Family counseling of dental and oral care for preventing caries of dental during preschool age: a literature review

Incorrect family behavior in caring for the dental and oral health of preschool-aged children can affect the incidence of dental caries in these children and can cause more serious health problems in the future if not treated immediately,so it is important to find the right solution.This study aims to determine the effect of family counseling on dental and oral care for preschoolers.This study uses a narrative literature review method.Search articles using 5 databases(Pubmed,ScienceDirect,SpringerLink,ProQuest,and Google Scholar)to search for articles with the keywords family counseling AND Oral health AND Early Childhood Caries AND Behavior Change AND Family and the article selection process refers to the Flow diagram of the PRISMA Statement 2020.The results showed that there were 7 articles analyzed in this study.The implementation of family counseling has a significant effect in increasing self-efficacy,knowledge,ability,and motivation of the family,as well as the behavior of the child,to reduce the risk of dental caries in preschool-age children,taking into account several conditions.It was determined that family counseling is effective in reducing the incidence of dental caries in preschool children.

Oral health status in Sichuan Province: findings from the oral health survey of Sichuan, 2015–2016

To investigate oral health status in the residents of Sichuan Province, southwest China, a cross-sectional study was performed using the latest Oral Health Survey Basic Methods recommended by the World Health Organization. A multistage stratified random cluster-sampling method was used to enroll participants from the following three groups： children aged 3-5 years, adolescents aged 12 years, and people aged 65-74 years. In these three groups, the mean numbers of teeth that were affected by caries were 3.28, 0.86 and 5.13, respectively, resulting in a prevalence of 63.47%, 37.20% and 83.20%, respectively. Relative to the high rate of decayed teeth, the prevalence of fillings was very low in all age groups （0.97%, 7.24% and 5.43%, respectively）, In the 12-year-old adolescent group, only 3.61% had good pit and fissure sealing. In addition, the rate of dental fluorosis was 24.80%, and the Community Fluorosis Index value was 0.39. In the elder group, the community periodontal index was 2.92. The prevalence in the elderly of having lost at least one tooth was 75.54%. Additionally, 4.44% of these participants were edentulous. The incidence of dental prosthesis was 51.75%, the proportion with a removable partial denture, a fixed denture, full dentures, dental implants and an informal fixed bridge was 21.59%, 11.45%, 4.64%, 0 and 16.67%, respectively. In this study, 8.2% of the elderly participants were affected by different types of oral mucosal lesions. Among such lesions, recurrent aphthous ulcers were most prevalent （2.69%） and oral lichen planuses were second （1.6%）. The conclusion presented in this survey is that oral diseases, especially dental caries and periodontal disease, are frequent and common in Sichuan province, China. Moreover, the treatment rate is very low, and primary prevention and treatment options are therefore urgently needed in this population.

The Oral Health Status of Person with Special Needs in Kumasi

Background: The most prevalent non-communicable disease worldwide is oral health-related disease, with dental caries and periodontal conditions being common. Oral health status significantly impacts overall health and quality of life. Barriers to dental care affect children with special needs. This study evaluates the oral health status and treatment requirements of people with special needs. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study in Kumasi, Ghana examined oral health status among people, 121 children with special needs over two months, in June-July 2022. Dental caries, periodontal changes, malocclusion, and trauma were assessed. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The oral health status among people with special needs in this study was generally moderate, with a range from very good to very poor. The prevalence of dental caries was 37%, with a mean DMFT score of 2.82. Periodontal health showed unsatisfactory indicators such as mobile teeth, poor gingival health, high plaque scores, and the presence of halitosis. Conclusion: This descriptive study aimed to provide baseline data on the oral health status of special needs students in Kumasi, addressing the lack of knowledge in this area. It highlighted the importance of dental care in maintaining good oral health and overall well-being in individuals with special needs. Coordinated efforts by dental professionals are needed to provide dental health education and preventive interventions for these children.

