Effect of navigation endoscopy combined with threedimensional printing technology in the treatment of orbital blowout fractures

●AIM:To explore the combined application of surgical navigation nasal endoscopy(NNE)and three-dimensional printing technology(3DPT)for the adjunctive treatment of orbital blowout fractures(OBF).●METHODS:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of patients with OBF who underwent surgical treatment at the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University between July 2012 and November 2022.The control group consisted of patients who received traditional surgical treatment(n=43),while the new surgical group(n=52)consisted of patients who received NNE with 3DPT.The difference in therapeutic effects between the two groups was evaluated by comparing the duration of the operation,best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),enophthalmos difference,recovery rate of eye movement disorder,recovery rate of diplopia,and incidence of postoperative complications.●RESULTS:The study included 95 cases(95 eyes),with 63 men and 32 women.The patients’age ranged from 5 to 67y(35.21±15.75y).The new surgical group and the control group exhibited no statistically significant differences in the duration of the operation,BCVA and enophthalmos difference.The recovery rates of diplopia in the new surgical group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1mo[OR=0.03,95%CI(0.01–0.15),P<0.0000]and 3mo[OR=0.11,95%CI(0.03–0.36),P<0.0000]postoperation.Additionally,the recovery rates of eye movement disorders at 1 and 3mo after surgery were OR=0.08,95%CI(0.03–0.24),P<0.0000;and OR=0.01,95%CI(0.00–0.18),P<0.0000.The incidence of postoperative complications was lower in the new surgical group compared to the control group[OR=4.86,95%CI(0.95–24.78),P<0.05].●CONCLUSION:The combination of NNE and 3DPT can shorten the recovery time of diplopia and eye movement disorder in patients with OBF.

Ophthalmologic Repercussions of Orbital Fractures

Orbital fractures refer to all continuity solutions involving the wall of the orbit. They are responsible for serious complications, particularly ophthalmological. Objective: To identify the epidemiological, anatomical and clinical aspects as well as the possible ocular complications of orbital fractures in the Gbêkê region. Methods: Prospective study from July 1, 2020, to October 31, 2020, i.e., a duration of 4 months. It took place in the ophthalmology department of the University Hospital of Bouaké. Patients with orbital fractures with ocular repercussions received during the study period were included. Results: Out of 27 cases of orbital floor fracture received, 20 had ocular complications, i.e., a prevalence of 74.07%. The average age was 32 years with extremes of 18 and 48 years. The male gender predominated with 80%, i.e. a sex ratio of 4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage was the most frequent reason for consultation (70%). The etiology was dominated by road traffic accidents (85%). The average consultation time was 24 hours. 80% of the patients had a distance visual acuity (DVA) between 3/10 and 10/10.) Diplopia was observed in 60% of patients. Blow out fracture (70%) was the most prominent orbital lesion. At the paraclinical level, 80% of the patients had performed a CT scan of the orbit. Evisceration was the predominant ophthalmologic surgical management (4 patients). At the bone level, reconstruction of the orbital floor with a polydioxanone plate (PDS) was performed in 50% of patients. Conclusion: The risk of ocular injury in orbital fractures is frequent because of the close relationship between the orbit and the eyeball.

Role of orthoptics and scoring system for orbital floor blowout fracture:surgical or conservative treatment

AIM:To assess the role of orthoptics in referring patients with orbital floor blowout fracture(OFBF)for conservative or surgical treatment and based on the results,to propose a scoring system for such decision making.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 69 patients with OFBF was performed(35 treated conservatively,34 surgically).The role of orthoptics in referring to surgery or conservative treatment was retrospectively evaluated,the factors with the highest significance for decision making were identified,and a scoring system proposed using Logistic regression.RESULTS:According to defined criteria,the treatment was unsuccessful in 2(6%)surgically treated and only in one(3%)conservatively treated patient.The proposed scoring system includes the defect size and several values resulting from the orthoptic examination,the elevation of the eyebulb measured on Lancaster screen being the most significant.CONCLUSION:The study demonstrates the benefits of orthoptic examination when making decisions on conservative or surgical treatment and for diagnosing ocular motility disorder(with or without binocular diplopia)in OFBF patients.The proposed scoring system could,following verification in a prospective study,become a valuable adjunctive tool.

