Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors for cardiovascular disease prevention in type 2 diabetes:A systematic review with multiple network meta-regressions

BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are associated with significant cardiovascular benefit in type 2 diabetes(T2D).However,GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I alone may not improve some cardiovascular outcomes in patients with prior cardiovascular co-morbidities.AIM To explore whether combining GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I can achieve additional benefit in preventing cardiovascular diseases in T2D.METHODS The systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA recommendations.The protocol was registered on PROSPERO(ID:42022385007).A total of 107049 participants from eligible cardiovascular outcomes trials of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I were included in network meta-regressions to estimate cardiovascular benefit of the combination treatment.Effect modification of prior myocardial infarction(MI)and heart failure(HF)was also explored to provide clinical insight as to when the INTRODUCTION The macro-and micro-vascular benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are independent of their glucose-lowering effects[1].In patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D),the major cardiovascular outcome trials(CVOT)showed that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(DPP-4I)did not improve cardiovascular outcomes[2],whereas cardiovascular benefit of GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I was significant[3,4].Further subgroup analyses indicated that the background cardiovascular risk should be considered when examining the cardiovascular outcomes of these newer glucose-lowering medications.For instance,prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)was only seen in those patients with baseline atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease[3,4].Moreover,a series of CVOT conducted in patients with heart failure(HF)have demonstrated that(compared with placebo)SGLT-2I significantly reduced risk of hospitalization for HF or cardiovascular death,irrespective of their history of T2D[5-8].However,similar cardiovascular benefits were not observed in those with myocardial infarction(MI)[9,10].Cardiovascular co-morbidities are not only approximately twice as common but are also associated with dispropor-tionately worse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2D,compared to the general population[11].Therefore,it is of clinical importance to investigate whether the combination treatment of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I could achieve greater cardiovascular benefit,particularly when considering patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities who may not gain sufficient cardiovascular protection from the monotherapies.This systematic review with multiple network meta-regressions was mainly aimed to explore whether combining GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I can provide additional cardiovascular benefit in T2D.Cardiovascular outcomes of these newer antidiabetic medications were also estimated under effect modification of prior cardiovascular diseases.This was to provide clinical insight as to when the combination treatment might be prioritized.

PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的效果

目的 探究程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年1月—2021年4月泰州市第二人民医院收治的106例二线化疗失败的老年晚期NSCLC患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为单药组和联合组,各53例。单药组采用安罗替尼治疗,联合组采用PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗。比较两组的疾病控制率、毒副反应发生情况、生存率、肿瘤标志物[细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)]、血管新生指标[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-A、VEGF受体2(VEGFR2)]、血清驱动蛋白超家族蛋白(KIF)C1、N-钙黏蛋白、生活质量核心量表(QLQ-C30)评分。结果 联合组疾病控制率高于单药组(P<0.05);治疗2个周期后,联合组血清CYFRA21-1、CA125、CEA、VEGF-A、VEGFR2、KIFC1及N-钙黏蛋白水平均低于单药组(P<0.05),QLQ-C30评分低于单药组(P<0.05);两组各毒副反应总发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,联合组累积生存率高于单药组(P<0.05)。结论 PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期NSCLC效果显著,可有效调节血清KIFC1、N-钙黏蛋白表达,抑制VEGF-A、VEGFR2水平,降低肿瘤标志物水平,提高生活质量,延长生存时间,安全性高。

