In Situ Formed Tribofilms as Efficient Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Interlayers for Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anodes

The practical application of Li metal anodes(LMAs)is limited by uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions.Herein,we propose a new friction-induced strategy to produce high-performance thin Li anode(Li@CFO).By virtue of the in situ friction reaction between fluoropolymer grease and Li strips during rolling,a robust organic/inorganic hybrid interlayer(lithiophilic LiF/LiC_(6)framework hybridized-CF_(2)-O-CF_(2)-chains)was formed atop Li metal.The derived interface contributes to reversible Li plating/stripping behaviors by mitigating side reactions and decreasing the solvation degree at the interface.The Li@CFO||Li@CFO symmetrical cell exhibits a remarkable lifespan for 5,600 h(1.0 mA cm^(-2)and 1.0 mAh cm^(-2))and 1,350 cycles even at a harsh condition(18.0 mA cm^(-2)and 3.0 mAh cm^(-2)).When paired with high-loading LiFePO4 cathodes,the full cell lasts over 450 cycles at 1C with a high-capacity retention of 99.9%.This work provides a new friction-induced strategy for producing high-performance thin LMAs.

Effect of Bio-Based Organic‒Inorganic Hybrid Hydrogels on Fire Prevention of Spontaneous Combustion of Coals

To solve the fire accidents caused by coal combustion,this work prepared four hybrid hydrogel materials using bio-based polymers,flame retardants,and inorganic materials.Compared to pure water and 3.5 wt%MgCl_(2)solution,the as-prepared hydrogel presents good fire prevention performance.In addition,it is found that CO and CO_(2)are not produced by coal when the pyrolysis temperature is lower than 200℃.During low-temperature pyrolysis,CO is more likely to be produced than CO_(2),indicating inadequate pyrolysis behavior.At the same time,the addition of fire-preventing hydrogel can not only decrease the maximum CO_(2)concentration before the critical temperature but also prolong the corresponding time.In addition,based on the cone calorimeter test,the inhibition effects of pure water,magnesium chloride solution,and four hybrid hydrogels on heat release behavior are evaluated.It is demonstrated that different dosages of different hydrogels affected the fire prevention effect.Phosphorous-modified cellulose/silica and carrageenan/DMMP/vermiculite composite hydrogels have the weakest fire prevention effect at 20 g,which is weaker than that of water.However,the fire prevention effect of carrageenan/DMMP/vermiculite composite hydrogels exceeded that of water at 40 and 60 g.Additionally,the fire prevention effect of the sodium alginate/sepiolite/ammonium polyphosphate composite hydrogel is most significant in common tests,attributed to the intumescent flame retardant system.

An Explosive Organic/Inorganic Hybrid: Synthesis and Thermal Property of Octa(2,4-dinitrophenyl)silsesquioxane

Octaphenylsilsesquioxane(OPhS) was prepared by a modifying method and a new core-shell nanocomposite, octa(2,4-dinitrophenyl)silsesquioxane, [(R_2PhSiO_ 1.5)_8, R=—NO_2, ODNPhS], was synthesized by nitration of OPhS in a mixed acid solution of nitric and sulfuric acids at about 60 ℃. Their molecular structures were determined by DRIFTS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra analysis. The thermal analysis shows that ODNPhS is an explosive that detonates at about 420 ℃.

Preparation and Conducting Behavior of Amphibious Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Benzyltetrazole