Oral health status of Chinese residents and suggestions for prevention and treatment strategies

Objective:To understand the oral health status of urban and rural residents in China,the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (FNOHES) was conducted in 2015.Materials and methods:Based on the principles of multi-stage,stratified,equal capacity,and random sampling,the subjects included five groups of residents aged 3-5,12-15,35-44,55-64,and 65-74 years in all 31 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions except Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan.The total sample size was 172,425.The survey covered two areas,namely oral health status and knowledge,attitude and oral health behavior.Results:Residents in China had serious caries and poor periodontal condition.The prevalence of caries was above 50% in all age groups,subjects without periodontal disease accounted for <50%,and fewer than 50% of subjects brushed their teeth twice a day.Based on the results of the FNOHES,the following suggestions were proposed for improving the oral health in China in the future:to establish and improve the comprehensive prevention and control system for oral diseases,implement a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for priority groups,strengthen the oral health education for all people to improve oral health literacy,enhance dynamic monitoring to scientifically evaluate oral health status,and coordinate multi-party resources to establish and improve the oral health service security system.Conclusion:The oral health status of Chinese residents and their oral health behavior habits need to be improved.With the support of the administrative departments of the government and unremitting efforts of the oral health staff,all sectors of society must be coordinated to strengthen oral health education for the whole population.Furthermore,comprehensive prevention and control measures must be implemented for priority groups.

Oral Health of Young Adolescents in Addis Ababa—A Community-Based Study

Introduction: Deteriorating oral health is an emerging public health concern in developing countries, yet little attention has been given to oral health in most sub-Saharan countries. The extents of caries, periodontal diseases and the associated risk factors have not been widely studied at the community level. Purpose: To assess the type and magnitude of oral health diseases as well as associated risk factors among young adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 658 children aged 10 - 14 years in Addis Ababa. Households for the study were selected through a multistage cluster sampling procedure. Data collection was carried out in December 2011 through interview and oral examination which was carried out by dental health professionals. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval was calculated. Factors associated with oral health conditions were identified using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 47.4% (95% CI: 43.6% - 51.2%). Age, sweets intake, tooth cleaning, poor oral hygiene and being from a poor household were significantly associated with having dental caries. The prevalence of periodontal disease was 35.4% (95% CI: 31.7% - 39.0%) and it was associated with: having a mother with low education level, and poor oral hygiene. The prevalence of bad mouth odor was 4.4% (95% CI: 2.8% - 5.9%), and oral trauma 2.1% (95% CI: 1% - 3.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of both periodontal disease and dental caries is alarmingly high. The findings indicate the need for large scale public education program to motivate regular dental check up, and proper oral hygiene practices. The study also indicates the need to strengthen oral health services using affordable and accessible outlets.

Analysis of the Relationship between Oral Diseases and Glycemic Control of Diabetes in the West African Context: Survey at the Centre Anti-Diabetique d’Abidjan (CADA),cote d’Ivoire

The relationship between diabetes and periodontitis is established and described as a bidirectional influence, whereas that with dental caries is still controversial. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between blood glucose control and oral diseases in a population of diabetics followed at the “Centre Anti Diabétique d’Abidjan” (CADA). The dental condition of the diabetics included in this cross-sectional study was assessed by the DMF index, periodontal condition by the CPITN and oral hygiene by the OHIS index. Diabetes data were extracted from CADA patient medical records. Blood glucose control has been defined by an average of the blood glucose values of the last 3 months less than or equal to 1.26 g/l. Regression models were constructed to estimate the risk of diabetes imbalance adjusted for all characteristics collected. The sample of 356 diabetics consisted of 53.7% women with an average age of 55.6 years (range: 12 - 85 years). The average DMF index was 7.9 (Std: 6.6) with an estimated prevalence of caries of 77.0%, that of periodontitis of 53.1%. The proportion of subjects with good glycemic control was estimated at 41.3%. The characteristics associated with glycemic control were: dry mouth (p = 0.005), type of diabetes treatment (p < 0.00014) and duration of diabetes (p = 0.039) and periodontal status assessed with the CPITN (p = 0.014). The results of this study confirmed the link between periodontitis and glycemic control of diabetes described in the literature but didn’t find significant association between dental caries and diabetes.

