Enlightenment of calcite veins in deep Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi shales fractures to migration and enrichment of shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin, SW China

The relationship between fracture calcite veins and shale gas enrichment in the deep Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation (Wufeng-Longmaxi) shales in southern Sichuan Basin was investigated through core and thin section observations, cathodoluminescence analysis, isotopic geochemistry analysis, fluid inclusion testing, and basin simulation. Tectonic fracture calcite veins mainly in the undulating part of the structure and non-tectonic fracture calcite veins are mainly formed in the gentle part of the structure. The latter, mainly induced by hydrocarbon generation, occurred at the stage of peak oil and gas generation, while the former turned up with the formation of Luzhou paleouplift during the Indosinian. Under the influence of hydrocarbon generation pressurization process, fractures were opened and closed frequently, and oil and gas episodic activities are recorded by veins. The formation pressure coefficient at the maximum paleodepth exceeds 2.0. The formation uplift stage after the Late Yanshanian is the key period for shale gas migration. Shale gas migrates along the bedding to the high part of the structure. The greater the structural fluctuation is, the more intense the shale gas migration activity is, and the loss is more. The gentler the formation is, the weaker the shale gas migration activity is, and the loss is less. The shale gas enrichment in the core of gentle anticlines and gentle synclines is relatively higher.

Source Rock and Cap Rock Controls on the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale Gas Accumulation in the Sichuan Basin and its Peripheral Areas

Objective The Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is one of the priority interval for shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas, and commercial shale gas has been discovered from this interval in Jiaoshiba, Changning and Weiyuan shale gas fields in Sichuan Province. However, there is no significant discovery in other parts of the basin due to the different quality of black shale and the differences of tectonic evolution. Based on the progress of shale gas geological theory and exploration discoveries, as well as the theory of ＂source rock and cap rock controls on hydrocarbon accumulation＂, of the Upper Ordovician the main controlling factors Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas enrichment in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas were analyzed, and the source rock and cap rock controls on the shale gas were also discussed. The results can provide new insights for the next shale gas exploration in this area.

Hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of deepwater shelf shales of Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, China

As the hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of high quality shales of Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation– Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation remain unclear, based on geological conditions and experimental modelling of shale gas formation, the shale gas generation and accumulation mechanisms as well as their coupling relationships of deep-water shelf shales in Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin were analyzed from petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry. The high quality shales of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin are characterized by high thermal evolution, high hydrocarbon generation intensity, good material base, and good roof and floor conditions;the high quality deep-water shelf shale not only has high biogenic silicon content and organic carbon content, but also high porosity coupling. It is concluded that:(1) The shales had good preservation conditions and high retainment of crude oil in the early times, and the shale gas was mainly from cracking of crude oil.(2) The biogenic silicon(opal A) turned into crystal quartz in early times of burial diagenesis, lots of micro-size intergranular pores were produced in the same time;moreover, the biogenic silicon frame had high resistance to compaction, thus it provided the conditions not only for oil charge in the early stage, but also for formation and preservation of nanometer cellular-like pores, and was the key factor enabling the preservation of organic pores.(3) The high quality shale of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation had high brittleness, strong homogeneity, siliceous intergranular micro-pores and nanometer organic pores, which were conducive to the formation of complicated fissure network connecting the siliceous intergranular nano-pores, and thus high and stable production of shale gas.