血清TLR4、TIMP-1水平与小儿热性惊厥临床特征的关系及对继发癫痫的预测价值

目的分析血清Toll样受体4(TLR4)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1水平与小儿热性惊厥(FC)临床特征的关系及对FC继发癫痫的预测价值。方法选取2019年1月至2022年6月320例FC患儿作为研究组,另选取同期发热无惊厥儿童150例作为发热组,体检健康儿童150例作为对照组。根据FC患儿是否继发癫痫分为癫痫组和无癫痫组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清TLR4、TIMP-1水平,采用Pearson相关分析TLR4、TIMP-1水平及与临床指标间的相关性。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清TLR4、TIMP-1预测FC继发癫痫的价值。采用Logistic回归分析FC患儿继发癫痫的影响因素。结果FC患儿、发热无惊厥儿童、体检健康儿童血清TLR4、TIMP-1水平依次降低,且两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组与发热组围生期异常发生情况、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平和振幅整合脑电图(AEEG)评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。癫痫组患儿血清TLR4、TIMP-1水平明显高于无癫痫组(P<0.05)。癫痫组和无癫痫组患儿首次惊厥次数、惊厥持续时间、首次惊厥前发热时间、围生期异常发生情况、TNF-α、CRP、IL-1β水平和AEEG评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清TLR4水平与TIMP-1呈正相关(P<0.05);血清TLR4、TIMP-1水平与TNF-α、CRP、IL-1β呈正相关(P<0.05),与AEEG评分呈负相关(P<0.05)。TLR4、TIMP-1联合预测FC患儿继发癫痫的曲线下面积(AUC)明显高于单项检测的AUC(Z_(TLR4-联合)=3.016,P=0.003;Z_(TIMP-1-联合)=2.232,P=0.026)。Logistic回归分析结果表明,TLR4、TIMP-1、TNF-α、CRP、IL-1β水平升高,AEEG评分降低均为FC继发癫痫的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论血清TLR4、TIMP-1与FC患儿临床特征密切相关,TLR4、TIMP-1可能是FC继发癫痫的影响因素。

PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌的效果

目的探究程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合经动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌的效果。方法纳入原发性肝癌患者58例,均于2019年1月至2022年12月在河南省肿瘤医院就诊,按治疗方法将患者分为对照组(抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗,30例)与研究组(PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗,28例)。两组均治疗9周,比较其疗效、肝功能[碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)]、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、可溶性血管细胞黏附因子1(sVCAM1)、免疫指标及不良反应。结果研究组疾病控制率(85.71%)较对照组(60.00%)高(P<0.05);两组治疗后ALP、ALT、AST、TBIL较治疗前低,且研究组较对照组低(P<0.05);两组治疗后VEGF、sVCAM1较治疗前低,且研究组较对照组低(P<0.05);研究组治疗后CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)较对照组高,CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)较对照组低(P<0.05);两组总不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌效果确切,可减少患者肝损伤,改善其免疫功能,且安全性较好。

多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌预后及血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的影响

目的探讨多西他赛联合程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后及血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法将90例晚期NSCLC患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予多西他赛和顺铂治疗,研究组在对照组治疗基础上给予PD-1治疗,3周为1个治疗周期,共治疗6个周期。比较2组治疗后客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期(OS),观察2组治疗期间不良反应发生情况及治疗前后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的变化。结果研究组治疗后DCR、PFS、OS显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组治疗后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且研究组降低较对照组更为显著(P<0.05)。结论多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期NSCLC具有较好的疗效和预后,能够降低血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平,降低肺癌细胞侵袭转移的能力,安全性良好。

血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN联合检测在肺结节鉴别诊断中的价值

目的研究血清肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白1(TRAP1)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂SN(Cystatin-SN)联合检测在良性肺结节与恶性肺结节中的诊断价值。方法选取2021年7月—2023年6月江苏省扬州大学附属医院胸外科诊治的肺结节患者198例作为研究对象,根据病理检查结果分为良性结节组42例,恶性结节组156例。检测良性结节组和恶性结节组血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN水平;绘制ROC曲线分析血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN单一及联合检查对恶性肺结节的诊断效能。结果恶性结节组血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN水平显著高于良性结节组,差异有统计学意义(t/P=32.273/<0.001、30.512/<0.001)。在恶性肺结节组中,有淋巴结转移、组织学低/未分化患者血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN水平高于无淋巴结转移、组织学高/中分化患者,差异有统计学意义(t/P=11.812/<0.001、5.547/<0.001,16.837/<0.001、8.923/<0.001),而不同性别、临床症状、结节部位、病理类型患者比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果表明,血清TRAP1、Cystatin-SN单独及二者联合检查诊断恶性肺结节的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.831、0.863和0.938,二者联合的AUC显著大于TRAP1、Cystatin-SN单独预测,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.127、2.038,P<0.05)。结论恶性肺结节患者血清中TRAP1、Cystatin-SN水平较高,二者联合检测在肺结节良恶性鉴别诊断中具有良好的应用价值。

