Objective:To evaluate the improvement of dysphagia and the daily amounts of oral fluids served among people who had recently experienced a cerebrovascular stroke(CVS)after applying a nursing intervention protocol.Meth...Objective:To evaluate the improvement of dysphagia and the daily amounts of oral fluids served among people who had recently experienced a cerebrovascular stroke(CVS)after applying a nursing intervention protocol.Methods:A quasi-experimental design was used to examine 60 stroke patients who were randomly and alternatively divided equally into a study group and a control group.Gugging Swallowing Screen(GUSS)and fluid balance chart were used.Within the first 24 h of a patient’s admission,expert nurses were trained in nursing intervention protocol to manage dysphagia and daily oral fluids.Results:Post-nursing intervention,the severity of dysphagia decreased among the study group more than in the control group.Additionally,the study group began taking greater amounts of fluids by the oral route than before the nursing intervention.Conclusions:A standardized nursing intervention protocol is needed to decrease the severity of dysphagia after CVS and increase the amount of daily oral fluids.The presence of a structured theory-based nursing intervention protocol for dysphagia management will greatly contribute to decreasing the consequences of dysphagia after CVS,and can also be expected to attenuate the effects of aspiration pneumonia,dehydration,and malnutrition;further,it also increases adherence to the protocol by both nurses and patients.展开更多
Measles eradication is biologically feasible. There is an availability of a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine; a proven elimination strategy; high Local demand; and an effective global partnership and initiative...Measles eradication is biologically feasible. There is an availability of a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine; a proven elimination strategy; high Local demand; and an effective global partnership and initiative to support vaccination. Measles eradication is a cost-effective scenario and a good investment to avoid expensive epidemics and save those children die due to measles. Laboratory investigations are indispensable to monitor the progress of measles elimination. This role will require the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods suitable for diagnosis and surveillance, genetic analysis of measles strains and a technology which is transferable worldwide. Measles diagnosis relies increasingly on serological tests. The practical utility of oral-fluid methods(antibody and genetic) in evaluating and refining measles immunization programs would,additionally, provide support for a global surveillance initiative. The utility of in a population survey, in a vaccine sero-conversion study and application in molecular epidemiological use is demonstrated in this review. It is to be hoped that this review will assist in the wider uptake and acceptance of methodology in both developed and developing country situation. More research needed for further evaluation of a recently developed point-of-care test for measles diagnosis: detection of measles-specific Ig M antibodies and viral nucleic acid for wider use oral-fluid methodology. There is a strong case and imperative for the promotion of methods by World Health Organization in its global program of control/eradication of measles over the coming decade.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of carbachol on gastrointestinal function in a dog model of oral resuscitation for burn shock. METHODS: Twenty Beagle dogs with intubation of the carotid artery, jugular vein and jejunum...AIM: To investigate the effect of carbachol on gastrointestinal function in a dog model of oral resuscitation for burn shock. METHODS: Twenty Beagle dogs with intubation of the carotid artery, jugular vein and jejunum for 24 h were subjected to 35% total body surface area fullthickness burns, and were divided into three groups: no fluid resuscitation (NR, n = 10), in which