Biostratigraphy and reservoir characteristics of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas,China

Through graptolite identification in profiles,graptolite zone division,contour map compilation,and analysis of mineral composition,TOC content,lamina distribution features of shale samples,the biostratigraphic and reservoir characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral are sorted out.There are 4 graptolite zones(WF1 to WF4)in Wufeng Formation and 9(LM1 to LM9)in Longmaxi Formation,and the different graptolite zones can be calibrated by lithology and electrical property.The shale layers of these graptolite zones have two depocenters in the southwest and northeast,and differ in mineral composition,TOC,and lamina types.Among them,the graptolite zones of lower WF2 and WF4 are organic matter-poor massive hybrid shale,the upper part of WF1-WF2 and WF3 have horizontal bedding hybrid shale with organic matter,the LM1-LM4 mainly consist of organic-rich siliceous shale with horizontal bedding,and the LM5-LM9 graptolite zones consist of organic-lean hybrid shale with horizontal bedding.The mineral composition,TOC and lamina types of shale depend on the paleo-climate,paleo-water oxidation-reduction conditions,and paleo-sedimentation rate during its deposition.Deposited in oxygen-rich warm water,the lower parts of WF1 and WF2 graptolite zones have massive bedding,low TOC and silicon content.Deposited in cooler and oxygen-rich water,the WF4 has massive bedding,high calcium content and low TOC.Deposited in anoxic water with low rate,the upper part of WF2,WF3,and LM1-LM4 are composed of organic rich siliceous shale with horizontal bedding and high proportion of silt laminae.Deposited in oxygen rich water at a high rate,the graptolite zones LM5-LM9 have low contents of organic matter and siliceous content and high proportions of silt lamina.

Basic characteristics of key interfaces in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery,SW China

Based on anatomy of key areas and data points and analysis of typical features of shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member, basic characteristics of key interfaces, mainly bentonite layers, in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas and the relationship between these key interfaces with the deposition of organic-rich shale have been examined systematically. The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation has four types of marker beds with interface attributes, namely, the characteristic graptolite belt, Guanyinqiao Member shell layer, section with dense bentonite layers, and concretion section, which can be taken as key interfaces for stratigraphic division and correlation of the graptolite shale. The shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member is the most standard key interface in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation, and can also be regarded as an important indicator for judging the depositional scale of organic-rich shale in key areas. There are 8 dense bentonite sections of two types mainly occurring in 7 graptolite belts in these formations. They have similar interface characteristics with the shell layer in Guanyinqiao Member in thickness and natural gamma response, and belong to tectonic interfaces(i.e., event deposits). They have three kinds of distribution scales: whole region, large part of the region, and local part, and can be the third, fourth and fifth order sequence interfaces, and have a differential control effect on organic-rich shale deposits. The horizon the characteristic graptolite belt occurs first is the isochronous interface, which is not directly related to the deposition of organic-rich shale. Concretions only appear in local areas, and show poor stability in vertical and horizontal directions, and have no obvious relationship with the deposition of the organic-rich shale.

Enrichment characteristics and exploration directions of deep shale gas of Ordovician-Silurian in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas,China

The enrichment characteristics of deep shale gas in the Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas are investigated through experiments under high temperature and high pressure,including petrophysical properties analyses,triaxial stress test and isothermal adsorption of methane experiment.(1)The deep shale reservoirs drop significantly in porosity and permeability compared with shallower shale reservoirs,and contain mainly free gas.(2)With higher deviatoric stress and axial strain,the deep shale reservoirs have higher difficulty fracturing.(3)Affected by structural location and morphology,fracture characteristics,geofluid activity stages and intensity,deep shale gas reservoirs have more complicated preservation conditions.(4)To achieve the commercial development of deep shale gas reservoirs,deepening geological understanding is the basis,and exploring reservoir simulation technology befitting the geological features is the key.(5)The siliceous shale and limestone-bearing siliceous shale in the Metabolograptus persculptus-Parakidograptus acuminatus zones(LM1-LM3 graptolite zones)are the high-production intervals for deep shale gas and the most favorable landing targets for horizontal drilling.Deeps water areas such as Jiaoshiba,Wulong,Luzhou and Changning with deep shale reservoirs over 10 m thickness are the most favorable areas for deep shale gas enrichment.It is recommended to carry out exploration and development practice in deep-water shale gas areas deposited deep with burial depth no more than 5000 m where the geological structure is simple and the shale thickness in the LM1-LM3 graptolite zone is greater than 10 m.It is better to increase the lateral length of horizontal wells,and apply techniques including high intensity of perforations,large volume of proppant,far-field and near-wellbore diversions to maximize the stimulated deep reservoir volume.

