Using a biological aerated filter to treat mixed water-borne volatile organic compounds and assessing its emissions

A biological aerated filter （BAF） was evaluated as a fixed-biofilm process to remove water-borne volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from a multiple layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） manufacturing plant in southern Taiwan. The components of VOC were identified to be toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, bromodichloromethane and isopropanol （IPA）. The full-scale BAF was constructed of two separate reactors in series, respectively, using 10- and 15-cm diameter polypropylene balls as the packing materials and a successful preliminary bench-scale experiment was performed to feasibility. Experimental results show that the BAF removed over 90% chemical oxygen demand （COD） from the influent with （1188 ± 605） mg/L of COD. A total organic loading of 2.76 kg biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）/（m3 packing·d） was determined for the packed bed, in which the flow pattern approached that of a mixed flow. A limited VOC concentration of （0.97 ± 0.29） ppmv （as methane） was emitted from the BAF system. Moreover, the emission rate of VOC was calculated using the proposed formula, based on an air-water mass equilibrium relationship, and compared to the simulated results obtained using the Water 9 model. Both estimation approaches of calculation and model simulation revealed that 0.1% IPA （0.0031-0.0037 kg/d） were aerated into a gaseous phase, and 30% to 40% （0.006-0.008 kg/d） of the toluene were aerated.

Preparation and Optical Patterning of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Color-Filter Films Using Latent Pigments by Utilizing Photo-Acid-Generator and Microwave Irradiation

Preparation and photo-patterning characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid thin film containing latent pigment by using photo-acid-generator (PAG) and microwave irradiation have been investigated. The acrylic thin film modified with methoxysilane containing PAG was formed on a glass substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays to promote sol-gel reaction by catalytic action of acid which was generated from PAG. And then the film was hardened with microwave irradiation, yielding organic-inorganic hybrid polymer film having hardness, highly transparency and strong adhesion with a glass substrate. Since this reaction only occurred in the optically (UV) irradiated regions, by exploiting the difference between the adhesivenesses of these regions photo-irradiated through photomask with a glass substrate, it was possible to form a patterned film with pitch of 100 to 50 μm by a simple lift-off method. A pigment-containing film using latent pigments (with subtractive three primary colors of coloring materials) and a patterned film were prepared, and it was possible to make these films multi-colored by varying the mixing ratio of the pigments. This multi-colored film-preparation method is effective for simply and efficiently forming a color-filter film by applying optical and microwave irradiation.

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials.PartⅠ:Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed.These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants,such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and toxic metals.Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway(Hanekleiv and Bragernes).Due to diverse character of both,treatment media and treated wash waters, the wh...

MLP training in a self-organizing state space model using unscented Kalman particle filter

Many Bayesian learning approaches to the multi-layer perceptron （MLP） parameter optimization have been proposed such as the extended Kalman filter （EKF）. This paper uses the unscented Kalman particle filter （UPF） to train the MLP in a self- organizing state space （SOSS） model. This involves forming augmented state vectors consisting of all parameters （the weights of the MLP） and outputs. The UPF is used to sequentially update the true system states and high dimensional parameters that are inherent to the SOSS moder for the MLP simultaneously. Simulation results show that the new method performs better than traditional optimization methods.

VARIATIONS OF THE SUSPENDED MATTERAMD THE PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBONIN THE ENTRY OF THE GIRONDE ESTUARY, FRANCE

The effects of using different types of glass fiber filters (GF/F, GF/C) and of sample treatments were evaluated. Studies on the variation of suspended matter (SM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) showed that:1) the transversal and day to night variations are important and must be taken into account in order to get a correct river flux; 2) no regular seasonal variations of SM and POC were observed, as they are controlled essentially by the climatological, hydrologic, physiochernical, biological, and geological conditions of the drainage area.

Isolation and Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds-Degrading <i>Bacillus</i>Strains from Loess

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health and the environment. Recently, loess (Hwangtoh) was used as an eco-friendly interior paint formulation in Korea. It is used even more commonly as a filter carrier to remove VOCs. In this study, we isolated Bacillus strains from a loess filter. The strains that were tolerant to VOCs were labeled according to the series VOC01 to VOC35. Four strains—VOC03, VOC11, VOC18, and VOC30—were investigated for their ability to degrade cyclohexane and toluene. Strain VOC18 best degraded both VOCs, whereas VOC03 demonstrated no ability to degrade VOCs. In keeping with this, VOC18 grew best on cyclohexane or toluene as the sole carbon source. The strains were identified by their physiochemical and phylogenetic characteristics. Strain VOC18 was determined as a strain of Bacillus cereus;VOC11 and VOC30 were determined as differentiated strains of B. thuringiensis. Strain VOC03, which demonstrated high tolerance but no ability to degrade VOCs, was identified as a strain of B. megaterium.

