC)and has a poor prognosis.A newly developed regimen of gemcitabine,cisplatin,and durvalumab shows promise for the ...BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is the most common and aggressive subtype of biliary tract cancer(BTC)and has a poor prognosis.A newly developed regimen of gemcitabine,cisplatin,and durvalumab shows promise for the treatment of advanced BTC.However,the efficacy of this treatment for GBC remains unclear.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we present a case in which the triple-drug regimen exhibited marked effectiveness in treating locally advanced GBC,thus leading to a long-term survival benefit.A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with locally advanced GBC,which rendered him ineligible for curative surgery.Following three cycles of therapy,a partial response was observed.After one year of combined therapy,a clinical complete response was successfully achieved.Subsequent maintenance therapy with durvalumab monotherapy resulted in a disease-free survival of 9 months for the patient.The patient experienced tolerable toxicities of reversible grade 2 nausea and fatigue.Tolerable adverse events were observed in the patient throughout the entirety of the treatment.CONCLUSION The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy with durvalumab was proven to be an effective treatment approach for advanced GBC,with manageable adverse events.Further research is warranted to substantiate the effectiveness of the combined regimen in the context of GBC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acinic cell carcinoma(ACC)is a malignant epithelial neoplasm that commonly occurs in the parotid gland.It is known to have a high recurrence rate and the potential to metastasize to the lung or cervical lym...BACKGROUND Acinic cell carcinoma(ACC)is a malignant epithelial neoplasm that commonly occurs in the parotid gland.It is known to have a high recurrence rate and the potential to metastasize to the lung or cervical lymph nodes.However,few cases of ACC with bone metastasis have been reported in the medical literature.CASE SUMMARY The clinical significance of this case report lies in the unique site of occurrence of the metastasis:To the best of our knowledge,this report is the only literature documenting ACC arising in a shoulder mass.CONCLUSION Unusual presentations of uncommon malignancies can present diagnostic challenges for both surgeons and histopathologists.It is important to be aware of these rare occurrences in order to provide the best possible treatment for patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND The liver is the most common site of digestive system tumor metastasis,but not all liver metastases can be traced back to the primary lesions.Although it is unusual,syphilis can impact the liver,manifesting...BACKGROUND The liver is the most common site of digestive system tumor metastasis,but not all liver metastases can be traced back to the primary lesions.Although it is unusual,syphilis can impact the liver,manifesting as syphilitic hepatitis with inflammatory nodules,which might be misdiagnosed as metastasis.CASE SUMMARY This case report involves a 46-year-old female who developed right upper abdominal pain and intermittent low fever that persisted for more than three months.No definitive diagnosis of a tumor had been made in the past decades,but signs of multiple liver metastases were recognized after a computed tomo-graphy scan without evidence of primary lesions.With positive serological tests for syphilis and a biopsy of the liver nodules,a diagnosis of hepatic syphilis was made and confirmed with follow-up nodule reduction after anti-syphilis therapy.CONCLUSION Clinicians must be aware of the possibility that syphilis can cause hepatic inflam-matory masses,especially when liver metastasis is suspected without evidence of primary lesions.A definitive diagnosis should be established in conjunction with a review of the patient’s medical history for accurate therapeutic intervention.展开更多
文摘Since Grover’s algorithm was first introduced, it has become a category of quantum algorithms that can be applied to many problems through the exploitation of quantum parallelism. The original application was the unstructured search problems with the time complexity of O(). In Grover’s algorithm, the key is Oracle and Amplitude Amplification. In this paper, our purpose is to show through examples that, in general, the time complexity of the Oracle Phase is O(N), not O(1). As a result, the time complexity of Grover’s algorithm is O(N), not O(). As a secondary purpose, we also attempt to restore the time complexity of Grover’s algorithm to its original form, O(), by introducing an O(1) parallel algorithm for unstructured search without repeated items, which will work for most cases. In the worst-case scenarios where the number of repeated items is O(N), the time complexity of the Oracle Phase is still O(N) even after additional preprocessing.
基金supported by Shenzhen Fundamental Research Programs under Grant Nos.JCYJ20220531093206015,GXWD20201231165807007-20200807164903001,JCYJ20210324122013036,and JCYJ20190808155607340Guang Dong Prov.R&D Key Programs under Grant Nos.2019B010137001 and 2018B010124001+4 种基金Basic Research Enhancement Program of China under Grant No.2021-JCJQ-JJ-0483National Keystone R&D Program of China under Grant No.2017YFB0803204Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61671001ZTE Industry-University-Institute Fund Project under Grant No.2019ZTE03-01HuaWei Funding under Grant No.TC20201222002。
文摘Recent rapid advancements in communication technology have brought forth the era of Web 3.0,representing a substantial transformation in the Internet landscape.This shift has led to the emergence of various decentralized metaverse applications that leverage blockchain as their underlying technology to enable users to exchange value directly from point to point.However,blockchains are blind to the real world,and smart contracts cannot directly access data from the external world.To address this limitation,the technology of oracles has been introduced to provide real-world data for smart contracts and other blockchain applications.In this paper,we focus on mitigating the risks associated with oracles providing corrupt or incorrect data.We propose a novel Web 3.0 architecture for the Metaverse based on the multiidentifier network(MIN),and its decentralized blockchain oracle model called Meta Oracle.The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve minor time investment in return for significantly more reliable data and increased throughput.