animals did not receive fluid by any means in the first 24 h postburn; oral fluid resuscitation (OR, n = 8), in which dogs were gavaged with glucose-electrolyte solution (GES) with volume and rate consistent with the Parkland formula; and oral fluid with carbachol group (OR/CAR, n = 8), in which dogs were gavaged with GES containing carbachol (20 μg/kg), with the same volume and rate as the OR group. Twenty-four hours after burns, all animals were given intravenous fluid replacement, and 72 h after injury, they received nutritional support. Hemodynamicand gastrointestinal parameters were measured serially with animals in conscious and cooperative state. RESULTS: The mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and plasma volume dropped markedly, and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion was reduced obviously after the burn injury in all the three groups. Hemodynamic parameters and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion in the OR and OR/CAR groups were promoted to pre-injury level at 48 and 72 h, respectively, while hemodynamic parameters in the NR group did not return to pre-injury level till 72 h, and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion remained lower than pre-injury level until 120 h post-burn. CO 2 of the gastric mucosa and intestinal mucosa blood flow of OR/CAR groups were 56.4 ± 4.7 mmHg and 157.7 ± 17.7 blood perfusion units (BPU) at 24 h postburn, respectively, which were significantly superior to those in the OR group (65.8 ± 5.8 mmHg and 127.7 ± 11.9 BPU, respectively, all P < 0.05). Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption rates of GES were significantly reduced to the lowest level (52.8% and 23.7% of pre-injury levels) in the OR group at about 2 and 4 h post-burn, and did not return to 80% of pre-injury level until 24 h. In the first 24 h postburn, the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal water absorption were elevated by a mean 15.7% and 11.5%, respectively, in the OR/CAR group compared with the OR group. At 5 days, the mortality in the NR group was 30% (3/10), 12.5% in the OR group (1/8), and none in the OR/CAR group. CONCLUSION: Carbachol had a beneficial effect on oral resuscitation of burn shock by promoting gastric emptying and intestinal absorption in our canine model.展开更多
In view of its potent microbicidal actions, ozone (O3) offers much potential for application as a therapeutic agent in oral health, e.g. in the treatment of dental caries. This oxidant is extremely reactive towards bi...In view of its potent microbicidal actions, ozone (O3) offers much potential for application as a therapeutic agent in oral health, e.g. in the treatment of dental caries. This oxidant is extremely reactive towards biomolecules present in the oral environment, and in this study we have employed high-resolution proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the nature and extent of the oxidation of biomolecules known to be present in carious dentin, plaque and saliva. Phosphate-buffered (pH 7.00) aqueous solutions containing sodium pyruvate, α-D-glucose, L-cys teine and L-methionine (5.00 mM) were treated with gaseous O3 (4.48 mmol.) delivered by a therapeutic O3 generating device. Attack of O3 on methionine and cysteine generated the corresponding primary oxidation products of these substrates, specifically methionine sulphoxide [98% ± 4% (mean ± SEM) yield] and cystine (95% ± 6% yield) respectively, and treatment of pyruvate with this oxidant produced acetate and CO2 via an oxidative decarboxylation process (93% ± 4% yield). Reaction of O3 with α-D-glucose gave rise to formate as a major product (24% ± 2% yield). In conclusion, multicomponent 1H NMR analysis of appropriate chemical model systems provides valuable molecular information regarding the reactivity of O3 towards biomolecules present in the oral environment, information which is of much relevance to its therapeutic mechanisms of action. Moreover, in view of the much higher concentrations of these O3-scavenging biomolecules in oral fluid and/or soft tissue environments than that of O3 applied, they may also serve to offer protection against putative adverse effects inducible by any of this oxidant which escapes from its site of therapeutic application (e.g., at primary root carious lesions).展开更多