Tunable wavelength filters using polymer long-period waveguide gratings based on metal-cladding directly defined technique

In this work, long-period waveguide grating-based tunable wavelength filters using organic–inorganic grafting poly（methyl methacrylate）（PMMA） materials are designed and fabricated by metal-cladding directly defined technique.The thermal stabilities and optical properties of the organic–inorganic grafting PMMA core materials are analyzed. Structures and performance parameters of the waveguide gratings and self-electrode heaters are designed and simulated. The contrast of the filter is about 15 d B and the resonant wavelength can be tuned by different electric powers applied to the metal-cladding self-electrode heaters. The temperature sensitivity is 3.5 nm/℃ and the switching time is about 1 ms. The technique is very suitable for realizing the optoelectronic integrated wavelength-division-multiplexing systems.

Photoprotection-UV Filters： Properties, Use and Safety in Sun Products

Sunscreen application is a common strategy used to prevent the damage induced by UV radiations. In the last 30 years a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed： physical filters, chemical filters and organic filters. Physical filters are the safest： they scatter and reflect UV rays, but are difficult to apply on the skin. Chemical filters are capable of absorbing these rays, they are cosmetically pleasant, but recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Organic filters are the newest advance in sun products. Since 2003 the COLIPA Index [Europe] has regulated sun product availability on the market. In the USA, the FDA establishes the classification and the safety of sun products, which are considered topical medical drugs. This article summarizes the dermatologist＇s point of view, according to the patient＇s request, professional ethics and increasing offer of sun product.

Characteristics of integrated biological aerated filter in municipal wastewater treatment

In this paper, the characteristics of integrated biological aerated filter (IBAF) applied to municipal wastewater treatment were studied in a pilot scale experiment. The experimental results showed that IBAF has high efficiencies in removing organic pollutants, such as CODCr and SS, in municipal wastewater. The removal rates of CODCr and SS can reach over 90% and 80%, respectively, when COD and SS in the influent are 234 mg L1 and 112 mg L1, hydraulic retention time (HRT) is 8 h, and the aerated intensity is in the range of (0.5 to 0.6) L m2 s1.

One-step synthesis of organic microwire-disk interconnected structure for miniaturized channel filters

Miniaturized channel filters are in high demand for many applications such as photonic integrated circuits, information-based technology, and platforms for investigation of light–matter interactions.Recently, several photonic schemes have been proposed to achieve nanofilters, which require sophisticated growth techniques. Here, we have fabricated microdisk whispering-gallery-mode（WGM） resonators through controlled assembly of organic materials with an emulsion-solventevaporation method. Based on this emulsion assembly method, the diameters of microdisks can be easily controlled, and more importantly, a microwire-disk interconnected structure is able to be constructed via one-step assembly. This microwire-waveguide-connected microdisk heterostructure can be utilized as a channel drop filter. Our results have demonstrated a facile way to achieve flexible WGM-based photonic components which can be integrated with other functional devices.

The Complete K-Level Tree and Its Application to Data Warehouse Filtering

This paper presents a simple complete K level tree (CKT) architecture for text database organization and rapid data filtering. A database is constructed as a CKT forest and each CKT contains data of the same length. The maximum depth and the minimum depth of an individual CKT are equal and identical to data’s length. Insertion and deletion operations are defined; storage method and filtering algorithm are also designed for good compensation between efficiency and complexity. Applications to computer aided teaching of Chinese and protein selection show that an about 30% reduction of storage consumption and an over 60% reduction of computation may be easily obtained.