Effects of astronomical orbital cycle and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area, South China

Based on field outcrop data,the effects of cyclic change of astronomical orbit and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area were studied using cyclostratigraphic and geochemical methods.d13 C and chemical index of alteration(CIA)were used to filter the astronomical orbit parameters recorded in sediments.It is found that the climate change driven by orbital cycle controls the fluctuations of sea level at different scales,obliquity forcing climate changes drive thermohaline circulation(THC)of the ocean,and THC-induced bottom currents transport nutrient-laden water from high latitude regions to the surface water of low-latitude area.Hence,THC is the main dynamic mechanism of organic-carbon supply.The marine productivity indexes of Ba/Al and Ni/Al indicate that volcanic activities had limited effect on marine productivity but had great influences on organic carbon preservation efficiency in late Hirnantian(E4).Paleo-ocean redox environmental indicators Th/U,V/Cr and V/(V+Ni)show that there is a significant correlation between volcanism and oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,so it is inferred that volcanisms controlled the organic carbon preservation efficiency by regulating oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,and the difference in volcanism intensity in different areas is an important factor for the differential preservation efficiency of organic carbon.The organic carbon input driven by orbital cycle and the preservation efficiency affected by volcanisms worked together to control the enrichment of organic carbon in the Middle–Upper Yangtze region.

不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异及其油气地质意义——以四川盆地泸州地区深层页岩为例

不同构造单元页岩储层品质、含气性差异明显,构造改造作用对页岩气勘探开发具有控制作用,但关于深层页岩气的构造控制作用机理研究较少,相关认识尚不明确,制约了深层页岩气的勘探开发。为此,通过“岩心—薄片—扫描电镜”多尺度观察、全岩矿物X射线衍射分析、核磁共振等技术手段,对比分析了四川盆地南部泸州地区不同构造单元上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩孔隙结构和储层特征的差异,探讨了不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异与储层品质的耦合关系,明确了页岩气产量差异的内在地质原因,落实了构造改造作用下的页岩气勘探开发有利区。研究结果表明:①向斜区页岩主要以有机质孔隙、非构造裂缝为主,孔径大;背斜区页岩孔隙结构被强烈改造,以矿物粒间孔、构造裂缝为主,矿物粒间孔狭长且定向排列,孔径小。②向斜区构造相对稳定,有机质孔隙、矿物粒间孔以及成岩裂缝保存较好,宏孔占比高,储集性能好,含气量和产量高;背斜区页岩储层发育大量构造裂缝与断层,孔隙和成岩裂缝被压实,孔径减小,储集性能变差,含气量和产量低。③距盆缘剥蚀区越远,构造越稳定的单元,保存条件越好,该类构造单元页岩储层越发育,含气量和产量越高,页岩气勘探开发潜力越大。结论认为,构造运动对于压力系统的影响是形成不同构造单元深层页岩孔隙结构特征差异的重要因素,并控制了页岩储层的含气性与产量;向斜区深层保存条件好,远离剥蚀区,为勘探开发的最有利区,该认识可为深层页岩气勘探开发提供技术支撑。

四川盆地东缘白马地区常压页岩气开发地质评价

涪陵气田是我国第一个实现商业开发的页岩气田,近几年年产气量稳定在70亿m^(3)以上,开发效果良好。随着开发需求不断增大,开发对象由焦石坝等高压页岩气藏逐步转向了白马常压页岩气藏。2021年白马地区提交探明储量1048.83亿m^(3),地质资源基础得到夯实,而开发地质评价与目标优选是实现储量有效动用第一环。以分析化验、测井解释、地震预测、压裂试气资料为基础,开展白马地区常压页岩气开发有利层段与有利目标评价研究。研究结果表明,白马地区奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组发育深水陆棚相富有机质页岩,其中深水陆棚硅质页岩是开发最有利层段。明确了地层压力系数、孔隙度、天然裂缝、应力性质是常压页岩气开发地质评价的关键参数。以此为基础,建立了白马常压页岩气藏开发选区地质参数体系,优选白马向斜南部为开发建产第一目标,实现了规模效益建产,对常压页岩气开发具有重要借鉴意义。