GLP-1RA与DPP-4i治疗2型糖尿病的疗效及对患者并发症的影响

目的探讨胰高糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)与二肽基肽酶4抑制剂(DPP-4i)治疗2型糖尿病(T2MD)的疗效及对患者并发症的影响。方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月邯郸市第一医院收治的110例T2MD随机分为GLP-1RA组和DPP-4i组,每组55例,GLP-1RA组采用利拉鲁肽或艾塞那肽治疗,DPP-4i组采用西格列汀或利格列汀治疗。对比2组临床疗效,治疗前后糖脂代谢指标[空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇、三酰甘油]、炎症指标[白介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)]、肾功能[尿素氮、肌酐、胱抑素C];观察并统计2组并发症及不良反应。结果2组总有效率、并发症总发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗18周后,2组FPG、HbA1c、三酰甘油、总胆固醇水平低于治疗前,且GLP-1RA组低于DPP-4i组(P<0.05)。治疗18周后,2组IL-6、CRP、NLR水平低于治疗前(P<0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组治疗前和治疗18周后尿素氮、肌酐、胱抑素C水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GLP-1RA组不良反应总发生率高于DPP-4i组(P<0.05)。结论GLP-1RA与DPP-4i均能改善T2MD患者糖脂水平,减轻炎性反应,保护肾功能,预防并发症发生,但GLP-1RA在控制血糖、调脂方面优于DPP-4i,而DPP-4i耐受性更好。

西达本胺联合PD-1抑制剂对结直肠癌小鼠CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤功能的影响

目的探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂西达本胺联合程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂对结直肠癌小鼠模型(MC38-OVA)中CD8^(+)T细胞抗肿瘤功能的影响。方法动物实验:采用背部皮下注射法构建MC38-OVA结直肠癌小鼠模型。将MC38-OVA荷瘤小鼠随机分为对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组、西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组,每组20只。观察荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长情况及存活率;采用流式细胞仪检测小鼠肿瘤微环境中CD8^(+)T细胞、CD8^(+)IFN-γ^(+)T细胞、OVA抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞的数量及比例,以及肿瘤组织内调节性T细胞(Treg)、髓系衍生抑制细胞(MDSC)、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)的表达变化。细胞实验:采用流式细胞仪检测0、10、25、50、100、200 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞及MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况。采用流式细胞计数法及Ki-67抗体标记法检测0、100 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞及MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞的增殖情况。取CD8^(+)T细胞,设置对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组与西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组,与MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞按预设效靶比共培养,采用流式细胞仪检测CD8^(+)T细胞的杀伤能力。经0、100 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞与相同数量的MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞共培养,采用流式细胞仪检测CD107a的表达情况。结果荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及生存分析结果显示,与对照组比较,西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长明显受抑(P<0.05),生存率明显增高(P<0.01)。西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组、西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组肿瘤浸润CD8^(+)T细胞比例及数量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组CD8^(+)IFN-γ^(+)T细胞、OVA抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞比例及数量明显高于对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组(P<0.05)。体外实验显示,西达本胺可增强CD8^(+)T细胞的杀伤能力及CD107a的表达(P<0.05)。结论西达本胺联合PD-1抑制剂可明显增强瘤内浸润CD8^(+)T细胞的数量及功能,诱导抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞数量增多,减轻小鼠肿瘤负荷。

DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs:cardiovascular safety and benefits

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are commonly used treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Both anti-diabetic treatments function by playing key modulatory roles in the incretin system.Though these drugs have been deemed effective in treating T2DM,the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)and some members of the scientific community have questioned the safety of these therapeutics relative to important cardiovascular endpoints.As a result,since 2008,the FDA has required all new drugs for glycemic control in T2DM patients to demonstrate cardiovascular safety.The present review article strives to assess the safety and benefits of incretin-based therapy,a new class of antidiabetic drug,on the health of patient cardiovascular systems.In the process,this review will also provide a physiological overview of the incretin system and how key components function in T2DM.

Axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors in spinal cord injury:from biology to clinical translation

Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelinassociated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19(that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.