Oral health of adolescents in West Africa:prioritizing its social determinants

Oral health is a major public health issue in West Africa,yet it has gotten little attention.Individual and group disparities in health status are influenced by social determinants of health(SDH),which also affect oral health.Adolescence is a significant transition into adulthood,a time when the SDH can contribute to lifelong health status.This article explored the SDH associated with oral health behaviour,perception,and oral health development amongst adolescents in West Africa.This article engaged articles published in peer-reviewed journals relating to adolescents’oral health and West Africa.The authors undertook this desk review to determine the social determinants of adolescents’oral health in West Africa.The literacy levels and oral health awareness of adolescents,family and social circle influences,socioeconomic status,nutritional levels,and cultural and environmental factors have been identified as important social determinants.Adequate policy implementation with the integration of oral health in schools’curriculum,health systems reorientation with the adoption of oral health delivery in primary health care and expansion in oral health research with the assessment of cultural influences on oral health development have been recommended as interventions to reduce oral health inequalities in West Africa.

Prevalence of dental caries among preschool children in Shanghe County of Shandong Province and relevant prevention and treatment strategies

Background Decayed teeth are harmful to children＇s growth and development and can severely jeopardize their health. This study was set out to investigate and analyze the prevalence of dental caries in preschool children in Shanghe County in Shandong Province, China, and provide new insights into potential prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Based on the random sampling method, we performed dental examinations of children aged 2 to 6 years in kindergartens of Shanghe County. The prevalence of caries, the average number of decayed teeth per capita as well as the constituent rates of decayed, missing and filled teeth were determined retrospectively. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results Dental caries were found in 1088 out of 2052 children from 56 kindergartens. The total number of decayed teeth was 4487 with a prevalence of 53.02%. The average number of decayed teeth per capita was 2.187, and the filling rate was 0.29%. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of caries between boys and girls though there were significant differences between different age groups. The prevalence of decayed teeth as well as the mean number of decayed teeth infected per capita increased with age. In addition, urban children had a higher prevalence than those from rural areas （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions The prevalence of decayed caries among kindergarten children in Shanghe County was high, suggesting that more emphasis should be put on improving oral health education with priority given to prevention. Further efforts should be made to increase the decayed caries filling rate.

学龄前儿童龋病及家长的口腔健康认知现状调查

目的调查学龄前期儿童龋病现状及家长的口腔健康认知情况并探讨其影响因素。方法采取多阶段分层随机抽样法,于2022年抽取郑州市1872例学龄前儿童及其家长,调查儿童龋病发生情况及家长口腔健康认知情况。结果本次调查有1800例学龄前期儿童纳入分析,龋病发生率为54.72%。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、家长文化程度、开始刷牙时间、夜间进食频率、进食甜食频率、饮用碳酸饮料频率、家长接受口腔健康知识教育、儿童定期口腔检查、早晚刷牙、饭后漱口、使用含氟牙膏均是学龄前期儿童龋病的影响因素(均P<0.05);男性、家庭月收入≤5000元、文化程度中专及以下、农村均是家长口腔健康认知不佳的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论郑州地区学龄前期儿童龋病的发生率较高,家长口腔健康认知度不高。亟需开展有效的宣教,提高该群体的健康素养,降低儿童龋病风险。