为探索利用猪口腔液开展猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)的检测,选取豫北地区某规模化养殖场,评估口腔液在监测猪群PCV2感染状况时的应用效果。结果显示,从560头猪只共采集了28份口腔液样品,采样率约为20.0%,而70份血清...为探索利用猪口腔液开展猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)的检测,选取豫北地区某规模化养殖场,评估口腔液在监测猪群PCV2感染状况时的应用效果。结果显示,从560头猪只共采集了28份口腔液样品,采样率约为20.0%,而70份血清样品的采样率仅为2.5%;通过PCR检测发现,28份口腔液的PCV2检出率为100.0%(28/28),而血清样品的检出率仅有2.86%(2/70)。为确定供试养殖场PCV2流行毒株的基因型,从不同阶段猪群样品中成功获得了6条PCV2的全基因组序列;核苷酸同源性分析显示,分离株与PCV2a、PCV2b、PCV2c、PCV2d和PCV2e的代表性毒株同源性分别约为97.0%、95.4%、93.3%、94.4%和91.6%;系统发育进化树分析显示,分离株和PCV2a处于同一进化分支。可见,供试养殖场流行毒株属于PCV2a基因型。展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the improvement of dysphagia and the daily amounts of oral fluids served among people who had recently experienced a cerebrovascular stroke(CVS)after applying a nursing intervention protocol.Methods:A quasi-experimental design was used to examine 60 stroke patients who were randomly and alternatively divided equally into a study group and a control group.Gugging Swallowing Screen(GUSS)and fluid balance chart were used.Within the first 24 h of a patient’s admission,expert nurses were trained in nursing intervention protocol to manage dysphagia and daily oral fluids.Results:Post-nursing intervention,the severity of dysphagia decreased among the study group more than in the control group.Additionally,the study group began taking greater amounts of fluids by the oral route than before the nursing intervention.Conclusions:A standardized nursing intervention protocol is needed to decrease the severity of dysphagia after CVS and increase the amount of daily oral fluids.The presence of a structured theory-based nursing intervention protocol for dysphagia management will greatly contribute to decreasing the consequences of dysphagia after CVS,and can also be expected to attenuate the effects of aspiration pneumonia,dehydration,and malnutrition;further,it also increases adherence to the protocol by both nurses and patients.
基金Supported by the Wellcome Trust(Ref.No.047413)WHO(GPV,DVB Project Grant No.V21/181/133)the INITIATIVE FOR VACCINE RESEARCH/IMMUNIZATION,VACCINES AND BIOLOGICALS for the period of study between 01/07/05 and 31/08/07 in part
文摘Measles eradication is biologically feasible. There is an availability of a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine; a proven elimination strategy; high Local demand; and an effective global partnership and initiative to support vaccination. Measles eradication is a cost-effective scenario and a good investment to avoid expensive epidemics and save those children die due to measles. Laboratory investigations are indispensable to monitor the progress of measles elimination. This role will require the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods suitable for diagnosis and surveillance, genetic analysis of measles strains and a technology which is transferable worldwide. Measles diagnosis relies increasingly on serological tests. The practical utility of oral-fluid methods(antibody and genetic) in evaluating and refining measles immunization programs would,additionally, provide support for a global surveillance initiative. The utility of in a population survey, in a vaccine sero-conversion study and application in molecular epidemiological use is demonstrated in this review. It is to be hoped that this review will assist in the wider uptake and acceptance of methodology in both developed and developing country situation. More research needed for further evaluation of a recently developed point-of-care test for measles diagnosis: detection of measles-specific Ig M antibodies and viral nucleic acid for wider use oral-fluid methodology. There is a strong case and imperative for the promotion of methods by World Health Organization in its global program of control/eradication of measles over the coming decade.
