Comparative Analysis of Organic and Compound Fertilizers on the Yield and Metabolites of Platostoma palustre

To explore the effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of Platostoma palustre,in this study,P.palustre was utilized as the research material,and field experiments were conducted with different application rates of compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer and non-targeted metabolomics analysis was further employed to compare and analyze the differences in the metabolic components between the compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer treatments.The results of field experiments demonstrated that both compound and organic fertilizers could promote the fresh weight,shade dry weight,and dry weight of P.palustre,with 450 kg hm−2 compound fertilizer and 4500 kg hm−2 organic fertilizer presenting the optimum effects.Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that 1096 metabolites were identified in 450 kg hm−2 compound fertilizer and 4500 kg hm−2 organic fertilizer,and 885 metabolites were annotated in the Human Metabolome Database(HMDB).There were 318 differential metabolites(DMs)found between the two treatments,and 263 metabolites were annotated in HMDB.The abundance of 2 phenolic compounds and 12 organic oxygen compounds in the treatment of 4500 kg hm−2 organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of the 450 kg hm−2 compound fertilizer,while the abundance of 21 organic oxygen compounds,14 flavonoids,3 phenolic compounds,and 5 cinnamic acids and their derivatives was significantly up-regulated in 450 kg hm−2 compound fertilizer treatment.In addition,5 metabolic pathways were significantly enriched,and the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis was the most significantly differential metabolic pathway.These results suggested that the application of both compound fertilizers and organic fertilizers can increase the yield of P.palustre,but their effects on metabolites were different.This study has considerable implications for the planting and cultivation of P.palustre,furnishing a scientific foundation for an efficient and rational application of fertilizer.

Organic-Inorganic Interaction Recorded by Polycyclic Aromatic Steranes in Continental Epithermal Ore Deposits

Continental epithermal ore deposits are commonly associated with sedimentary organic matter,oils or solid bitumen.These organics embedded in mineral deposits can convey valuable information of the ore genesis.However,the extent to which the formation of ore minerals was recorded by organic compounds remains largely unknown,as also is how metal-rich ores interfere with the molecular proxies in the temperature regime envisaged for hydrothermal activity.The molecular compositional changes of various polycyclic aromatic steranes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and compounds derived from the Jinding Pb/Zn deposit,SW China provide new data.Aliphatic regular steranes are present as traces.The transformation from polycyclic aromatic steranes to unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is observed to show an increased trend with increasing hydrothermal alteration levels;this is consistent with the transformation from unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to heterocyclic compounds.Dehydrocyclization(aromatization)of polycyclic biological compounds and hydrodecyclization(dearomatization)of polycyclic aromatic compounds are two important reaction pathways in hydrothermal systems with moderate temperature.This detailed investigation of organicinorganic interactions of two groups of polycyclic compounds with metal-rich ores provides insights into the questions on how and to what extent the formation of Pb/Zn deposits can be recorded by organics.This work will improve our understanding of carbon reduction,oxidation or condensation in the deep Earth and the carbon exchange between the Earth's crust and mantle,and may shed light on the processes for ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(St-co-BA) Latex with an Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Compound as Emulsifier

A poly (St-co-BA) latex was successfully synthesized by using an organic-inorganic hybrid compound (OIHC), an aliphatic carboxylate sodium/nano-silica composite, as the emulsifier, and investigated by particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), optical contact angle measurement (OCA) and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It was found that the protective agent, sodium polyacrylate (PA),could obviously improve the polymerization stability and the functional monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), could enhance the store stability of the latex. The particle size of poly(St-co-BA) latex decreased and then leveled off as OIHC content increased. TEM shows that the prepared polymers were actually organic-inorganic nanocomposites, and these films have better waterproof property than those prepared by traditional poly(St-co-BA) latex or organic silicone modified poly(St-co-BA) latex. The nanocomposite polymer has much higher glass transition temperature than organic silicone modified poly(St-co-BA) polymer containing the same organic silicone content.

The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

The effect of different concentrations of natural macromolecular compound on the characteristics of nutrient release in the membrane materials of organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea was discussed, and the optimal concentrations for better nutrient release was proposed. The characteristics of nutrient release of film-coated urea were evaluated by soil column leaching experiment. Organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea showed good characteristics of nutrient release, which could be well simulated by Logistic curve. The two parameters in this curve, a and r, can be used to present nutrient release of film-coated urea, and followed the order of B 〉 C 〉 A and C 〈 B 〈 A, respectively, indicating that the release was stronger with the increasing concentration of natural macromolecular compound in the membrane, which implied better controllability of nutrient release. The concentration of 5% of natural macromolecular compound showed better characteristic of nutrient release and can be utilized as a membrane material combined with inorganic mineral powders to develop film-coated slow-release fertilizer.

Effects of Combined Organic-inorganic Fertilization on Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Maize under Equal Nitrogen Fertilization

The experiment was conducted in the abandoned land of Liangjia Village,Huayin City,Shaanxi Province from April to September 2019.The experimental crop was spring maize.A total of six treatments were set up in a randomized block design.The moisture content of the top 0-60 cm soil was determined regularly,and the yield and quality indices of maize at maturity were checked.The results show that:(i)combined organic-inorganic fertilization increased the yield of spring maize by 3%-8%.(ii)Compared with CK,fertilization treatments significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 59.2%.The average water use efficiency of three combined organic-inorganic fertilization treatments was 27.81 kg/(ha·mm).Compared with CON,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 12.5%.(iii)The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the moisture,total starch,crude protein and crude fat contents,and reduced crude fiber content of maize kernels.However,with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer,the crude protein content of maize kernels decreased.(iv)Yield of spring maize showed a significant parabolic relationship with soil water consumption.In summary,70%inorganic fertilizer+30%organic fertilizer is a scientific and reasonable way of fertilization.