川南长宁地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩气储层低电阻率响应特征及主控因素

以川南长宁地区NX22井五峰组—龙马溪组低电阻率页岩气储层为例,利用岩心矿物组分、扫描电镜、总有机碳(TOC)含量、含水饱和度测试及测井曲线等资料,确立了低电阻率页岩气储层岩石体积物理模型,采用随机法构建了三维数字岩心模型,进而利用有限元数值模拟方法模拟计算各矿物组分含量、含水饱和度及有机质石墨化的电阻率响应特征,并分析其主控因素。研究结果表明:(1)长宁地区五峰组—龙马溪组低电阻率页岩气储层岩石体积物理模型由骨架(石英、长石、方解石和白云石等)、黏土矿物、黄铁矿、未石墨化有机质以及石墨化有机质、孔隙6个部分组成。(2)三维数字岩心模型的长、宽、高分别为100×100×100像素,融入了上述物理模型中的6个部分,并采用不同的颜色对导电组分进行标识,可以显示不同方向上的切片,表征低电阻率页岩气储层的组分特性。(3)黏土矿物含量、黄铁矿含量、含水饱和度以及有机质石墨化程度等4个参数增大都会造成页岩气储层的电阻率下降,而有机质的高石墨化程度(25%)和高含水饱和度(88.0%)使页岩气储层的电阻率从正常电阻率(大于15Ω·m)降到低阻甚至超低阻(小于5Ω·m),是导致研究区页岩气储层超低阻响应的2个核心因素。

K-bentonite beds and high-resolution integrated strati- graphy of the uppermost Ordovician Wufeng and the lowest Silurian Longmaxi formations in South China

More than 20 K-bentonite beds were discovered from the Wufeng Formation and the lowest Longmaxi Formation in two sections, both adjacent to the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) bound-ary and located in Tongzi, Guizhou Province and Yichang, Hubei Province, some 500 km apart from each other in South China. This indicates that many volcanic eruptions occurred near the southeast margin of the Yangtze Platform between the latest Ordovician and the earliest Silurian. Mainly through biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic studies, it was found that almost all these far-apart K-bentonite beds may be correlated with each other. This is the first time that a succession of volcanic ash deposits with high potential of correlation was discovered within a strata interval on the main platforms of China. Therefore, these K-bentonite beds may afford ex-cellent event-marker beds helpful to high-resolution research in integrated stratigraphy as well as other lines of research on the O-S boundary in South China.

四川盆地东南缘浅层常压页岩气聚集特征与勘探启示

基于四川盆地东南缘老厂坪背斜浅层常压页岩气井的钻井、测井、实验分析和试气试采等资料分析,开展浅层奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩储集层地质特征、页岩气赋存机理与吸附解吸规律等研究,以揭示构造复杂区浅层常压页岩气富集高产规律。研究认为:①浅层常压页岩气优质页岩厚度、地球化学、物性、矿物组成等静态指标与中深层页岩气一致,但具有压力系数和含气量较低、吸附气占比高、地应力小、两向应力差异大等地质特点。②构造复杂区浅层页岩具有“总含气量较低(1.1~4.8 m^(3)/t)、吸附气含量较高(2.5~2.8 m^(3)/t)、敏感解吸压力低(1.7~2.5 MPa)、自封闭性好”的气体赋存特征。③页岩吸附气富集主要受有机质丰度、地层温度和压力等因素控制,有机质丰度和地层压力越高、地层温度越低,吸附能力越强,越有利于吸附气赋存。④浅层常压页岩气敏感解吸压力较低,降低流压至敏感解吸压力以下,可实现吸附气快速解吸产出。⑤PD1井的勘探突破揭示以吸附气为主的浅层构造复杂区仍能形成规模页岩储集层,证实四川盆地周缘浅层常压页岩气具有良好的勘探潜力。