Analysis of the effect of repair materials for orbital blowout fracture on complications

AIM: To investigate the effect of repair materials for orbital blowout fractures on the occurrence of postoperative complications. METHODS: The clinical data and follow-up data of 54 subjects with orbital blowout fractures were retrospectively analyzed. The study was divided into three groups according to the used repair materials: titanium mesh(16 cases), Medpor(12 cases), and Medpor titanium mesh(26 cases). All test data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23.0 statistical software. The mean age and duration of disease between the groups were compared through oneway analysis of variance. The Chi-square(χ~2) test was used to compare the number of males and females, different fracture types, and different surgical approaches among groups. The χ~2 test was used to compare the frequencies for complications in each group.RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of age and gender in each group were matched(F=1.763, P=0.172;χ~2=0.026, P=0.987). In addition, there was no difference in the type of fracture and surgical approach(χ~2=0.460, P=0.977;χ~2=0.691, P=0.952), or the incidence of complications(χ~2=0.081, P=0.960) between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Although there is no difference in effect of various repair materials on the incidence of complications, the effect of repair materials on postoperative complications of orbital blowout fractures should not be ignored.

Biomechanical analysis of an absorbable material for treating fractures of the inferior orbital wall

AIM:To investigate the biomechanical properties and practical application of absorbable materials in orbital fracture repair.METHODS:The three-dimensional(3D)model of orbital blowout fractures was reconstructed using Mimics21.0 software.The repair guide plate model for inferior orbital wall fracture was designed using 3-matic13.0 and Geomagic wrap 21.0 software.The finite element model of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable repair plate was established using 3-matic13.0 and ANSYS Workbench 21.0 software.The mechanical response of absorbable plates,with thicknesses of 0.6 and 1.2 mm,was modeled after their placement in the orbit.Two patients with inferior orbital wall fractures volunteered to receive single-layer and double-layer absorbable plates combined with 3D printing technology to facilitate surgical treatment of orbital wall fractures.RESULTS:The finite element models of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable plate were successfully established.Finite element analysis(FEA)showed that when the Young’s modulus of the absorbable plate decreases to 3.15 MPa,the repair material with a thickness of 0.6 mm was influenced by the gravitational forces of the orbital contents,resulting in a maximum total deformation of approximately 3.3 mm.Conversely,when the absorbable plate was 1.2 mm thick,the overall maximum total deformation was around 0.4 mm.The half-year follow-up results of the clinical cases confirmed that the absorbable plate with a thickness of 1.2 mm had smaller maximum total deformation and better clinical efficacy.CONCLUSION:The biomechanical analysis observations in this study are largely consistent with the clinical situation.The use of double-layer absorbable plates in conjunction with 3D printing technology is recommended to support surgical treatment of infraorbital wall blowout fractures.

Application of endoscopic techniques in orbital blowout fractures

Minimally invasive surgical techniques,particularly endoscopic techniques,have revolutionized otolaryngeal surgery.Endoscopic techniques have been gradually applied in orbital surgery through the sinus inferomedial to the orbit and the orbital subperiosteal space.Endoscopic techniques help surgeons observe fractures and soft tissue of the posterior orbit to precisely place implants and protect vital structures through accurate,safe,and minimally invasive approaches.We reviewed the development of endoscopic techniques,the composition of endoscopic systems for orbital surgery,and the problems and developmental prospects of endoscopic techniques for simple orbital wall fracture repair.

Operative technique for a combined transcaruncular-transconjunctival approach to double-walled orbital fractures

Double-walled orbital fractures involving the floor and medial wall are commonly encountered in instances of significant midface trauma.Operative intervention is indicated in the presence of persistent diplopia,significant enophthalmos,or muscle entrapment.Surgical repair of these injuries may be challenging due to large fracture sizes or loss of bony supports.The transconjunctival and transcaruncular approaches have been popularized to reconstruct isolated floor and medial wall fractures,respectively.However,surgical approaches for fractures involving both these walls have not been well described in the literature.In this technical note,we detail a combined transcaruncular-transconjunctival approach that is safe,effective,and aesthetically sensitive.

