Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal that oral secretions from Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura influence wound-induced host response in cotton

Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)is an important fiber crop worldwide.Insect attack causes cotton yield and quality losses.However,little is known about the mechanism of cotton response to insect attack.We simulated insect feeding by applying insect oral secretions(OS)to wounds,and combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate how OS from two major pest species(Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura)affect cotton defense responses.We found that respectively 12,668 and 13,379 genes were differentially expressed in comparison with wounding alone.On addition of OS,the jasmonic acid signaling pathway was rapidly and strongly induced,whereas genes involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis were downregulated.On constructing a coexpression gene network,we identified a hub gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase that may play an important role in early signal recognition and transduction.OS from the two insect species altered the abundance of flavonoid-related compounds in different patterns.Gossypol remained in lower concentration after OS application than after wounding alone,suggesting a suppressive effect of OS on cotton defense response.This study illustrated transcriptional and metabolic changes of cotton in responding to OS from two chewing insect species,identified potential key response genes,and revealed evidence for OS inhibition of wounding-induced cotton defense response.

Difference in volatiles of poplar induced by various damages

Three treatments including mechanical damage, Lymantria dispar attacking and daubing oral secretions of the in-sects on mechanically damaged cut were conducted on Populus simonii譖opulus pyramibalis c.v. in order to find the genuine reason leading to effective resistance response of tree to insects attacking. The release situation of the induced volatiles of the plant was analyzed by TCT-GC/MS at 24 hours after damages. The results indicated that some of the volatiles such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, decanal, 3-hexenyl isovalerate, nonanal, ocimene, and 2-cyanobutane can be induced by both insects attack-ing and mechanical damage, while 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, 2-methyl-6-methylene-1,7-octadien-3-one, caryophyllene, Isovaleronitrile, diethyl-methyl-benzamide, and dicapryl phthalate were only induced by insects attacking. Such difference in volatiles was attributed to that there existed active components in oral sections of the larvae of Lymantria dispar

Use of First-phase Insulin Secretion in Early Diagnosis of Thyroid Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background：A relationship between hyperthyroidism and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） has been reported.Therefore,this study explored the use of first-phase insulin secretion in the differential diagnosis of thyroid diabetes （TDM） and T2DM.Methods：In total,101 patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into hyperthyroidism with normal glucose tolerance （TNGT）,hyperthyroidism with impaired glucose regulation （TIGR）,and diabetes （TDM） groups.Furthermore,96 patients without hyperthyroidism were recruited as control groups （normal glucose tolerance [NGT],impaired glucose regulation [IGR],and T2DM）.The following parameters were evaluated：homeostasis model assessment （HOMA）-IR,HOMA-β,modified β-cell function index （MBCI）,peak insulin/fasting insulin （IP/I0）,AUCins-OGTT,and AUCins-OGTr/AUCglu-OGTT from the oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） insulin release test were utilized to assess the second-phase insulin secretion,while the IP/I0,AIR0＇-10＇,and AUCins-IVGTT from the intravenous glucose tolerance test （IVGTT） insulin release test were used to assess the first-phase insulin secretion.Results：In the OGTT,the HOMA-β values of the TNGT and TDM groups were higher than those of the NGT and T2DM groups （all P 〈 0.05）.In the hyperthyroidism groups,the MBCI of the TDM group was lower than that of the TNGT and TIGR groups （all P 〈 0.05）.Among the control groups,the MBCI values of the IGR and T2DM groups were lower than that of the normal glucose tolerance （NGT） group （all P 〈 0.05）.In the IVGTT,insulin secretion peaked for all groups at 2-4 min,except for the T2DM group,which showed a low plateau and no secretion peak.The IPvalues of the TNGT,TIGR,and TDM groups were higher than those of the NGT,IGR,and T2DM groups （all P 〈 0.05）.The IP/I0,AIR0＇-10＇,and AUCins-IVGTT values of the TDM group were higher than those of the T2DM group but were lower than those of the TNGT,TIGR,NGR,and IGR groups （all P 〈 0.05）.Compared with the other five groups,the IP/I0 AIR0＇-10＇,and AUCins-IVGTT values of the T2DM group were significantly decreased （all P 〈 0.05）.The IP/I0 and AUCins-IVGTT values of the TNGT group were higher than those of the NGT group （all P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions：β-cell function in TDM patients is superior to that in T2DM patients.First-phase insulin secretion could be used as an early diagnostic marker to differentiate TDM and T2DM.

Mutation of the Arabidopsis Calmodulin-Like Protein CML37 Deregulates the Jasmonate Pathway and Enhances Susceptibility to Herbivory

Throughout their life, plants are challenged by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Among those are attacks from herbivorous insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying the detection of herbivores and the subsequent signal transduction are not well understood. As a second messenger, fluxes in intracellular Ca2＋ levels play a key role in mediating stress response pathways. Ca2＋ signals are decoded by Ca2＋ sensor proteins such as calmodulin-like proteins （CMLs）. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant CML37 behaves like a Ca2＋ sensor in vitro and, in Arabidopsis, AtCML37 is induced by mechanical wounding as well as by infestation with larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Loss of function of CML37 led to a better feeding performance of larvae suggesting that CML37 is a positive defense regulator. No herbivory-induced changes in secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates or flavonoids were detected in cml37 plants, although a significant reduction in the accumulation of jasmonates was observed, due to reduced expression of JAR1 mRNA and cellular enzyme activity. Consequently, the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes was reduced as well. Summarizing, our results suggest that the Ca2＋ sensor protein, CML37, functions as a positive regulator in Ca2＋ signaling during herbivory, connecting Ca2＋ and jasmonate signaling.

Mirids secrete a TOPLESS targeting protein to enhance JA-mediated defense and gossypol accumulation for antagonizing cotton bollworms on cotton plants

Most coexisting insect species exhibit stunted growth compared to individual species on plants.This phenomenon reflects an interspecific antagonism drawing extensive attention,while the underlying mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized.Mirids(Apolygus lucorum)and cotton bollworms(Helicoverpa armigera)are two common cotton pests.We identified a secretory protein,ASP1,from the oral secretion of mirids,found in the nucleus of mirid-infested cotton leaves.ASP1 specifically targets the transcriptional co-repressor TOPLESS(TPL)and inhibits NINJA-mediated recruitment of TPL,promoting plant defense response and gossypol accumulation in cotton glands.ASP1-enhanced defense inhibits the growth of cotton bollworms on cotton plants,while having limited impact on mirids.The mesophyll-feeding characteristic allows mirids to avoid most cotton glands,invalidating cotton defense.Our investigation reveals the molecular mechanism by which mirids employ cotton defense to selectively inhibit the feeding of cotton bollworms.