基金Supported by The Special Foundation of the 11th five-yearPlan for Military Medical Projects, No. 06Z055
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of carbachol on gastrointestinal function in a dog model of oral resuscitation for burn shock. METHODS: Twenty Beagle dogs with intubation of the carotid artery, jugular vein and jejunum for 24 h were subjected to 35% total body surface area fullthickness burns, and were divided into three groups: no fluid resuscitation (NR, n = 10), in which animals did not receive fluid by any means in the first 24 h postburn; oral fluid resuscitation (OR, n = 8), in which dogs were gavaged with glucose-electrolyte solution (GES) with volume and rate consistent with the Parkland formula; and oral fluid with carbachol group (OR/CAR, n = 8), in which dogs were gavaged with GES containing carbachol (20 μg/kg), with the same volume and rate as the OR group. Twenty-four hours after burns, all animals were given intravenous fluid replacement, and 72 h after injury, they received nutritional support. Hemodynamicand gastrointestinal parameters were measured serially with animals in conscious and cooperative state. RESULTS: The mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and plasma volume dropped markedly, and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion was reduced obviously after the burn injury in all the three groups. Hemodynamic parameters and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion in the OR and OR/CAR groups were promoted to pre-injury level at 48 and 72 h, respectively, while hemodynamic parameters in the NR group did not return to pre-injury level till 72 h, and gastrointestinal tissue perfusion remained lower than pre-injury level until 120 h post-burn. CO 2 of the gastric mucosa and intestinal mucosa blood flow of OR/CAR groups were 56.4 ± 4.7 mmHg and 157.7 ± 17.7 blood perfusion units (BPU) at 24 h postburn, respectively, which were significantly superior to those in the OR group (65.8 ± 5.8 mmHg and 127.7 ± 11.9 BPU, respectively, all P < 0.05). Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption rates of GES were significantly reduced to the lowest level (52.8% and 23.7% of pre-injury levels) in the OR group at about 2 and 4 h post-burn, and did not return to 80% of pre-injury level until 24 h. In the first 24 h postburn, the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal water absorption were elevated by a mean 15.7% and 11.5%, respectively, in the OR/CAR group compared with the OR group. At 5 days, the mortality in the NR group was 30% (3/10), 12.5% in the OR group (1/8), and none in the OR/CAR group. CONCLUSION: Carbachol had a beneficial effect on oral resuscitation of burn shock by promoting gastric emptying and intestinal absorption in our canine model.
文摘In view of its potent microbicidal actions, ozone (O3) offers much potential for application as a therapeutic agent in oral health, e.g. in the treatment of dental caries. This oxidant is extremely reactive towards biomolecules present in the oral environment, and in this study we have employed high-resolution proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the nature and extent of the oxidation of biomolecules known to be present in carious dentin, plaque and saliva. Phosphate-buffered (pH 7.00) aqueous solutions containing sodium pyruvate, α-D-glucose, L-cys teine and L-methionine (5.00 mM) were treated with gaseous O3 (4.48 mmol.) delivered by a therapeutic O3 generating device. Attack of O3 on methionine and cysteine generated the corresponding primary oxidation products of these substrates, specifically methionine sulphoxide [98% ± 4% (mean ± SEM) yield] and cystine (95% ± 6% yield) respectively, and treatment of pyruvate with this oxidant produced acetate and CO2 via an oxidative decarboxylation process (93% ± 4% yield). Reaction of O3 with α-D-glucose gave rise to formate as a major product (24% ± 2% yield). In conclusion, multicomponent 1H NMR analysis of appropriate chemical model systems provides valuable molecular information regarding the reactivity of O3 towards biomolecules present in the oral environment, information which is of much relevance to its therapeutic mechanisms of action. Moreover, in view of the much higher concentrations of these O3-scavenging biomolecules in oral fluid and/or soft tissue environments than that of O3 applied, they may also serve to offer protection against putative adverse effects inducible by any of this oxidant which escapes from its site of therapeutic application (e.g., at primary root carious lesions).
文摘为探索利用猪口腔液开展猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)的检测,选取豫北地区某规模化养殖场,评估口腔液在监测猪群PCV2感染状况时的应用效果。结果显示,从560头猪只共采集了28份口腔液样品,采样率约为20.0%,而70份血清样品的采样率仅为2.5%;通过PCR检测发现,28份口腔液的PCV2检出率为100.0%(28/28),而血清样品的检出率仅有2.86%(2/70)。为确定供试养殖场PCV2流行毒株的基因型,从不同阶段猪群样品中成功获得了6条PCV2的全基因组序列;核苷酸同源性分析显示,分离株与PCV2a、PCV2b、PCV2c、PCV2d和PCV2e的代表性毒株同源性分别约为97.0%、95.4%、93.3%、94.4%和91.6%;系统发育进化树分析显示,分离株和PCV2a处于同一进化分支。可见,供试养殖场流行毒株属于PCV2a基因型。