川东南五峰组-龙马溪组深层、超深层页岩储层特征及其页岩气勘探意义

四川盆地东南地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组中深层领域页岩气勘探及页岩储层特征与主控因素的研究已经取得了丰硕成果,而作为当前页岩气勘探重点的深层、超深层领域,由于受钻井等因素的制约,对于其储层发育特征及与中深层页岩储层的差异等研究还不够深入。为了明确五峰组—龙马溪组深层、超深层页岩储层特征,为勘探部署提供依据,选取川东南地区4口埋深在2000~6000 m的典型页岩气钻井,系统开展了深层、超深层页岩储层发育特征及差异对比研究,探讨了储层孔隙发育的成因。研究表明:(1)埋深在6000 m以内,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩储层依然能够发育高孔有效储层,且随埋深的增大孔隙度无明显变化,但是有机质孔的形态、孔隙结构及连通性存在一定差异,即随着埋深的增大,有机质孔孔径相对变小,孔隙连通性变差;(2)明确了生物成因的硅质是孔隙发育的基础,流体超压是储层孔隙保持的关键,在两者联合作用下,深层、超深层页岩高孔隙优质储层得以发育和保持;(3)基于储层发育的研究,将页岩气勘探拓深至6000 m,明确了下一步页岩气勘探方向。初步评价四川盆地及周缘五峰组—龙马溪组深层、超深层页岩气(埋深为4000~5000 m)资源量超2×10^(12)m^(3)。

川南深层奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组页岩裂缝方解石脉对页岩气运移富集的启示

基于岩心、岩石薄片观察,结合阴极发光、同位素地球化学、流体包裹体测试和盆地模拟等技术手段,对四川盆地南部(简称川南)深层奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩裂缝中的方解石脉与页岩气富集关系进行分析。研究表明:构造裂缝方解石脉主要发育在构造起伏较大部位,非构造裂缝方解石脉主要发育在构造平缓部位,前者主要在印支期泸州古隆起形成阶段发育,后者受生烃增压影响主要在生油—生气高峰阶段发育;裂缝受生烃增压影响多次开启—闭合,油气幕式活动被脉体记录,在最大古埋深处地层压力系数可超过2.0,燕山晚期后的地层抬升阶段是页岩气运移活动的关键时期;页岩气顺层理向构造高部位运移,构造起伏越大,页岩气运移活动越剧烈,散失量越大;地层越平缓,页岩气运移活动越弱,散失量越小,因此宽缓向斜核部和宽缓背斜页岩气富集程度最高。该结果可为页岩气生烃、运移与富集的时空匹配关系认识提供重要依据。