临夏州青少年口腔健康调查及影响因素分析

目的调查临夏州青少年口腔健康情况及影响因素分析。方法采用随机抽样调查的方法对2019年8月至2020年1月临夏州贫困地区6~18岁青少年进行口腔健康调查。共回收有效样本780份,其中男生400名,女生380名。调查青少年口腔健康状况与生活习惯、饮食结构、家庭社会状况、水源质量和社区环境的关系。结果临夏州贫困地区不同性别青少年患龋齿例数和龋齿(颗)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);青少年患龋齿情况与刷牙频率、饮食习惯、酸性食物和饮料摄入频率、睡前进食、家长文化程度、家长口腔健康意识、定期检查、水源质量、社区环境有关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,刷牙频率(β=0.458,OR=1.579,95%CI:1.163~2.142)、饮食习惯(β=0.385,OR=1.471,95%CI:1.102~1.962)、酸性食物和饮料摄入频率(β=0.417,OR=1.516,95%CI:1.109~2.072)、睡前进食(β=0.347,OR=1.416,95%CI:1.062~1.888)、家长文化程度(β=0.478,OR=1.617,95%CI:1.162~2.251)、家长口腔健康意识(β=0.442,OR=1.555,95%CI:1.152~2.098)、定期检查(β=0.397,OR=1.486,95%CI:1.074~2.055)、水源质量(β=0.355,OR=1.422,95%CI:1.029~1.962)、社区环境(β=0.376,OR=1.457,95%CI:1.074~1.972)是青少年患龋齿的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论社会各界应重视贫困地区青少年口腔健康,关注口腔保健知识,引导青少年养成良好饮食和卫生习惯,定期到口腔医院护理牙齿,以预防龋病。

口腔健康教育新模式在学龄期儿童中的应用

目的探讨口腔健康教育新模式对预防儿童龋齿、改善口腔卫生、增长家长健康知识的作用。方法选取2021年1—6月已纳入窝沟封闭项目学校200名二年级小学生作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为干预组与对照组,每组100名。干预组小学生采用口腔教育新模式干预,对照组小学生采用采取常规健康宣教干预。比较两组小学生的牙菌斑情况、患龋率、保持口腔健康行为、家长健康知识掌握情况。结果干预3个月,干预组小学生口腔卫生良好率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预3个月,干预组患龋率为46.00%,低于对照组的60.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预3个月,干预组小学生每天刷牙≥2次、使用含氟牙膏、掌握巴氏刷牙法、睡前刷牙后不进食、不吃过硬食物、每周摄入含糖食物/饮料<3次、餐后漱口、定期更换牙刷、不吃过冷/过热食物、均衡饮食正确率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预3个月,两组小学生家长的健康知识评分均高于干预前,且干预组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论口腔健康教育新模式干预行窝沟封闭诊疗的小学生及其家长可有效改善小学生口腔卫生状态,预防龋齿发生,对培养小学生良好刷牙习惯有积极作用,且可提高学生家长口腔健康知识的认知水平。

应用氟化物联合口腔健康宣教对学龄前儿童龋齿的预防效果分析

目的探讨应用氟化物联合口腔健康宣教对学龄前儿童龋齿预防的效果。方法选取运城市第四实验幼儿园2021年入园的240名学龄前儿童为研究对象,采用随机数表法分成对照组、应用氟化物组、应用氟化物联合口腔健康宣教组,每组各80名。于2021年12月至2024年2月开展对照研究,比较三组学龄前儿童的牙齿健康状况、龋齿发生率、口腔健康知识的掌握情况。结果应用氟化物联合口腔健康宣教组学龄前儿童的龋齿发生率显著低于其他两组,口腔健康知识的掌握程度评分亦明显高于其他两组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用氟化物联合口腔健康宣教能显著降低学龄前儿童龋齿发生率,提高家长和儿童对口腔健康知识的掌握水平,有效提高其口腔防护意识。