A series of novel amphibious organic/inorganic hybrid proton exchange membranes with H3PO4 doped which could be used under both wet and dry conditions was prepared through a sol-gel process based on acrylated triethoxysilane（A-TES） and benzyltetrazole-modified triethoxysilane（BT-TES）.The dual-curing approach including UV-curing and thermal curing was used to obtain the crosslinked membranes.Polyethylene glycol（400） diacrylate（PEGDA） was used as an oligomer to form the polymeric matrix.The molecular structures of precursors were characterized by 1 H,13 C and 29 Si NMR spectra.The thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） results show that the membranes exhibit acceptable thermal stability for their application at above 200 oC.The differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） determination indicates that the crosslinked membranes with the mass ratios of below 1.6 of BT-TES to A-TES and the same mass of H3PO4 doped as that of A-TES possess the-T g s,and the lowest T g（-28.9 ℃） exists for the membrane with double mass of H3PO4 doped as well.The high proton conductivity in a range of 9.4―17.3 mS/cm with the corresponding water uptake of 19.1%―32.8% of the membranes was detected at 90 oC under wet conditions.Meanwhile,the proton conductivity in a dry environment for the membrane with a mass ratio of 2.4 of BT-TES to A-TES and double H3PO4 loading increases from 4.89×10-2 mS/cm at 30 ℃ to 25.7 mS/cm at 140 ℃.The excellent proton transport ability under both hydrous and anhydrous conditions demonstrates a potential application in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

A NOVEL SECOND-ORDER TRANSITION IN ORGANIC HYBRIDS CONSISTING OF POLYMERS AND SMALL MOLECULES

A novel transition appeared above thc glass transition temperature of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) for binaryblends of CPE and additives such as organic small molecules or oligomers. This transition was assigned to the dissociation ofintermolecular hydrogen bonds between the polymer ard additive within the edditive rich phase. Of particular interest is thata novel pyramid crystal was observed in the annealed CPE/hindered phenol blends. Another intriguing observation is thatthese polymer/small molecule blends organized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding have several potential properties, suchas shape-memorization, self-restoration, self-adhesiveness and super damping.

Organic-inorganic Hybrids Towards the Preparation of Nanoporous Composite Thin Films for Microelectronic Application

Silicon containing materials have traditionally been used in microelectronic fabrication. Semiconductor devices often have one or more arrays of patterned interconnect levels that serve to electrically couple the individual circuit elements forming an integrated circuit. These interconnect levels are typically separated by an insulating or dielectric film. Previously, a silicon oxide film was the most commonly used material for such dielectric films having dielectric constants( k ) near 4 0. However, as the feature size is continuously scaling down, the relatively high k of such silicon oxide films became inadequate to provide efficient electrical insulation. As such, there has been an increasing market demand for materials with even lower dielectric constant for Interlayer Dielectric(ILD) applications, yet retaining thermal and mechanical integrity. We wish to report here our investigations on the preparation of ultra low k ILD materials using a sacrificial approach whereby organic groups are burnt out to generate low k porous ORMOSIL films. We have been able to prepare a variety of organically modified silicone resins leading to highly microporous thin films, exhibiting ultra low k from 1 80 to 2 87, and good to high modulus, 1 5 to 5 5 GPa. Structure property influences on porosity, dielectric constant and modulus will be discussed.

Magnetocaloric effect in the layered organic–inorganic hybrid(CH_3NH_3)_2CuCl_4

We present a study of magnetocaloric effect of the quasi-two-dimensional（2D） ferromagnet（CH_3NH_3）_2CuCl_4 in ab plane（easy-plane）. From the measurements of magnetic field dependence of magnetization at various temperatures,we have discovered a large magnetic entropy change associated with the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition. The heat capacity measurements reveal an abnormal adiabatic change below the Curie temperature T_c^8.9 K, which is caused by the nature of quasi-2D layered crystal structure. These results suggest that perovskite organic–inorganic hybrids with a layered structure are suitable candidates as working substances in magnetic refrigeration technology.

Recent progress of hybrid cathode interface layer for organic solar cells

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have gained conspicuous progress during the past few decades due to the development of materials and upgrading of the device structure.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the single-junction device had surpassed 19%.The cathode interface layer(CIL),by optimizing the connection between the active layer and the cathode electrode,has become a momentous part to strengthen the performances of the OSCs.Simultaneously,CIL is also indispensable to illustrating the working mechanism of OSCs and enhancing the stability of the OSCs.In this essay,hybrid CILs in OSCs have been summarized.Firstly,the advancement and operating mechanism of OSCs,and the effects and relevant design rules of CIL are briefly concluded;secondly,the significant influence of CIL on enhancing the stability and PCE of OSCs is presented;thirdly,the characteristics of organic hybrid CIL and organic-inorganic hybrid CIL are introduced.Finally,the conclusion and outlook of CIL are summarized.