四川盆地大安区块五峰组—龙马溪组深层页岩地质特征与勘探有利区

近年来,四川盆地渝西地区大安区块上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙一1亚段连续获得多口高产工业气井,展示了该区块页岩气良好的勘探开发前景。但由于该区块页岩埋藏深,勘探程度低,深层优质页岩段沉积微相类型、储层特征及其空间展布规律不清,页岩气有利区优选依据不充分,制约了该区页岩气的深化勘探与开发。为此,通过岩心观察、扫描电镜、地球化学与物性测试、含气量测定和核磁共振等实验手段分析,结合钻测井资料,研究了大安区块五峰组—龙一1亚段各小层地质特征及储层展布规律,建立了深层页岩气有利区评价标准,优选了深层页岩气勘探有利区。研究结果表明:①高碳硅质页岩微相和高碳含黏土硅质页岩微相是最优质页岩气储层发育的沉积微相,主要发育于五峰组—龙一13小层。②龙一11—龙一14小层孔隙度平均超过4%,储集性好;五峰组—龙一13小层超大孔和裂缝较发育,所占比例分别为66%和25%。③五峰组—龙一13小层脆性矿物平均含量为55%,可压性好;含气量平均值不低于4.0 m^(3)/t,含气条件较好;龙一11—龙一13小层各层平均总有机碳含量超过3.0%,生烃条件好;地层压力系数普遍大于1.90。结论认为:①五峰组—龙一13小层页岩储层品质最优;②Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类页岩气有利区资源量分别为3775.78×10^(8) m^(3)、2970.05×10^(8) m^(3)、599.83×10^(8) m^(3);③该区深层页岩气勘探潜力大,是四川盆地重要的天然气产能接替区,其中临江向斜为下一步页岩气勘探的最有利区。

昭通东北地区五峰组—龙马溪组龙一1亚段页岩岩相类型及其储层特征

页岩岩相对页岩储层有着重要的影响,一定程度上控制着页岩的生烃能力、储集和压裂性能。基于岩心、薄片、X射线衍射及各类地化测试数据,对昭通东北地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩相特征、储层特征和评价进行了研究。研究区主要发育含灰/硅混合质页岩相、混合质页岩相、含黏土/硅混合质页岩相、混合硅质页岩相、含黏土硅质页岩相,南部与北部岩相纵向分布存在差异,南部五峰组—龙一_(1)亚段岩相呈现出从黏土质页岩相组合向硅质页岩相组合再向混合质页岩相组合过渡的特征,北部呈现出从混合质页岩相组合向硅质页岩相组合再向混合质页岩相组合的过渡趋势;横向上岩相展布非均质性强,连续性差。不同岩相储层特征存在差异,硅质页岩储层性能较好,具有有机碳(TOC)含量高、含气量高、脆性矿物含量高的特征;黏土质页岩TOC含量和含气量较高,但脆性矿物含量极低;混合质页岩储层性质复杂,总体上硅质含量高的混合质页岩储层性质较好。基于TOC含量、含气量、脆性矿物含量,利用层次分析法和熵值法相结合的方法,建立了页岩岩相评价标准,确定了优势岩相,研究区混合硅质页岩相、含灰硅质页岩相和含灰/硅混合质页岩相为I类优势岩相;含黏土硅质页岩相、混合质页岩相和含黏土/硅混合质页岩相为Ⅱ类优势岩相;混合黏土质页岩相和含硅黏土质页岩相为非优势岩相。

速度-压力岩石物理模型及其在页岩孔隙压力预测中的应用

针对现有基于声波速度的经验公式进行地层压力预测时影响因素复杂的问题,应用弹性岩石物理模型来定量分析研究速度-压力关系的各种控制因素,提出孔构参数(γ)与压差之间的解析关系,并揭示压力对岩石体积模量和纵波速度等弹性性质的主控作用,进而准确预测孔隙压力。含气页岩中微裂缝及断裂发育时,异常高压下(高γ值)细小裂缝及扁平孔隙张开,岩石体积模量远低于其在静水压力下(低γ值)平均孔隙结构偏圆时的状态。结合岩心、测井及地震数据,利用此岩石物理压力关系刻画四川盆地丁山地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩的孔隙压力三维空间分布变化,压力系数与含气量呈正相关,该预测结果与现场实测数据吻合较好。岩石物理压力关系的分析和方法的提出对非常规和常规油气田的勘探、生产和钻井安全都具有重要借鉴价值。

Rock physics model for velocity–pressure relations and its application to shale pore pressure estimation