基金Supported by School-Level Key Projects at Bengbu Medical College,No.2021byzd109.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)represents a subtype of gallbladder malignancies characterized by a low incidence,aggressive nature,and poor prognosis.Despite its clinical severity,the genetic alterations,mechanisms,and signaling pathways underlying gallbladder NEC remain unclear.CASE SUMMARY This case study presents a rare instance of primary gallbladder NEC in a 73-year-old female patient,who underwent a radical cholecystectomy with hepatic hilar lymphadenectomy and resection of liver segments IV-B and V.Targeted gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis tools,including STRING,GeneMANIA,Metascape,TRRUST,Sangerbox,cBioPortal and GSCA,were used to analyze the biological functions and features of mutated genes in gallbladder NEC.Twelve mutations(APC,ARID2,IFNA6,KEAP1,RB1,SMAD4,TP53,BTK,GATA1,GNAS,and PRDM3)were identified,and the tumor mutation burden was determined to be 9.52 muts/Mb via targeted gene sequencing.A protein-protein interaction network showed significant interactions among the twelve mutated genes.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used to assess mutation functions and pathways.The results revealed 40 tumor-related pathways.A key regulatory factor for gallbladder NEC-related genes was identified,and its biological functions and features were compared with those of gallbladder carcinoma.CONCLUSION Gallbladder NEC requires standardized treatment.Comparisons with other gallbladder carcinomas revealed clinical phenotypes,molecular alterations,functional characteristics,and enriched pathways.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82370604Major Science and Technology innovation Project of Fujian Province,No.2023Y9269Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China,No.2023J01239.
文摘BACKGROUND Hydroxyurea,an antimetabolite,is frequently prescribed for various hemato-logical disorders,and its common side effects include gastrointestinal problems,cutaneous or mucosal lesions and pyrexia/fever.CASE SUMMARY This study reports the case of a 67-year-old woman who developed recurrent abdominal pain after 10 years of continuous hydroxyurea therapy for primary thrombocythemia.Colonoscopy revealed an ileocecal ulcer.After discontinuing hydroxyurea therapy for 6 months,follow-up colonoscopy showed a significant reduction in the ulceration.CONCLUSION We consider cecal ulcers as a rare complication of hydroxyurea therapy which typically resolves upon stopping the drug.
基金Supported by General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China,No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0604Chongqing Doctoral"Through Train"Research Program,China,No.CSTB2022BSXM-JCX0045.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is the most common and aggressive subtype of biliary tract cancer(BTC)and has a poor prognosis.A newly developed regimen of gemcitabine,cisplatin,and durvalumab shows promise for the treatment of advanced BTC.However,the efficacy of this treatment for GBC remains unclear.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we present a case in which the triple-drug regimen exhibited marked effectiveness in treating locally advanced GBC,thus leading to a long-term survival benefit.A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with locally advanced GBC,which rendered him ineligible for curative surgery.Following three cycles of therapy,a partial response was observed.After one year of combined therapy,a clinical complete response was successfully achieved.Subsequent maintenance therapy with durvalumab monotherapy resulted in a disease-free survival of 9 months for the patient.The patient experienced tolerable toxicities of reversible grade 2 nausea and fatigue.Tolerable adverse events were observed in the patient throughout the entirety of the treatment.CONCLUSION The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy with durvalumab was proven to be an effective treatment approach for advanced GBC,with manageable adverse events.Further research is warranted to substantiate the effectiveness of the combined regimen in the context of GBC.
文摘BACKGROUND Acinic cell carcinoma(ACC)is a malignant epithelial neoplasm that commonly occurs in the parotid gland.It is known to have a high recurrence rate and the potential to metastasize to the lung or cervical lymph nodes.However,few cases of ACC with bone metastasis have been reported in the medical literature.CASE SUMMARY The clinical significance of this case report lies in the unique site of occurrence of the metastasis:To the best of our knowledge,this report is the only literature documenting ACC arising in a shoulder mass.CONCLUSION Unusual presentations of uncommon malignancies can present diagnostic challenges for both surgeons and histopathologists.It is important to be aware of these rare occurrences in order to provide the best possible treatment for patients.
文摘BACKGROUND The liver is the most common site of digestive system tumor metastasis,but not all liver metastases can be traced back to the primary lesions.Although it is unusual,syphilis can impact the liver,manifesting as syphilitic hepatitis with inflammatory nodules,which might be misdiagnosed as metastasis.CASE SUMMARY This case report involves a 46-year-old female who developed right upper abdominal pain and intermittent low fever that persisted for more than three months.No definitive diagnosis of a tumor had been made in the past decades,but signs of multiple liver metastases were recognized after a computed tomo-graphy scan without evidence of primary lesions.With positive serological tests for syphilis and a biopsy of the liver nodules,a diagnosis of hepatic syphilis was made and confirmed with follow-up nodule reduction after anti-syphilis therapy.CONCLUSION Clinicians must be aware of the possibility that syphilis can cause hepatic inflam-matory masses,especially when liver metastasis is suspected without evidence of primary lesions.A definitive diagnosis should be established in conjunction with a review of the patient’s medical history for accurate therapeutic intervention.