Orbital Floor Fractures: Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutical Study at Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital in Loméabout 51 Cases

Introduction: Orbital floor fractures are a significant pathology among maxillofacial injuries. They can cause oculomotor, sensory, and sometimes esthetic disorders. The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of orbital floor fractures and show their clinical and therapeutic approach in Lomé. Patients and method: This was a descriptive retrospective study of orbital floor fractures collected in the ENT and maxillofacial surgery department of Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lomé over 8 years (January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2018). Results: We reviewed 63 cases of orbital floor fractures out of 552 cases of facial trauma. According to the inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, we retained 51 cases. The hospital frequency of orbital floor fractures was 9.24% of facial fractures. The average age of the patients was 35 ± 10.34 years. Males were predominant (ratio = 7.5). The main etiology was road accidents (92.16%). Ophthalmological signs were dominated by vertical diplopia (31.37%), limited eye movement (25.49%), and enophthalmia (29.41%). The sensory sign was dominated by suborbital hypoesthesia (13.73%). Surgical treatment was performed in 86.27% of patients. The average intervention time was 17.84 ± 12.69 days after the trauma. The main approach was the subciliary route (65.91%). The surgical procedures consisted of muscle and fat removal (20.45%) and orbital floor repair by mesh plate (50%). The average length of hospitalization was 9.63 ± 5.23 days. Surgical site infection was the main postoperative complication observed in 3.92% of patients. The main sequelae were diplopia (4.55%), suborbital hypoesthesia (4.55%), and enophthalmos (4.55%). Conclusion: Orbital floor fractures are mainly due to road accidents. Management must be multidisciplinary and adequate in order to avoid irreversible functional and/or morphological sequelae. Their prevention consists of effective combat of road accidents.

有限元方法在眼眶生物力学中的应用进展

有限元方法(FEM)是力学研究中常用的数学方法,将物体划分为离散且相互作用的有限单元。在医学研究中,有限元分析(FEA)可模拟难以开展的生物力学实验。眼眶手术极具挑战性且具有陡峭的学习曲线,给眼科医生带来了巨大挑战。FEM可模拟分析眼眶组织的力学特性,为眼眶相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供了新的方法。随着技术的发展,FEM在眼眶疾病的诊疗中愈发成熟,并成为眼眶生物力学研究的热门领域。本文综述了眼眶FEM的最新进展,包括建立眼眶FEA模型、模拟眼眶结构以及在眼眶相关疾病中的应用情况。此外,还讨论了FEM的局限性和未来的研究方向。眼眶FEA作为一种辅助诊疗数字化工具,将随着技术的发展逐渐释放其在眼眶疾病诊疗方面的潜力。

Reconstruction of complex orbital fracture with titanium implants

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of complex orbital fracture reconstruction with titanium implants. METHODS: A retrospective review of 46 patients treated with complex orbital fractures reconstruction using titanium implants from January 2005 to December 2008 was conducted. The following data were recorded: age, gender, mechanism of injury, preoperative and postoperative orbital CT, visual acuity, diplopia, ocular motility and Hertel exophthalmometer. RESULTS: The most common cause was motor vehicle accident (47.8%), followed by industrial injury (30.4%). All patients had improved appearance after operation and CT scan at one week after operation showed the fracture defects of orbit and neighboring areas had been reconstructed. Forty-six cases had various degrees of enophthalmos before operation. Among them, 32 cases were completely corrected, 11 cases improved obviously and 3 cases had no improvement after operation. Thirty-six patients with visual acuity =20/60 revealed diplopia of various degrees, including 26 patients had diplopia in right ahead and/or reading positions. At the sixth month after operation, diplopia disappeared in five patients, 7 patients still had diplopia in right ahead and/or reading positions, 14 patients had diplopia in positions rather than right ahead and reading positions (<20 degrees) and ten patients had diplopia only at peripheral gazing (>20 degrees). All patients had various degrees of ocular motility disorders before operation. At the sixth month after operation, eyeball movement disorder disappeared in 9 patients, 31 patients showed improvement and 6 patients had no improvement. Complications of implant infection, rejection and displacement were not reported after operation. CONCLUSION: The application of titanium implants in the repair of complex orbital fractures greatly improves the appearance and functional results, which is a favorable material for plastic surgery of complex orbital fracture.