Effect of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on the intraocular growth factors and their receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker （ARB） and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI） on intraocular growth factors and their receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS： Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups： control, diabetes mellitus （DM）, candesartan- treated DM, and enalapril-treated DM （each group, n---10）. After the induction of DM by streptozotocin, candesartan [ARB, 5 mg/（kg · d）] and enalapril [ACEI, 10 mg/（kg · d）] were administered to rats orally for 4Wko Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and angiotensin II （Ang II） concentrations in the vitreous were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and VEGF receptor 2 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor （ATIR） levels were assessed at week 4 by Western blotting. RESULTS： Vitreous Ang II levels were significantly higher in the DM group and candesartan-treated DM group than in the control （P=0.04 and 0.005, respectively）. Vitreous ATIR increased significantly in DM compared to the other three groups （P〈0.007）. Candesartan-treated DM rats showed higher vitreal ATIR concentration than the enalapril-treated DM group and control （P〈0.001 and P=0.005, respectively）. No difference in vitreous Ang II and ATIR concentration was found between the enalapril- treated DM group and control. VEGF and its receptor were below the minimum detection limit in all 4 groups. CONCLUSION： Increased Ang II and ATIR in the hyperglycemic state indicate activated the intraocular renin-angiotensin system, which is inhibited more effectively by systemic ACEI than systemic ARB.

经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂及程序性死亡受体-1抗体治疗中晚期不可切除肝细胞癌的临床疗效和安全性分析

目的 探讨经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)及程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂治疗中晚期不可切除肝细胞癌(以下简称肝癌)的临床效果。方法 2020年1月~2022年1月我院收治的中晚期不可切除肝癌病人65例,均采用TACE+TKIs+PD-1抗体治疗。观察肿瘤反应、客观缓解率、疾病控制率、总生存时间、无进展生存时间、转化手术率和药物不良反应等。结果 65例病人的客观缓解率为49.2%(32/65),疾病控制率为89.2%(58/65),其中完全缓解2例,部分缓解30例,疾病稳定26例,疾病进展7例。65例病人中,18例转化为可切除肝癌,行R0手术切除,转化手术率为27.6%(18/65)。65例病人均获得随访,随访时间3~22.4个月,中位随访时间16.5个月。65例病人中位总体生存时间、中位疾病无进展生存时间分别为14.5个月(95%CI为12.3~16.6个月)、8.8个月(95%CI为6.9~10.6个月)。65例病人治疗后均出现栓塞后综合征(腹痛、发热、恶心、呕吐等症状),部分病人出现短暂的肝功能异常。3级以下药物不良反应均在1周内恢复。部分病人合并多种药物不良反应。其中1例(1.5%)因顽固性呕吐停用TACE治疗,5例因治疗过程中严重肝功能损伤停用仑伐替尼,2例因严重反应性毛细血管增生停用卡瑞利珠单抗,1例因严重甲状腺功能减退停用替雷利珠单抗,1例因顽固消化道出血停用仑伐替尼及信迪利单抗。其他治疗病人发生3~4级药物不良反应经药物减量及对症处理后均缓解。结论 TACE+TKIs+PD-1抗体治疗中晚期不可切除肝癌可靠、安全。

THE INCREASE IN PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1 EXPRESSION BY STIMULATION OF ACTIVATORS FOR PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Objective.To investigate the effect of peroxis ome proliferator-activated recept ors(PPARs )activators on plasminogen activator inhibitor ty pe-1(PAI-1)expression in human umbilical vein e ndothelial cells and the possi-ble mechanism.Methods.Human umbilical vein endothelial ce lls(HUVECs )were obtained from normal fetus,and cul-tured conventionally.Then the HUVECs were exposed to test agents(linolenic acid,linoleic acid,oleic acid,stearic acid and prostaglandin J 2 respectively)in varying concentrations with fresh media.RT -PCR and ELISA were applied to determine the expression of PPARs and PAI-1in HUVECs.Results.PPARα,PPARδand PPARγmRNA were detected by using RT-PCR in HUVECs.Treatment of HUVECs with PPARαand PPARγactivators---linolenic acid,linoleic acid,oleic acid and prostaglandin J 2 respectively,but not with stearic a cid could augment PAI-I mRNA expression and protein secretion in a concentration-dependent manner.However,the mRNA expressions of 3subclasses of PPAR with their activators in HUVECs were not changed compared w ith controls.Conclusion.HUVECs express PPARs.PPARs activators may increase PAI-1expression in ECs,but the underlying mechanism remains uncle ar.Although PPARs expression was not enhanced after stimulated by their activators in ECs,the role of functionally active PPARs in regulating PA I-1expression in ECs needs to be further investigated by using transient gen e transfection assay.