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction catalyzed by organic/inorganic hybrids

Electroreduction of CO_(2) into value-added chemicals and fuels utilizing renewable electricity offers a sustainable way to meet the carbon-neutral goal and a viable solution for the storage of intermittent green energy sources.At the core of this technology is the development of electrocatalysts to accelerate the redox kinetics of CO_(2) reduction reactions(CO_(2)RR)toward high targeted-product yield at minimal energy input.This perspective focuses on a unique category of CO_(2)RR electrocatalysts embodying both inorganic and organic components to synergistically promote the reaction activity,selectivity and stability.First,we summarize recent progress on the design and fabrication of organic/inorganic hybrids CO_(2)RR electrocatalysts,with special attention to the assembly protocols and structural configurations.We then carry out a comprehensive discussion on the mechanistic understanding of CO_(2)RR processes tackled jointly by the inorganic and organic phases,with respect to the regulation of mass and charge transport,modification of double-layer configuration,tailoring of intermediates adsorption,and establishment of tandem pathways.At the end,we outline future challenges in the rational design of organic/inorganic hybrids for CO_(2)RR and further extend the scope to the device level.We hope this work could incentivize more research interests to construct organic/inorganic hybrids for mobilizing electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR towards industrialization.

Enhanced Emission of Molybdenum Disulfide by Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunctions

Due to their excellent stability and layer-dependent photoelectronic properties,transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)are one of the most extensively studied two-dimensional semiconductor materials in the postgraphene era.However,its low luminescence quantum yield limits its application in displays,lighting,and imaging.Here,a 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile(HATCN)layer was grown on the surface of chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-grown monolayer molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))by vacuum evaporation,which increased the photoluminescence intensity of MoS_(2)by 15 times.The enhanced luminescence originates from the charge transfer from the conduction band of MoS_(2)to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)of HATCN,which suppresses the emission of the negatively charged exciton(trion)while increasing the emission of the neutral exciton.Temperature-dependent fluorescence and Raman spectra demonstrate the feasibility of organic−inorganic hybrid heterojunctions for regulating excitons.This facile and practical organic−inorganic hybrid heterojunction can elevate TMD applications,such as light-emitting diodes.

100 GHz silicon–organic hybrid modulator

Electro-optic modulation at frequencies of 100 GHz and beyond is important for photonic-electronic signal processing at the highest speeds.To date,however,only a small number of devices exist that can operate up to this frequency.In this study,we demonstrate that this frequency range can be addressed by nanophotonic,silicon-based modulators.We exploit the ultrafast Pockels effect by using the silicon–organic hybrid(SOH)platform,which combines highly nonlinear organic molecules with silicon waveguides.Until now,the bandwidth of these devices was limited by the losses of the radiofrequency(RF)signal and the RC(resistor-capacitor)time constant of the silicon structure.The RF losses are overcome by using a device as short as 500 μm,and the RC time constant is decreased by using a highly conductive electron accumulation layer and an improved gate insulator.Using this method,we demonstrate for the first time an integrated silicon modulator with a 3dB bandwidth at an operating frequency beyond 100 GHz.Our results clearly indicate that the RC time constant is not a fundamental speed limitation of SOH devices at these frequencies.Our device has a voltage–length product of only V_(π)L=11 V mm,which compares favorably with the best silicon-photonic modulators available today.Using cladding materials with stronger nonlinearities,the voltage–length product is expected to improve by more than an order of magnitude.