眼外肌功能训练对改善眼眶骨折整复术后复视的影响

目的评价术后眼外肌功能训练对眼眶骨折整复术后复视症状恢复的效果。方法选取行眼眶骨折整复术患者66例,随机分为对照组和干预组各33例。对照组执行常规治疗与护理,干预组在对照组的基础上指导患者术后眼外肌功能训练。比较2组干预前和干预后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月的复视情况与患者对护理的满意度。结果术后1周、1个月、3个月及6个月干预组患者0级复视率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。住院期间,干预组患者对护理的满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论眼外肌功能训练有助于眼眶骨折整复术后患者改善复视症状。

颧弓根内固定在上颌骨及颧骨颧弓骨折三维重建中的美学功能评价

目的:探讨颧弓根内固定在上颌骨、颧骨颧弓骨折三维重建中的美学功能。方法:回顾性分析2020年3月-2023年3月笔者医院收治的眶颧颌骨折患者84例,所有患者术前均经CT证实为单侧眶颧颌骨折,均经颧弓根固定复位,所有患者术前术后经CT扫描与三维重建。评价术后半年疗效、眶区对称度和患者满意度。结果:所有患者均于术后7d内复查,骨折均已愈合,复位效果满意。术中均未出现严重并发症,术后亦均未出现并发症。术后半年疗效分级Ⅰ级84例,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级均为0例;术前与术后7d眶区对称度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者疗效和外观恢复满意度分别为(9.22±0.17)分、(9.09±0.12)分,患者对疗效和术后外观恢复均表示很满意。结论:颧弓根固定用于眶颧颌骨折修复,术中精准复位,提高了手术治疗效果,有效改善了患者眶区对称度,患者满意度高,是一种可行性较高的手术治疗方法。

四川盆地二叠系茅口组海相缝洞型气藏试气关键技术

四川盆地二叠系茅口组过平衡钻井液渗滤污染严重,对深穿透射孔、酸压工艺、压井堵漏等试气施工关键技术提出了更高要求。通过对射孔枪弹、射孔液、射孔引爆方式进行优化,同时,通过全岩矿物溶蚀实验、排量预测研究,优化了酸压工艺、堵漏浆配方及压井堵漏方法,形成了超深穿透射孔、酸压、压井堵漏等系列关键工艺技术,满足了缝洞体储层试气技术需求。现场应用6口井/8层,均获得了工业气流,单层试气周期平均缩短9 d,实现了四川盆地二叠系海相碳酸盐岩茅口组气藏“1”字号井的勘探突破。该技术为同类型储层试气施工提供了技术参考。

Ⅲ型鼻眶筛骨折开放式手术客观疗效评估12例

目的分析螺旋CT扫描三维重建测量客观评估Ⅲ型鼻眶筛骨折手术临床疗效的价值。方法选取2018年4月—2022年12月就诊于我院眼耳鼻整形外科的鼻眶筛骨折患者共计12例,利用Mimics Medica软件系统进行螺旋CT三维重建,测量术前和术后的内眦间距、鼻根高度、鼻高、鼻长、鼻宽和鼻偏斜度,评估眼鼻外形的改善效果。结果鼻根高度、鼻偏斜度术后有明显改善,其余测量指标术前和术后无明显差异。结论Mimic软件系统螺旋CT三维重建和测量可以客观评价鼻眶筛骨折开放式手术改善鼻外形的临床疗效。

眼眶病1例

20岁男性患者,因交通事故后右眼眶骨折入院。患者门诊首诊时无颈动脉海绵窦瘘相关症状及体征,伤后2个月检查发现右眼眼压升高,伴有结膜血管扩张。脑磁共振血管成像(MRA)证明为右侧创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘,动脉造影证实了这一点,患者对栓塞治疗反应良好。讨论体会:该病例的临床意义在于临床诊疗过程中必须重视基本的体格检查,创伤后高眼压需系统分析其可能的因素,并且在外伤后数月,也应该考虑创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘存在的可能性。

