According to the characteristics of organized cumulus convective precipitation in China,a cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for describing the organized convective precipitation in East Asia is presented and mo...According to the characteristics of organized cumulus convective precipitation in China,a cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for describing the organized convective precipitation in East Asia is presented and modified.The Kain-Fristch scheme is chosen as the scheme to be modified based on analyses and comparisons of simulated precipitation in East Asia by several commonly-used mesoscale parameterization schemes.A key dynamic parameter to dynamically control the cumulus parameterization is then proposed to improve the Kain-Fristch scheme.Numerical simulations of a typhoon case and a Mei-yu front rainfall case are carried out with the improved scheme,and the results show that the improved version performs better than the original in simulating the track and intensity of the typhoons,as well as the distribution of Mei-yu front precipitation.展开更多
本文针对青藏高原部分地区土壤有机质和砾石含量较高的特点,在前人工作的基础上,发展了一个新的参数化方案以描述土壤有机质和砾石对土壤导热率、导水率的影响。通过对通用陆面模式CoLM中的土壤水、热参数化方案以及地表蒸发阻抗三方面...本文针对青藏高原部分地区土壤有机质和砾石含量较高的特点,在前人工作的基础上,发展了一个新的参数化方案以描述土壤有机质和砾石对土壤导热率、导水率的影响。通过对通用陆面模式CoLM中的土壤水、热参数化方案以及地表蒸发阻抗三方面的逐步改进,对青藏高原藏东南站和纳木错站两种不同下垫面进行单点数值模拟分析。对比原方案与最终优化方案的模拟结果表明:采用新方案的CoLM模式对藏东南站土壤湿度模拟性能明显提高,平均偏差减小到0.04,而对纳木错站浅层20 cm以上土壤湿度的模拟偏差略微增大。新方案在藏东南站对土壤内部温度的模拟改善较为显著,平均偏差减小了0.2°C;而在纳木错站40 cm以上有所改进。新参数化方案较好地模拟了两个观测站表面能量通量的时间变化,纳木错站7、8月份的潜热通量改进尤为明显,比原方案减少大约20 W m-2,与观测结果较为接近。展开更多
Previous studies have shown that the ascending, oxidizing brines play a very important role in Kupferschiefer mineralization. Fractures could be the pathway of the brines. In order to clarify the influences of the bri...Previous studies have shown that the ascending, oxidizing brines play a very important role in Kupferschiefer mineralization. Fractures could be the pathway of the brines. In order to clarify the influences of the brines on bulk organic matter, aromatic hydrocarbons and Kupferschiefer mineralization, one veinlet Kupferschiefer profile from the Lubin mine, southwestern Poland was studied with the microscopic, geochemical and Rock-Eval methods. The microscopic results indicate that organic matter of the veinlet sample consists dominantly of bitumen. Its extract content is higher than in other samples. The dominant aromatic compounds are naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes (Na-PAH), which have migrated into the veinlet sample from other sediments. The content of phenanthrene and its methylated derivatives (Ph-PAH) is much lower than in other samples. The reason may be due to their heavier mass than Na-PAH. It is more difficult for Ph-PAH to migrate. The Na-PAH was probably removed from the shale by distillation and enriched in fractures because of their relatively low boiling point. The content of biphenyl and alkylated biphenyls (Bi-PAH) indicates the influence degree of oxidizing fluids. Their content in the veinlet sample is higher than in other sample. The high Tmax value of the veinlet sample also reveals a more intense influence of the oxidizing fluids than in other samples. Besides the higher Tmax value, its HI value is higher than in other samples. One can presume that its original hydrocarbon content should be higher than this value because they could be partly depleted by the brines.展开更多
This study investigates the stratification of soil thermal properties induced by soil organic carbon (SOC) and its impacts on the parameterization of the thermal properties. Soil parameters were measured for alpine gr...This study investigates the stratification of soil thermal properties induced by soil organic carbon (SOC) and its impacts on the parameterization of the thermal properties. Soil parameters were measured for alpine grassland stations and North China flux stations, with a total of 34 stations and 77 soil profiles. Measured data indicate that the topsoils of alpine grasslands contain high SOC contents than underlying soil layers, which leads to higher soil porosity values and lower thermal conductivity and bulk density values in the topsoils. However, this stratification is not evident at the lowland stations due to low SOC contents. Evaluations against measured data show that three thermal conductivity schemes used in land surface models severely overestimate the values for soils with high SOC content (i.e. topsoils of alpine grassland), but they are better for soils with low SOC content. A new parameterization is then developed to take the impacts of SOC into account. The new one can well estimate the soil thermal conductivity values in both low and high SOC content cases, and therefore, it is a potential candidate of thermal conductivity scheme to be used in land surface models.展开更多
Based on Jacobson's free length theory and the dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the free length in organic liquids, the equation of nonlinearity acoustic parameter B/A was given, and the calculated nonlinearit...Based on Jacobson's free length theory and the dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the free length in organic liquids, the equation of nonlinearity acoustic parameter B/A was given, and the calculated nonlinearity acoustic parameter B/A in some organic liquids are in good agreement with the measured results.展开更多
二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,...二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.展开更多
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB430105)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41405059,40775038,40875031,40975036)
文摘According to the characteristics of organized cumulus convective precipitation in China,a cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for describing the organized convective precipitation in East Asia is presented and modified.The Kain-Fristch scheme is chosen as the scheme to be modified based on analyses and comparisons of simulated precipitation in East Asia by several commonly-used mesoscale parameterization schemes.A key dynamic parameter to dynamically control the cumulus parameterization is then proposed to improve the Kain-Fristch scheme.Numerical simulations of a typhoon case and a Mei-yu front rainfall case are carried out with the improved scheme,and the results show that the improved version performs better than the original in simulating the track and intensity of the typhoons,as well as the distribution of Mei-yu front precipitation.