Inorganic-Organic Hybrid 18-Molybdodiphosphate Nanoparticles Bulk-modified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Electrocatalysis

A kind of inorganic organic hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles ([(C 4H 9) 4N] 6P 2Mo 18 O 62 ·4H 2O) was firstly used as a bulk modifier to fabricate a three dimensional chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by direct mixing. The electrochemical behavior of the solid nanoparticles dispersed in the CPE in acidic aqueous solution was characterized by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles bulk modified CPE (MNP CPE) displayed a high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of nitrite, bromate and hydrogen peroxide. The remarkable advantages of the MNP CPE over the traditional polyoxometalates modified electrodes are their excellent reproducibility of surface renewal and high stability owing to the insolubility of the hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles.

Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Material, Fe_2O(OH)(C_5H_4NCOO)SO_4

A novel inorganic organic hybrid material, Fe 2O(OH)(C 5H 4 ~NCOO)SO 4 was synthesized via solvothermal route using a reaction of FeCl 3·6H 2O, KCNS, and 4 cyanopyridine in aqueous solution of H 2O 2 and ethanol at 130 ℃ for 3 d. The compound crystallized in monoclinic space group P 2 1, with cell parameters a =0 73850(15) nm, b =0 65100(13) nm, c =1 0546(2) nm, β =90 36(3)°, V =0 50700(18) nm 3 and Z =2. The structure is constructed with inorganic layered [Fe 2O(OH)SO 4] + cations linked by organic (C 5H 4NCOO) - anions. The compound is thermally stable up to approximately 240 ℃.

Chiral self-assembly of terminal alkyne and selenium clusters organic–inorganic hybrid

The on-surface self-assembly of inorganic atomic clusters and organic molecules offers significant opportunities to design novel hybrid materials with tailored functionalities.By adopting the advantages from both inorganic and organic components,the hybrid self-assembly molecules have shown great potential in future optoelectrical devices.Herein,we report the co-deposition of 4,8-diethynylbenzo[1,2-d-4,5-d0]bisoxazole(DEBBA)and Se atoms to produce a motif-adjustable organic–inorganic hybrid self-assembly system via the non-covalent interactions.By controlling the coverage of Se atoms,various chiral molecular networks containing Se,Se_(6),Se_(8),and terminal alkynes evolved on the Ag(111)surface.In particular,with the highest coverage of Se atoms,phase segregation into alternating one-dimensional chains of non-covalently bonded Se_(8) clusters and organic ligands has been noticed.The atom-coverage dependent evolution of self-assembly structures reflects the remarkable structural adaptability of Se clusters as building blocks based on the spontaneous resize to reach the maximum non-covalent interactions.This work has significantly extended the possibilities of flexible control in self-assembly nanostructures to enable more potential functions for broad applications.

Optical Waveguides from Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Organic/inorganic material has attracted great attentions because its importance as photonic materials. We report on our recent results on organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials and optical waveguides like splitter, thermo-optic switch and micro-cavity laser.

Iodoplumbate(Ⅱ)-based Hybrid Templated by 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Derivative：Structure,Photocurrent Response Behavior and Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Organic Dye

A new iodoplumbate/organic hybrid,[（Et_2DABCO）_2（Pb_3I_（11））（H3 O）]n（1,Et_2DABCO = N,N？-diethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane） has been synthesized using solution method.According to X-ray diffraction structural analysis,the unique（Pb_3I_（11））_n^（5n-） chain in 1 is constructed from face-and edge-sharing PbI_6 octahedra,which is templated by（Et_2DABCO）^（2＋） dication possessing both rigidity and flexibility.C-H...I hydrogen bonds contribute to the structure extending from 1D chains to a 3D network.Its energy band gap of 2.64 eV indicates its broad-gap semiconductor nature.It exhibits both photocurrent response property and photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B.

