Although the single-particle model enhanced with electrolyte dynamics(SPMe)is simplified from the pseudo-twodimensional(P2D)electrochemical model for lithium-ion batteries,it is difficult to solve the partial differen...Although the single-particle model enhanced with electrolyte dynamics(SPMe)is simplified from the pseudo-twodimensional(P2D)electrochemical model for lithium-ion batteries,it is difficult to solve the partial differential equations of solid–liquid phases in real-time applications.Moreover,working temperatures have a heavy impact on the battery behavior.Hence,a thermal-coupling SPMe is constructed.Herein,a lumped thermal model is established to estimate battery temperatures.The order of the SPMe model is reduced by using both transfer functions and truncation techniques and merged with Arrhenius equations for thermal effects.The polarization voltage drop is then modified through the use of test data because its original model is unreliable theoretically.Finally,the coupling-model parameters are extracted using genetic algorithms.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model produces average errors of about 42 mV under 15 constant current conditions and 15 mV under nine dynamic conditions,respectively.This new electrochemicalthermal coupling model is reliable and expected to be used for onboard applications.展开更多
In this paper,we consider a networked game with coupled constraints and focus on variational Nash equilibrium seeking.For distributed algorithm design,we eliminate the coupled constraints by employing local Lagrangian...In this paper,we consider a networked game with coupled constraints and focus on variational Nash equilibrium seeking.For distributed algorithm design,we eliminate the coupled constraints by employing local Lagrangian functions and construct exact penalty terms to attain multipliers'optimal consensus,which yields a set of equilibrium conditions without any coupled constraint and consensus constraint.Moreover,these conditions are only based on strategy and multiplier variables,without auxiliary variables.Then,we present a distributed order-reduced dynamics that updates the strategy and multiplier variables with guaranteed convergence.Compared with many other distributed algorithms,our algorithm contains no auxiliary variable,and therefore,it can save computation and communication.展开更多
The linear third-order ordinary differential equation （ODE） can be transformed into a system of two second-order ODEs by introducing a variable replacement, which is different from the common order-reduced approach....The linear third-order ordinary differential equation （ODE） can be transformed into a system of two second-order ODEs by introducing a variable replacement, which is different from the common order-reduced approach. We choose the functions p（z） and q（x） in the variable replacement to get different cases of the special order-reduced system for the linear third-order ODE. We analyze the numerical behavior and algebraic properties of the systems of linear equations resulting from the sine diseretizations of these special second-order ODE systems. Then the block-diagonal preconditioner is used to accelerate the convergence of the Krylov subspace iteration methods for solving the discretized system of linear equation. Numerical results show that these order-reduced methods are effective for solving the linear third-order ODEs.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF0601101)。
文摘Although the single-particle model enhanced with electrolyte dynamics(SPMe)is simplified from the pseudo-twodimensional(P2D)electrochemical model for lithium-ion batteries,it is difficult to solve the partial differential equations of solid–liquid phases in real-time applications.Moreover,working temperatures have a heavy impact on the battery behavior.Hence,a thermal-coupling SPMe is constructed.Herein,a lumped thermal model is established to estimate battery temperatures.The order of the SPMe model is reduced by using both transfer functions and truncation techniques and merged with Arrhenius equations for thermal effects.The polarization voltage drop is then modified through the use of test data because its original model is unreliable theoretically.Finally,the coupling-model parameters are extracted using genetic algorithms.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model produces average errors of about 42 mV under 15 constant current conditions and 15 mV under nine dynamic conditions,respectively.This new electrochemicalthermal coupling model is reliable and expected to be used for onboard applications.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grant 2022YFA1004700in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 72171171in part by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project under grant 2021SHZDZX0100.
文摘In this paper,we consider a networked game with coupled constraints and focus on variational Nash equilibrium seeking.For distributed algorithm design,we eliminate the coupled constraints by employing local Lagrangian functions and construct exact penalty terms to attain multipliers'optimal consensus,which yields a set of equilibrium conditions without any coupled constraint and consensus constraint.Moreover,these conditions are only based on strategy and multiplier variables,without auxiliary variables.Then,we present a distributed order-reduced dynamics that updates the strategy and multiplier variables with guaranteed convergence.Compared with many other distributed algorithms,our algorithm contains no auxiliary variable,and therefore,it can save computation and communication.
文摘The linear third-order ordinary differential equation （ODE） can be transformed into a system of two second-order ODEs by introducing a variable replacement, which is different from the common order-reduced approach. We choose the functions p（z） and q（x） in the variable replacement to get different cases of the special order-reduced system for the linear third-order ODE. We analyze the numerical behavior and algebraic properties of the systems of linear equations resulting from the sine diseretizations of these special second-order ODE systems. Then the block-diagonal preconditioner is used to accelerate the convergence of the Krylov subspace iteration methods for solving the discretized system of linear equation. Numerical results show that these order-reduced methods are effective for solving the linear third-order ODEs.