压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法研究

针对在多干扰源扰动下压差式流量计测量结果面临输出不稳、误差较大的问题,提出多源扰动下的压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。考虑全补偿气体可膨胀性系数、压缩系数、密度系数和流出系数等因素,研究压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。利用均值滤波滤除信号中的高斯噪声,结合一阶滞后滤波优化卡尔曼滤波算法,修正多源扰动误差。引入自组织算法和Volterra神经网络进一步改进卡尔曼滤波算法,并优化卡尔曼滤波算法的先验模型参数,以实现多源扰动误差的自动化修正。试验结果表明,经该算法控制后:当参考流量为900 m^(3)/h时,示值误差绝对值为0.203%;当参考流量为700 m^(3)/h时,流量计重复性为0.06%。该研究可以有效识别并修正由于多源扰动造成的流量异常值,且流量测量精度较高。

Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic sulfur compounds in off-gas mixture from a wastewater treatment plant using a two-stage bio-trickling filter system

Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) in off-gas mixture from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is difficult due to the occasional inhibitory effects of H2S on VOSC degradation. In this study, a two-stage bio-trickling filter (BTF) system was developed to treat off-gas mixture from a real WWTP facility. At an empty bed retention time of 40 s, removal efficiencies of H2S, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were 90.1, 88.4, 85.8 and 61.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of lifting load shock on system performance was investigated and results indicated that removal of both H2S and VOSCs was slightly affected. Illumina Miseq sequencing revealed that the microbial community of first-stage BTF contained high abundance of H2S-affinity genera including Acidithiobacillus (51.43%), Metallibacterium (25.35%), and Thionomas (8.08%). Analysis of mechanism demonstrated that first stage of BTF removed 86.1% of H2S, mitigating the suppression on VOSC degradation in second stage of BTF. Overall, the twostage BTF system, an innovative bioprocess, can simultaneously remove H2S and VOSC.

A pilot field-scale study on biotrickling filter treatment of NH_3-containing odorous gases from organic waste composting plants

The use of a biotrickling filter was investigated for a pilot field-scale elimination of NH3 gas and other odorous gases from a composting plant in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The inlet gas flow rate was 3500 m3/h and NH3 concentration fluctuated between 2.76–27.84 mg/m3, while the average outlet concentration was 1.06 mg/m3 with an average of 94.9% removal. Critical volumetric loading (removal efficiency=100%) was 11.22 g-N/(m3·h). The odor concentration removal was 86.7%. NH3 removal efficiency decreased as the free ammonia (FA) in the trickling liquid increased. The pressure drop was maintained at about 50 Pa/m and was never more than 55 Pa/m. During the experiment, there was neither backflushing required nor any indication of clogging. Overall, the biotrickling filter was highly efficient and cost-effective for the simultaneous biodegradation of NH3 and other odorous gases from composting, suggesting the possibility of treating odorous gases at the industrial level.

曝气生物滤池对消毒副产物及其前体物的控制机制

消毒已成为水处理系统中不可或缺的一部分,但水中溶解性有机质(DOM)与消毒剂反应时会不可避免地产生有毒有害的消毒副产物(DBPs),从而影响饮用水安全。为探究水处理系统中曝气生物滤池(BAF)对DOM去除与DBPs生成的影响,以某水厂的BAF单元为研究对象,采用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)结合光谱技术和色谱质谱联用等方法,探究了BAF对DBPs及其前体物的控制机制,并通过质量差网络分析探究了DBPs的生成途径。结果表明:BAF去除了部分进水中的类芳香蛋白质,降低了消毒后产生的三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤乙腈的浓度,但消毒后卤代硝基甲烷的浓度有所升高,这些常规DBPs仅能解释不到60%的总有机氯化物的浓度;在分子水平上,BAF处理倾向于将低氧化程度和高饱和度的分子转化成高氧化程度和高不饱和度的分子,导致后续消毒过程中生成的低不饱和度DBPs更少,高不饱和度DBPs更多,这可能会促进水厂后续的混凝沉淀单元对DBPs及其前体物的去除;质量差网络分析显示,氯取代(+Cl—H)、氯加成(+HClO)和羟基化与氯取代(+ClO—H)这3种反应类型是生成DBPs的最主要途径,参与加成反应的DBPs前体物的不饱和度要比参与取代反应的DBPs前体物高。研究结果可为饮用水消毒副产物控制提供基础参考信息。