Immune-related adverse events induced by programmed death protein-1 inhibitors from the perspective of lymphoma immunotherapy

Lymphoma,which is highly malignant,stems from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue.Lymphoma cells express programmed death-ligand 1/2(PD-L1/PD-L2),which binds with programmed cell death 1 protein(PD-1)to establish inhibitory signaling that impedes the normal function of T cells and allows tumor cells to escape immune system surveillance.Recently,immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies such as PD-1 inhibitors(nivolumab and pembrolizumab)have been introduced into the lymphoma treatment algorithm and have shown remarkable clinical efficacy and greatly improve prognosis in lymphoma patients.Accordingly,the number of lymphoma patients who are seeking treatment with PD-1 inhibitors is growing annually,which results in an increasing number of patients developing immune-related adverse events(irAEs).The occurrence of irAEs inevitably affects the benefits provided by immunotherapy,particularly when PD-1 inhibitors are applied.However,the mechanisms and characteristics of irAEs induced by PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma need further investigation.This review article summarizes the latest research advances in irAEs during treatment of lymphoma with PD-1 inhibitors.A comprehensive understanding of irAEs incurred in immunotherapy can help to achieve better efficacy with PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma.

Potential protective role of ACE-inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers against levodopa-induced dyskinesias:a retrospective case-control study

Growing evidence has highlighted that angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)-inhibitors(ACEi)/AT1 receptor blockers(ARBs)may influence the complex interplay between dopamine and the renin-angiotensin system in the nigrostriatal pathway,thus affecting the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease(PD).In the present study,we analyzed whether the use of this class of medication was associated with a reduced occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia,using electronically-stored information of idiopathic PD patients enrolled at Novara University Hospital“Maggiore della Carità”.We conducted a retrospective case-control study identifying PD patients with dyskinesias(PwD;n=47)as cases.For each PwD we selected a non-dyskinetic control(NoD),nearly perfectly matched according to sex,Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS)part III score,and duration of antiparkinsonian treatment.Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate whether dyskinesias were associated with ACEi/ARBs use.Ninety-four PD patients were included,aged 72.18±9 years,with an average disease duration of 10.20±4.8 years and 9.04±4.9 years of antiparkinsonian treatment.The mean UPDRS part III score was 18.87±7.6 and the median HY stage was 2.In the NoD group,25(53.2%)were users and 22(46.8%)non-users of ACEi/ARBs.Conversely,in the PwD group,11(23.4%)were users and 36 non-users(76.6%)of this drug class(Pearson chi-square=8.824,P=0.003).Concerning general medication,there were no other statistically significant differences between groups.After controlling for tremor dominant phenotype,levodopa equivalent daily dose,HY 3-4,and disease duration,ACEi/ARBs use was a significant predictor of a lower occurrence of dyskinesia(OR=0.226,95%CI:0.080-0.636,P=0.005).Therefore,our study suggests that ACEi/ARBs may reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia occurrence and,thanks to good tolerability and easy management,represent a feasible choice when dealing with the treatment of hypertension in PD patients.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Novara University Hospital“Maggiore della Carità”(CE 65/16)on July 27,2016.

PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗HER2阴性晚期胃或胃食管交界部癌的Meta分析

目的评价程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)阴性晚期胃或胃食管交界部癌(G/GEJC)的有效性及安全性。方法检索中国知网、万方、Pubmed、Cochrane、Embase、Web of Science、Clinical Trials.gov等数据库和中国抗癌协会、韩国临床肿瘤学会、日本临床肿瘤学会等会议摘要中有关PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗HER2阴性晚期G/GEJC患者的临床随机对照试验(RCT),筛选文献,提取资料,采用R 4.3.1进行Meta分析。结果纳入5篇RCT共5297例HER2阴性晚期G/GEJC的成年患者。PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗可延长患者的总生存期(OS)(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.74~0.85,P<0.001)及无进展生存期(PFS)(HR=0.74,95%CI:0.69~0.80,P<0.001),并提高客观有效率(ORR)(RR=1.23,95%CI:1.15~1.31,P<0.001)。亚组分析结果显示:在综合阳性分数(CPS)≥1、CPS≥5、CPS≥10的患者中,PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗方案的OS、PFS、ORR均获益,且程序性死亡配体1表达程度越高,疗效获益均更佳。此外,微卫星高度不稳定性(MSI-H)的患者PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗方案延长OS更为显著(HR=0.35,95%CI:0.21~0.59,P<0.001)。与化疗组相比,PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗方案未增加治疗相关不良反应的发生率(P>0.05)。结论PD-1抑制剂联合化疗一线治疗HER2阴性晚期G/GEJC的疗效优于化疗,且高CPS或MSI-H患者获益更大,具有良好的安全性。

Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits with combination therapy of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes

Both GLP-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and SGLT-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are newer classes of anti-diabetic agents that lower HbA1c moderately and decrease body weight and systolic blood pressure(SBP)modestly.Combination therapy with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I have shown a greater reduction in HbA1c,body weight,and SBP compared to either agent alone without any significant increase in hypoglycemia or other side effects.Since several agents from each class of these drugs have shown an improvement in cardiovascular(CV)and renal outcomes in their respective cardiovascular outcome trials(CVOT),combination therapy is theoretically expected to have additional CV and renal benefits.In this comprehensive opinion review,we found HbA1c lowering with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I to be less than additive compared to the sum of HbA1c lowering with either agent alone,although body weight lowering was nearly additive and the SBP lowering was more than additive.Our additional meta-analysis of CV outcomes with GLP1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy from the pooled data of five CVOT found a similar reduction in three-point major adverse cardiovascular events compared to GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I alone,against placebo.Interestingly,a greater benefit in reduction of heart failure hospitalization with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy was noted in the pooled meta-analysis of two randomized controlled trials.Future adequately powered trials can confirm whether additional CV or renal benefit is truly exerted by GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy.

Glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists and sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors combination—are we exploiting their full potential in a real life setting?

BACKGROUND The sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i)and glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)are antidiabetic agents effective both in hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)reduction(with a low risk of hypoglycemia)and cardiovascular event prevention.In patients with type 2 diabetes,the add-on value of combination therapy of GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i seems promising.AIM To investigate whether the efficacy of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i combination observed in randomized controlled trials translates into therapeutic benefits in the Croatian population during routine clinical practice and follow-up.METHODS We included 200 type 2 diabetes patients with poor glycemic control and analyzed the effects of treatment intensification with(1)GLP-1RA on top of SGLT-2i,(2)SGLT-2i on top of GLP-1RA compared to(3)simultaneous addition of both agents.The primary study endpoint was the proportion of participants with HbA1c<7.0%and/or 5%bodyweight reduction.Secondary outcomes included changes in fasting plasma glucose(FPG),prandial plasma glucose,lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and cardiovascular(CV)incidents assessment over a follow-up period of 12 mo.RESULTS The majority of patients were over 65-years-old,had diabetes duration for more than 10 years.The initial body mass index was 39.41±5.49 kg/m2 and HbA1c 8.32±1.26%.Around half of the patients in all three groups achieved target HbA1c below 7%.A more pronounced decrease in the HbA1c seen with simultaneous SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA therapy was a result of higher baseline HbA1c and not the effect of initiating combination therapy.The number of patients achieving FPG below 7.0 mmol/L was significantly higher in the SGLT-2i group(P=0.021),and 5%weight loss was dominantly achieved in the simultaneous therapy group(P=0.044).A composite outcome(reduction of HbA1c below 7%(53 mmol/mol)with 5%weight loss)was achieved in 32.3%of total patients included in the study.Only 18.2%of patients attained composite outcome defined as HbA1c below 7%(53 mmol/mol)with 5%weight loss and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol<2.5 mmol/L.There were no significant differences between treatment groups.No differences were observed regarding CV incidents or eGFR according to treatment group over a follow-up period.CONCLUSION Combination therapy with GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i is effective in terms of metabolic control,although it remains to be determined whether simultaneous or sequential intensification is better.