临床护理路径联合康复训练在眼眶骨折复位术患者中的应用

目的 探讨临床护理路径联合康复训练在眼眶骨折复位术患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年1月-2022年12月在笔者所在医院眼科行眼眶骨折复位术的128例患者为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各64例。对照组实施眼部手术围手术期常规护理及康复训练,观察组实施眼眶骨折复位术临床护理路径联合康复训练。比较2组术眼眼球运动改善率、复视情况及生活质量。结果 干预1个月后,观察组术眼眼球运动改善程度优于对照组(Z=-6.077,P<0.001),复视程度轻于对照组(Z=-3.103,P=0.002),观察组生活质量各维度得分均高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 临床护理路径联合康复训练可以规范眼眶骨折术后患者的护理过程,帮助患者减轻术后复视,尽早恢复眼球运动功能,提高患者的生活质量。

Biocompatibility of polyetheretherketone for the treatment of orbital bone defects

AIM: To investigate the biocompatibility and therapeutic effects of polyetheretherketone(PEEK) on recovery of a rabbit orbital defect.METHODS: Totally 16 New Zealand rabbits were used to establish an orbital bone defect model and then randomly divided into two groups. PEEK was implanted in the experimental group. The control group was blank, and no substance was implanted. The model rabbits were sacrificed at 4 and 8 wk, and examined by general observations, histology, electron microscopy, Western blotting, and realtime polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: No infection or rejection occurred after PEEK implantation, and biocompatibility was good. The relative expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) protein in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group postoperatively(P<0.05). Bone defect repair in the experimental group was significantly better than that in the control group in the same period and some osteogenesis was observed.CONCLUSION: PEEK has good biocompatibility and efficacy for the treatment of orbital bone defects in a rabbit model.

Temporary severe oculomotor nerve palsy after reconstruction of orbital medial wall fracture: a case report of nonfamiliar complication

Dear Editor, Commonly known complications following reconstruction of an orbital fracture include diplopia, hemorrhage, and displacement or infection of the orbital implant, and some studies have reported ptosis caused by temporary or permanent oculomotor nerve palsy after operation.

Repeated Hemorrhage after Repair of Orbital Floor Fracture with a Silicone Implant

A 16-year-old girl was accidentally kicked in her right eye by her cheerleading teammate in an exercise. Upward gaze ability of her right eye was severely impaired and computed tomography (CT) showed a trapdoor fracture of the right orbital floor. After surgical exploration, a silicone implant was inserted. No bleeding was confirmed at this time. The next day, CT detected a hematoma on the right orbital floor. The hematoma was drained and meticulous cautery was used to control any potential bleeding. The same silicone implant was re-inserted. Irrespective of attempts to avoid hemorrhage, this occurred twice after the respective evacuations. During a fourth operation, we removed the silicone implant simultaneously with hematoma evacuation. No hematoma has occurred since, and the patient’s ocular movement has dramatically improved to a normal binocular single vision field. When repeated hemorrhages occur after an orbital floor fracture repair with insertion of a silicone implant, removal of the implant is an effective strategy to resolve the hemorrhage.

Water balloon-induced orbital fracture in an aviator

Background:Orbital fractures are common injuries found in facial trauma.Typical etiologies of orbital fractures include motor vehicle collisions and assault.We report the case of a 32-year-old male who suffered an orbital fracture from a water balloon.Additionally,we describe the aeromedical complications that may result from this injury.Finally,we attempt to answer the question of when a patient may return to flying after sustaining such an injury through review of the literature.Case presentation:A 32-year-old male pilot with the United States Air Force was at an outdoor event with his unit when he was struck with a water balloon launched from a sling shot into his left orbit.Shortly afterwards,he had an onset of subcutaneous emphysema and was escorted to a nearby Emergency Department.Computed tomography identified an orbital fracture with associated orbital and subcutaneous emphysema.The patient was evaluated by a plastic surgeon and was determined not to be a surgical candidate.Four weeks later,he returned to flying status.Conclusions:Water balloons are thought to be safe and harmless toys.However,when coupled with sling shots,water balloons can become formidable projectiles capable of significant orbital injury including orbital fractures.These injuries are concerning to aviators,as the most common sites for fractures of the orbit are the thin ethmoid and maxillary bones adjacent to the sinuses.At altitude,gases in the sinuses may expand and enter the orbit through these fractures,which may suddenly incapacitate the flyer.It is important for flight surgeons to identify and assess these individuals to determine suitability for flying.