甜菜糖厂滤泥与生物炭配施对东北黑土农田土壤性质和有机碳组分影响的研究

本研究以东北地区黑土为研究对象,探讨了甜菜糖厂废弃物滤泥与生物炭配施还田对农田土壤基本性质和有机碳组分的影响。实验共设置了8个处理组,包括无物料还田(CK1)、不施加滤泥施加20000 kg/hm^(2)生物炭(CK2)、施加16.67 kg/hm^(2)滤泥不施加生物炭(T_(1))、施加16.67 kg/hm^(2)滤泥施加20000 kg/hm^(2)生物炭(T_(2))、施加33.33 kg/hm^(2)滤泥不施加生物炭(T_(3))、施加33.33 kg/hm^(2)滤泥施加20000 kg/hm^(2)生物炭(T_(4))、施加50 kg/hm^(2)滤泥不施加生物炭(T_(5))、施加50 kg/hm^(2)滤泥施加20000 kg/hm^(2)生物炭(T_(6))。测定土壤总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC),探讨各处理对有机碳组分和碳库管理指数的影响,同时探讨环境因素(碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾)和土壤生物活性(脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶)对碳固定的影响。结果表明:滤泥生物炭配施还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量和碳库管理指数。滤泥生物炭的施用可以通过增加速效养分和酶活性影响活性碳组分,进而增加土壤碳库管理指数。综上所述,T_(4)处理,即33.33 kg/hm^(2)滤泥和20000 kg/hm^(2)生物炭配施还田效果最好,能实现土壤固碳,CPMI含量增加,提高了土壤有机碳的稳定性。

三轴试验橡皮膜与滤纸修正比较分析

为了补充国内土工试验规范没有关于橡皮膜与滤纸的修正规定的不足,本文通过对比分析美标ASTM、英标BS及国际标准ISO不同规范中对橡皮膜与滤纸修正的规定,总结其修正要点,并结合试验数据分析得出相关的结论。ASTM、ISO修正偏大,BS修正偏小。橡皮膜与滤纸的修正对软土的影响较大,对硬土的影响较小。c_(uu)<50 kPa时,内聚力c值变化不大,基本小于5%。修正后的内摩擦角j修正值最大可达85%总体上比修正前小,数据更为合理。c_(cu)<50 kPa时,进行橡皮膜与滤纸修正后的内聚力c值均变小,总体上ccu越小,内聚力c值修正比例越大,修正后的内摩擦角j变化不大。

过滤介质对艾条燃烧过程有机物组成及分布的影响

艾草具有重要的药用价值,并在医药领域应用广泛。然而,艾草燃烧过程中会释放各种小分子有机物,从而对周围的人群产生潜在的健康影响。本研究分别选用活性炭、活性氧化铝、4A分子筛和石英砂4种不同类型的多孔材料作为过滤介质对艾草燃烧过程释放的烟气进行吸附净化,并对过滤前后的烟气进行有机溶剂洗涤,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对其有机物的组成与分布进行了检测分析。结果表明,4种过滤介质均能有效减少艾草燃烧烟气中的有机物含量,对烟气中可凝性有机物脱除率分别为82.29%、70.83%、88.63%和77.83%,尤其是苯系物的含量大幅降低,从而有望降低艾草燃烧烟气对周围环境的污染。

Reusable and durable electrostatic air filter based on hybrid metallized microfibers decorated with metal–organic–framework nanocrystals

As global air pollution becomes increasingly severe,various types of fibrous filters have been developed to improve air filter performance.However,fibrous filters have limitations such as high packing density that generally causes high-pressure drop and ultimately deterioration in the filtration efficiency.High-pressure particulate matter precipitators are limited in terms of scope for commercialization because they require high voltage supplies and ozone generators.In this study,we develop fibrous filters with enhanced durability and improved performance using metallized microfibers decorated with metal-organic-framework(MOF)nanocrystals.Not only does the efficiency of the developed filters remain at or above 97%for 0.50-1.5μm PMs but the durability also significantly increases.In addition,using the water purification ability of the MOF,we explore the dye degradation effect of the hybrid microfibers by immersing them into Rhodamine B aqueous solution.In such an experiment the Rhodamine B aqueous solution is completely purified by the presence of the hybrid microfibers under the UV irradiation.

基于生物滤池的炼化企业反渗透浓水处理研究

在炼化企业进行侧线试验考察反硝化生物滤池和碳基曝气生物滤池(CBAF)组合工艺对炼化企业污水回用过程中产生的反渗透浓水中总氮和有机物的去除效果,并分析处理过程中的有机物变化情况。结果表明:组合工艺可以有效去除反渗透浓水中的总氮(平均去除率为51.25%),降低化学需氧量(降低幅度为59.44%);反渗透浓水中主要污染物为腐殖酸类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物,通过CBAF工艺处理后的污水中主要污染物的荧光强度显著降低;经过CBAF处理后,小分子酸类物质、构造块、小分子中性类物质、腐殖酸类物质和生物聚合物等亲水性有机碳的浓度分别可以降低81.65%,68.58%,63.85%,60.83%,49.30%;同时,由于载体的吸附作用,CBAF反应器对亲水性、疏水性有机碳都有较高的去除率(分别为64.20%和74.58%)。