Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused by three poliovirus(PV)serotypes.Less than 1%of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis.The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio v...Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused by three poliovirus(PV)serotypes.Less than 1%of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis.The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio vaccine(IPV)and the Sabin oral polio vaccine(OPV).Global poliomyelitis eradication was proposed in 1988by the World Health Organization to its member states.The strategic plan established the activities required for polio eradication,certification for regions,OPV cessation phase and post-OPV phase.OPV is the vaccine of choice for the poliomyelitis eradication program because it induces both a systemic and mucosal immune response.The major risks of OPV vaccination are the appearance of Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis cases(VAPP)and the emergence of Vaccine Derived Polioviruses strains.The supplementary immunization with monovalent strains of OPV type 1 or type 3 or with a new bivalent oral polio vaccine b OPV(containing type1 and type 3 PV)has been introduced in those regions where the virus has been difficult to control.Most countries have switched the schedule of vaccination by using IPV instead of OPV because it poses no risk of vaccine-related disease.Until 2008,poliomyelitis was controlled in Romania,an Eastern European country,predominantly using OPV.The alternative vaccinationschedule(IPV/OPV)was implemented starting in September 2008,while beginning in 2009,the vaccination was IPV only.The risk of VAPP will disappear worldwide with the cessation of use of OPV.The immunization for polio must be maintained for at least 5 to 10 years using IPV.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘a...Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.展开更多
文摘Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused by three poliovirus(PV)serotypes.Less than 1%of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis.The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio vaccine(IPV)and the Sabin oral polio vaccine(OPV).Global poliomyelitis eradication was proposed in 1988by the World Health Organization to its member states.The strategic plan established the activities required for polio eradication,certification for regions,OPV cessation phase and post-OPV phase.OPV is the vaccine of choice for the poliomyelitis eradication program because it induces both a systemic and mucosal immune response.The major risks of OPV vaccination are the appearance of Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis cases(VAPP)and the emergence of Vaccine Derived Polioviruses strains.The supplementary immunization with monovalent strains of OPV type 1 or type 3 or with a new bivalent oral polio vaccine b OPV(containing type1 and type 3 PV)has been introduced in those regions where the virus has been difficult to control.Most countries have switched the schedule of vaccination by using IPV instead of OPV because it poses no risk of vaccine-related disease.Until 2008,poliomyelitis was controlled in Romania,an Eastern European country,predominantly using OPV.The alternative vaccinationschedule(IPV/OPV)was implemented starting in September 2008,while beginning in 2009,the vaccination was IPV only.The risk of VAPP will disappear worldwide with the cessation of use of OPV.The immunization for polio must be maintained for at least 5 to 10 years using IPV.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.