文摘本文针对青藏高原部分地区土壤有机质和砾石含量较高的特点,在前人工作的基础上,发展了一个新的参数化方案以描述土壤有机质和砾石对土壤导热率、导水率的影响。通过对通用陆面模式CoLM中的土壤水、热参数化方案以及地表蒸发阻抗三方面的逐步改进,对青藏高原藏东南站和纳木错站两种不同下垫面进行单点数值模拟分析。对比原方案与最终优化方案的模拟结果表明:采用新方案的CoLM模式对藏东南站土壤湿度模拟性能明显提高,平均偏差减小到0.04,而对纳木错站浅层20 cm以上土壤湿度的模拟偏差略微增大。新方案在藏东南站对土壤内部温度的模拟改善较为显著,平均偏差减小了0.2°C;而在纳木错站40 cm以上有所改进。新参数化方案较好地模拟了两个观测站表面能量通量的时间变化,纳木错站7、8月份的潜热通量改进尤为明显,比原方案减少大约20 W m-2,与观测结果较为接近。
基金This study was financially supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Pu 7312-5the National Major Fundamental Research and Development Project(No.G19990433).
文摘Previous studies have shown that the ascending, oxidizing brines play a very important role in Kupferschiefer mineralization. Fractures could be the pathway of the brines. In order to clarify the influences of the brines on bulk organic matter, aromatic hydrocarbons and Kupferschiefer mineralization, one veinlet Kupferschiefer profile from the Lubin mine, southwestern Poland was studied with the microscopic, geochemical and Rock-Eval methods. The microscopic results indicate that organic matter of the veinlet sample consists dominantly of bitumen. Its extract content is higher than in other samples. The dominant aromatic compounds are naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes (Na-PAH), which have migrated into the veinlet sample from other sediments. The content of phenanthrene and its methylated derivatives (Ph-PAH) is much lower than in other samples. The reason may be due to their heavier mass than Na-PAH. It is more difficult for Ph-PAH to migrate. The Na-PAH was probably removed from the shale by distillation and enriched in fractures because of their relatively low boiling point. The content of biphenyl and alkylated biphenyls (Bi-PAH) indicates the influence degree of oxidizing fluids. Their content in the veinlet sample is higher than in other sample. The high Tmax value of the veinlet sample also reveals a more intense influence of the oxidizing fluids than in other samples. Besides the higher Tmax value, its HI value is higher than in other samples. One can presume that its original hydrocarbon content should be higher than this value because they could be partly depleted by the brines.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41105003)Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-Q10-2)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91025004)Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (Grant No. OFSLRSS201108) that is cosponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University
文摘This study investigates the stratification of soil thermal properties induced by soil organic carbon (SOC) and its impacts on the parameterization of the thermal properties. Soil parameters were measured for alpine grassland stations and North China flux stations, with a total of 34 stations and 77 soil profiles. Measured data indicate that the topsoils of alpine grasslands contain high SOC contents than underlying soil layers, which leads to higher soil porosity values and lower thermal conductivity and bulk density values in the topsoils. However, this stratification is not evident at the lowland stations due to low SOC contents. Evaluations against measured data show that three thermal conductivity schemes used in land surface models severely overestimate the values for soils with high SOC content (i.e. topsoils of alpine grassland), but they are better for soils with low SOC content. A new parameterization is then developed to take the impacts of SOC into account. The new one can well estimate the soil thermal conductivity values in both low and high SOC content cases, and therefore, it is a potential candidate of thermal conductivity scheme to be used in land surface models.
文摘Based on Jacobson's free length theory and the dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the free length in organic liquids, the equation of nonlinearity acoustic parameter B/A was given, and the calculated nonlinearity acoustic parameter B/A in some organic liquids are in good agreement with the measured results.
文摘二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.