上海市黄浦区初中生口腔健康状况、口腔健康行为及口腔卫生服务利用情况调查

目的调查上海市黄浦区初中生口腔健康状况、口腔健康行为及口腔卫生服务利用情况,为制定儿童口腔公共卫生政策提供依据。方法对2021—2023年上海市黄浦区5所公立初中的2771名儿童开展口腔健康检查和问卷调查,采用描述性分析初中生口腔卫生服务需求及利用情况。结果上海市黄浦区初中生患龋率为22.7%,其中男性占17.4%,女性占28.4%,龋均为0.43,其中男性龋均为0.30,女性龋均为0.57,龋齿充填构成比为77.2%,男性占76.9%,女性占77.3%;一年内口腔科就诊率为56.6%。结论上海市黄浦区初中生口腔卫生服务利用率高于全国水平,且龋病流行情况、口腔健康行为及口腔健康知识知晓情况均优于全国水平。

综合口腔护理在龋齿患儿中的应用

目的探讨综合口腔护理在龋齿患儿中的应用。方法选取2021年5月至2023年5月德州口腔医院收治的60例龋齿患儿,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(30例)和研究组(30例)。对照组予以常规护理干预,研究组予以综合口腔护理干预。比较两组口腔健康行为评分及护理配合度。结果研究组口腔卫生情况、饮食习惯、牙齿健康评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组护理总配合率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论综合口腔护理可提高龋齿患儿的口腔健康行为评分及护理配合度,值得临床推广应用。

3516名大学生口腔健康状况调查

目的调查大学生口腔健康状况以指导大学生口腔保健。方法按照1997年WHO《口腔健康调查基本方法》,对西北民族大学3 516名大学生的口腔健康状况进行检查,检查项目包括龋病、牙结石和牙颌异常等。结果1)大学生的患龋率为47.87%,龋均为1.29,龋齿充填率为20.42%;城市大学生、女大学生患龋情况较农村大学生、男大学生严重。2)牙结石检出率为79.78%,平均区段数为3.75;农村大学生、男大学生的牙结石检出情况较城市大学生、女大学生严重。3)牙颌异常比较突出的问题是切牙段拥挤(53.30%),上、下前牙排列最不规则(42.58%、50.60%)和磨牙前后错位(31.09%);城市和农村大学生在下颌前牙排列最不规则、上前牙覆盖、磨牙前后错位上的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),其他各项指标在城乡和性别上的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论大学生口腔健康状况不佳,需要加强对大学生口腔疾病“早发现、早预防、早治疗”的宣传,提高大学生口腔健康状况水平。

大学新生口腔健康知识和健康行为抽样调查报告

目的 调查大学新生口腔健康知识和健康行为。方法 采用全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案统一问卷 ,对四川大学 10 35名大学新生进行口腔健康知识和健康行为问卷调查。结果 (1)口腔疾病就医行为 :10 35名大学新生中仅 13 1%的学生定期接受口腔健康检查 ;(2 )口腔卫生措施 :每天刷牙两次的占 74 4 % ,刷牙时间达到3min以上的仅 7 7% ,坚持使用含氟牙膏的 16 6 % ,使用过牙线的人仅 6 % ;(3)饮食习惯 :5 1 9%的学生不常吃零食 ,94 7%的学生不吸烟 ;(4)龋齿与牙周疾病的防治知识及口腔保健知识测试结果普遍较差。结论 大学新生对口腔卫生知识认识有限 ,采取的口腔卫生措施不够认真彻底。

大学新生口腔健康状况调查

目的调查大学新生口腔健康状况以指导大学生口腔预防保健。方法采取世界卫生组织口腔健康调查方法并参考全国口腔流行病学调查方案,对北京大学6575名新生的口腔健康状况进行检查,检查项目包括龋病、牙龈炎、错牙合畸形和阻生牙。结果6575名大学新生的龋病、牙龈炎、错牙合畸形和阻生牙患病率分别为35.47%、60.87%、19.70%和24.62%。统计分析表明,男生和女生的龋病、牙龈炎、错牙合畸形和阻生牙患病率之间的差异均有统计学意义(χ2=131.94,P<0.001;χ2=216.85,P<0.001;χ2=14.54,P<0.01;χ2=23.56,P<0.001);研究生和本科生的龋病、牙龈炎和阻生牙患病率之间的差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.62,P<0.05;χ2=129.56,P<0.001;χ2=178.05,P<0.001),错牙合畸形患病率之间的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.61,P>0.05)。结论大学新生口腔健康状况不佳,需要加强对大学生的口腔预防与保健宣传教育。