逍遥散对胃癌荷瘤共病抑郁小鼠程序性死亡受体1抑制剂治疗的增敏作用及机制探讨

目的 观察逍遥散对胃癌荷瘤共病抑郁小鼠程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抑制剂治疗的增敏作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 采用皮下移植胃癌细胞系——MCF细胞构建荷瘤小鼠共60只,随机分为荷瘤对照组、荷瘤共病抑郁组、PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组,每组15只。荷瘤对照组不做任何干预,共饲养56天;荷瘤共病抑郁组是在荷瘤对照组的基础上每天以慢性不可预知温和应激干预,每天行适量生理盐水灌胃,分别在第1天、15天、29天、43天小鼠尾静脉注射适量生理盐水;PD-1抑制剂组是在荷瘤共病抑郁组的基础上,将小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水改为PD-1抑制剂;逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组是在PD-1抑制剂组的基础上,将生理盐水灌胃改为逍遥散水提物灌胃。分组后第57天,荷瘤对照组、荷瘤共病抑郁组进行糖水偏好测试、陌生环境摄食实验,分析两组小鼠的行为学变化。计算荷瘤共病抑郁组、PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组小鼠的生存率并绘制生存曲线;获取小鼠瘤体,并测量瘤体体积及重量,计算抑瘤率;采用ELISA法检测小鼠肿瘤组织吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, IDO)、犬尿氨酸(kynurenine, Kyn)、芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR)的数值;对肿瘤组织通过免疫组化法检测小鼠肿瘤组织叉头样转录因子3(forkhead box P3,Foxp3)表达情况。结果 (1)行为学改变:与荷瘤对照组比较,荷瘤共病抑郁组的糖水偏好率显著降低(P<0.01),摄食潜伏时间显著延长(P<0.01)。(2)生存率差异:荷瘤共病抑郁组小鼠生存率为20%,PD-1抑制剂组小鼠生存率为26.7%,逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组小鼠生存率为40%。(3)肿瘤增值差异:逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组瘤体体积小于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.05),PD-1抑制剂组小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.05);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组瘤体重量显著小于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.01),PD-1抑制剂组显著小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组的抑瘤率为35.4%优于PD-1抑制剂组的22.1%。(4)相关蛋白表达差异:逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中IDO的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组及荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Kyn的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.01),PD-1抑制剂组小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.05);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中AhR的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组及荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);(5)各组小鼠肿瘤组织Foxp3表达情况:与荷瘤共病抑郁组比较,PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Foxp3蛋白表达均显著降低(P<0.01);与PD-1抑制剂组比较,逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Foxp3蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01)。结论 逍遥散对PD-1抑制剂的增敏作用可能与通过下调IDO、Kyn、AhR水平,进而有效降低调节性T淋巴细胞的增值与分化而实现的。

血清sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1在非小细胞肺癌患者中的表达及相关性分析

目的探讨血清可溶性MHC-I类链相关蛋白A(sMICA)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、G蛋白偶联受体相关分选蛋白1(GASP-1)、组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP-1)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中的表达及与病理分型的相关性。方法2020年7月至2022年8月诊治的86例NSCLC患者作为研究对象,并设立为观察组,同期选取43例健康体检者设立为对照组;并根据不同病理分型将观察组分为腺癌组(n=33)和鳞癌组(n=53),对比血清sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1;并采用Logistic回归模型分析sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1对非小细胞肺癌的影响;采用ROC曲线模型分析sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1诊断非小细胞肺癌的AUC、敏感度及特异度。结果观察组的sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1均高于对照组(P<0.05)。腺癌组的sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1均高于鳞癌组(P<0.05)。二元Logistic回归模型分析显示,sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1高表达会对非小细胞肺癌的发生产生影响(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1及四项联合诊断NSCLC的AUC值分别为(0.750、0.654、0.819、0.788、0.843,P均<0.05),敏感度分别为57.00%、46.50%、67.40%、90.70%、79.10%;特异度分别为93.00%、93.00%、88.40%、58.10%、86.00%。结论sMICA、PCNA、GASP-1、TIMP-1在NSCLC患者中呈高表达趋势,其表达水平会随病理分型而升高。