Highly Efficient and Stable Hybrid White Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Controllable Exciton Behavior by a Mixed Bipolar Interlayer

Highly efficient and stable hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes （HWOLEDs） with a mixed bipolar interlayer between fluorescent blue and phosphorescent yellow emitting layers are demonstrated. The bipolar interlayer is a mixture of p-type diphenyl （l0-phenyl-lOH-spiro [acridine-9,9＇-fluoren]-3Lyl） phosphine oxide and n-type 2＇,2- （1,3,5-benzinetriyl）-tris（1-phenyl-l-H-benzimidazole）. The electroluminance and Commission Internationale de l＇Eclairage （CIE1931） coordinates＇ characteristics can be modulated easily by adjusting the ratio of the hole- predominated material to the electron-predominated material in the interlayer. The hybrid WOLED with a p-type：n-type ratio of 1：3 shows a maximum current efficiency and power efficiency of 61.1 ed/A and 55.8 lm/W, respectively, with warm white CIE coordinates of （0.34, 0.43）. The excellent efficiency and adaptive CIE coordi- nates are attributed to the mixed interlayer with improved charge carrier balance, optimized exciton distribution, and enhanced harvesting of singlet and triplet excitons.

High-Performance Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Utilizing a Mixed Interlayer as the Universal Carrier Switch

A new interlayer is successfully used to be a universal carrier switch, developing high-performance hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes （WOLEDs）. By dint of this interlayer, the two-color hybrid WOLED shows a maximum total current efficiency （CE） and power efficiency （PE） of 48.1 cd/A and 37.6 Im/W, respectively, while the three-color hybrid WOLED shows a maximum total CE and PE of 33.8 cd/A and 25.7Im/W, respectively. The color rendering index of the three-color hybrid WOLEDs are ≥ 75, which is already a sufficient level for many commercial lighting applications. In addition, both the two-color and three-color hybrid WOLEDs show low efficiency roll-off and stable color. Furthermore, devices with the new interlayer show much higher performance than devices with the most commonly used 4,4-N,N-dicarbazolebiphenyl and N,N＇-di（naphthalene-l-yl）-N,N＇- diphenyl-benzidine interlayers.

ENHANCEMENT OF DAMPING PERFORMANCE OF POLYMERS BY FUNCTIONAL SMALL MOLECULES

The addition effects of organic small molecular substances N,N'-dicyclohexyl-benzothiazyl-2-sulfenamide (DZ) and 3,9-bis{1,1-dimethyl-2[beta-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionyloxy]ethyl}-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]-undecane (AO-80) on the dynamic mechanical properties of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), chlorinated polypropylene (CPP), acrylate rubber (ACM) and their blends were investigated. In the case of compatible systems such as CPE/DZ and ACM/AO-80, the height of the loss tangent (tandelta) peak of a matrix polymer (CPE or ACM) increases, and its peak position shifts to a higher temperature with the addition of DZ or AO-80. By contrast, for incompatible CPE/AO-80, a novel transition appeared above the glass transition temperature of CPE. This additional transition was assigned to dissociation of the intermolecular hydrogen bond between the alpha-hydrogen of CPE and the hydroxyl groups of AO-80 within the AO-80-rich domain. This will provide a new concept for developing damping material. However, the minimum value between two tandelta peaks is lower. It was found that the temperature dependence of tandelta could be improved by adding chlorinated paraffin (CP) or ACM to CPE/AO-80. In addition, another ternary system of ACM/CPP with more AO-80 was found to be a very good self-adhesive damping material because of the appearance of a novel transition due to an interfacial layer of ACM/CPP.

Surface modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries to reduce thermal shrinkage without thickness increase

Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is im- portant for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/inorganic hybrid crosslinked networks on the separators, simply by grafting polymerization and condensation reaction. The considerable silicon-oxygen crosslinked heat-resistance networks are responsible for the reduced thermal shrinkage. The strong chemical bonds between networks and separators promise enough mechanical support even at high temperature. The shrinkage at 150 ℃ for 30 min in the mechanical direction was 38.6% and 4.6% for the pristine and present graft-modified separators, respectively. Meanwhile, the grafting organic-inorganic hybrid crosslink networks mainly occupied part of void in the internal pores of the separators, so the thicknesses of the graft-modified separators were similar with the pristine one. The half cells prepared with the modified separators exhibited almost identical electrochemical properties to those with the commercial separators, thus proving that, in order to enhance the thermal stability of lithium ion battery, this kind of grafting-modified separators may be a better alternative to conventional silica nanoparticle layers-coated polyolefin separators.