儿童乳牙患龋状况及其家庭口腔健康行为的差异

目的研究家庭口腔健康行为对辽宁省城乡儿童乳牙患龋状况的影响。方法采用多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,运用世界卫生组织《口腔健康调查基本方法》诊断标准对辽宁省城乡792名5岁儿童进行乳牙龋病检查,并随机抽取50%受检者的家长进行问卷调查。结果1)辽宁省5岁儿童乳牙患龋率为73.86%,龋均(dmft)为4.38;其中城市儿童乳牙患龋率为64.14%,农村儿童乳牙患龋率为83.59%,城乡之间儿童乳牙患龋率具有统计学差异(P<0.01)。2)口腔健康行为分析表明,农村儿童进食糖果、巧克力、糖水、碳酸饮料、果汁等的频率高于城市。城市儿童开始刷牙时间、频率、用含氟牙膏的比例均高于农村。城市家长普遍学历高,收入多,儿童定期检查和采取预防措施的人数高于农村。结论辽宁省,尤其是农村地区应加强对家庭口腔健康行为的教育。

甘肃省口腔健康流行病学抽样调查报告

目的:了解并分析甘肃省城乡人群口腔健康状况,为口腔预防保健工作提供信息支持。方法:按照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查标准和方法,采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样方法对3158名5、12、35～44、65～74岁4个年龄组的甘肃省城乡常住人口进行口腔健康调查。结果:被调查的4个年龄组患龋率分别为55.80%、19.09%、61.95%、78.63%,龋齿充填率3.11%、10.76%、10.34%、4.60%;12、35～44、65～74岁组牙龈出血检出率82.81%、93.55%、85.34%,牙结石检出率69.66%、99.37%、92.54%;35～44岁、65～74岁组牙周袋检出率60.94%、62.20%,口腔黏膜病检出率6.32%、7.71%,义齿修复情况以可摘局部义齿和非正规固定桥多见。结论:甘肃省城乡人群龋病患病情况低于2005年全国平均水平,多数年龄组比1995年甘肃省结果明显降低,但牙周病患病情况严重且高于全国平均水平。

江苏省5～74岁自然人群龋病的现况调查

目的:了解江苏省自然人群龋病流行状况,为开展口腔预防保健提供基线资料及制定龋病防治规划提供参考依据。方法:参考世界卫生组织(WHO)《口腔健康调查基本方法》(第4版)和全国第3次口腔健康流行病学调查方法,采用多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,抽取江苏省城乡36个调查点共3164人,其中男性1583人,女性1581人;分5岁、12岁、35～44岁和65～74岁4个年龄组进行调查。结果:5岁年龄组乳牙患龋率和龋均分别为69.15%和3.49,两者男女间差异均无显著性(P>0.05);恒牙患龋率和龋均分别为0.51%和0.01。12岁年龄组恒牙患龋率和龋均分别为27.02%和0.47,女性显著高于男性(患龋率P<0.01,龋均P<0.05)。35～44岁年龄组恒牙患龋率和龋均分别为59.37%和1.76,女性显著高于男性(P<0.01)。65～74岁年龄组恒牙患龋率和龋均分别为77.75%和3.81,女性显著高于男性(患龋率P<0.05,龋均P<0.01)。4个年龄组患龋率、龋均均低于1995年全国平均水平。龋齿充填率均很低,乳牙为2.24%;恒牙龋充填率4个年龄组分别为0%、4.61%、18.39%和7.06%,平均为10.16%。结论:江苏省人群龋病的流行状况与全国第2次口腔健康调查(1995年)的结果相比患龋率和龋均均较低,12岁年龄组龋均<1.1,龋齿的充填率低。应加强口腔预防保健工作,提高龋病的治疗率。