Acoustic wave velocity has been commonly utilized to predict subsurface geopressure using empirical relations.Acoustic wave velocity is, however, affected by many factors. To estimate pore pressure accurately, we here propose to use elastic rock physics models to understand and analyze quantitatively the various contributions from these different factors affecting wave velocity. We report a closed-form relationship between the frame flexibility factor(γ) in a rock physics model and differential pressure, which presents the major control of pressure on elastic properties such as bulk modulus and compressional wave velocity. For a gas-bearing shale with abundant micro-cracks and fractures, its bulk modulus is much lower at abnormally high pore pressure(high γ values) where thin cracks and flat pores are open than that at normal hydrostatic pressure(low γ values) where pores are more rounded on average. The developed relations between bulk modulus and differential pressure have been successfully applied to the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and Lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Dingshan area of the Sichuan Basin to map the three-dimensional spatial distribution of pore pressure in the shale, integrating core, log and seismic data. The estimated results agree well with field measurements. Pressure coefficient is positively correlated to gas content. The relations and methods reported here could be useful for hydrocarbon exploration, production, and drilling safety in both unconventional and conventional fields.

中国南方海相页岩气成藏差异性比较与意义

中国南方地区寒武系筇竹寺组和奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组均发育一套富有机质页岩，但页岩气钻探效果差别极大，开展成藏差异比较研究具有理论和现实意义。研究认为：①四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组TOC值比筇竹寺组略高，盆地外围地区筇竹寺组TOC存在高值区；②筇竹寺组热演化程度较五峰组-龙马溪组明显偏高；⑧筇竹寺组有机质孔隙不发育，孔隙度是五峰组-龙马溪组的1／3～1／2；④筇竹寺组含气量低，仅为五峰组-龙马溪组的1／2；⑤筇竹寺组以硅质页岩为主，五峰组-龙马溪组以钙质、钙质硅质页岩为主，硅质成因不同；⑥五峰组-龙马溪组普遍超压，筇竹寺组以常压为主。这种差异形成的原因在于：①沉积环境不同，影响TOC值和页岩厚度；②筇竹寺组热演化程度过高，导致生烃衰竭、有机质炭化、孔隙度降低，含气性变差；③筇竹寺组顶底板封闭条件较差，影响页岩气保存；④构造位置不同，五峰组-龙马溪组处于斜坡和向斜区，具超压，有利于页岩气保存；⑤筇竹寺组放射性铀含量约为五峰组-龙马溪组的2倍，是热演化程度高的重要原因。从而提出南方海相经济性页岩气富集需具备有利的地质条件（富有机质集中段发育，热演化程度适中，有机质孔隙发育，含气量高，顶底板保存条件良好，埋深适中），其中五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件有利、资源经济性好，筇竹寺组成藏条件总体较差、有利区范围有限。

四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气勘探进展、挑战与前景

四川盆地黑色页岩层系多、页岩气资源丰富,是迄今为止中国主要的页岩气勘探开发盆地。为了给今后四川盆地乃至整个中国南方地区页岩气勘探开发提供指导和参考,以该盆地上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发实践为对象,总结了其发展阶段与进展,明确了页岩气富集成藏的有利条件,梳理了制约页岩气发展的理论与技术挑战,进而探讨了未来的勘探开发前景。研究结果表明:(1)深水陆棚相形成高富含有机质页岩且连续段厚度大、品质好,复背(向)斜宽缓区构造相对稳定是该盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气持续聚集的有利条件,保存条件是页岩气富集的关键因素,页理(纹理)、微裂缝发育是页岩气高产的重要因素,超压是页岩气高产的重要条件;(2)制约该盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气工业化发展的技术瓶颈,主要包括富有机质页岩沉积相与沉积模式,页岩储层成岩过程与评价体系,页岩气形成与聚集机理,页岩气层地球物理识别与预测,资源动用率低、不确定性大,3500 m以深页岩气勘探开发技术尚未突破。结论认为,四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组仍是今后相当长一段时间内中国页岩气勘探开发的重点层系。