Yield and quality responses of citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to compound fertilizers

Experiments were carried out with citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to study the effects of compound fertilizers on their yields and quality. In the citrus experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in soil and N, P and K contents in leaves. In the tea ex- periment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil and N, P, K and Mg contents in leaves but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N in soil compared with the urea treatment. Application of compound fertilizers could improve the quality of citrus and tea, increase their yields and enhance their economical profits significantly. Compared with the control, application of compound fertilizers increased citrus yields by 6.31, 12.94 and 17.69 t/ha, and those of tea by 0.51, 0.86 and 1.30 t/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, profits were increased by 21.4% to 61.1% for citrus and by 10.0% to 15.7% for tea. Optimal rates of compound fertilizers were recommended for both crops.

Effects of Different Application Rates of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers on Wheat Stripe Rust and Wheat Yield

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the effects of different application rates of pesticides and fertilizers on wheat stripe rust and wheat yield.[Methods]Two-factor split block design was adopted.[Results]Different application rates of pesticides and chemical fertilizers would affect the incidence of wheat stripe rust,and further affect the yield of wheat.Triadimefon had no significant effect on wheat yield,and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had significant effect on wheat yield,while their interaction had no significant effect on wheat yield.There were significant differences in wheat yield among the 15 treatment combinations,which may be due to the fact that the application rate of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had extremely significant effect on wheat yield.[Conclusions]Under the wheat/green manure/maize zonal rotation system in Bijie,the sowing width of wheat is guaranteed to be 0.5 m under the 1.65 m zonal cropping system,and the sowing rate of wheat is arranged according to the basic seedling of 1.2 million plants/hm^(2).In the early stage of wheat stripe rust,15%triadimefon WP can be sprayed evenly at the dose of 1050 g/hm^(2)by a high-power sprayer in a sunny day.

Effects of Different Compound Fertilizers on Growth and Quality of Ginger(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to screen compound fertilizers suitable for ginger( Zingiber officinale Roscoe). [Methods]The effects of several different compound fertilizers on the growth,development,yield,and quality of ginger were compared under field test conditions. [Results] Treatment T2( 17-9-19) could effectively promote the growth and development of ginger plants and increase the yield of ginger. The content of soluble sugars in ginger was the highest in T2;the content of vitamin C in ginger was the highest in treatment T1( 15-15-15);treatment T2 showed the highest content of free amino acids in ginger;the content of proteins in ginger treated by T3( 22-8-10) was the highest;T3 also showed the highest content of gingerol;and treatment T2 had the lowest nitrate content. Comprehensive from the growth,yield and quality effect of ginger plants,treatment T2 was the best. [Conclusions]This study provides scientific basis for the rational fertilization and high-yield and efficient cultivation of ginger.

Effects of Organic Compound Fertilizers on Soil Water Infiltration Characteristics

In order to study the effects of organic compound fertilizers on soil water infiltration characteristics,an indoor one-dimensional soil column water infiltration test was carried out.Six soil sample treatment groups were set,namely marshy solonchak(control check,CK for short),bamboo charcoal-mixed marshy solonchak,Difuyuan-mixed marshy solonchak,salined flavo-aquic soil(CK),bamboo charcoal-mixed salined flavo-aquic soil and Difuyuan-mixed salined flavo-aquic soil.After 120 min of infiltration,compared with the CK groups of marshy solonchak and salined flavo-aquic soil,the cumulative infiltration volumes of the bamboo charcoal and difuyuan treatment groups increased by -18.78%,-3.93% and 25.77%,6.53%,respectively;and the displacement increased by -18.93%,1.64% and 22.6%,12.5%,respectively.The relationship between the wetting front displacement and time conformed to a linear function.The effects of organic compound fertilizers on the initial infiltration rates of marshy solonchak and salined flavo-aquic soil were significant,and the relationship between infiltration rate and time conformed to a power function.The vertical distribution of soil moisture under the application of organic compound fertilizers showed that the moisture content changed relatively small within 5 cm of the surface soil layer,then decreased slowly within 5-10 cm of the soil layer,and decreased drastically below 10 cm of soil layer;and relative to the CK group,the application of organic compound fertilizers was beneficial to increase the moisture content of salined flavo-aquic soil.The organic compound fertilizers reduced the water infiltration capacity of marshy solonchak and improved the water infiltration capacity of salined flavo-aquic soil.Compared with Difuyuan,bamboo charcoal reduced the water infiltration capacity of marshy solonchak better and improved the water permeability of salined flavo-aquic soil more significantly.

Effects of FCMP Compound Fertilizer on Development and Yield of Early Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of FCMP compound fertilizer on growth, development and yield of early rice. [Method] Based on lower-graded phos- phate resource, effects of FCMP compound fertilizers on yield and growth of early rice in a field were researched. [Result] FCMP compound fertilizers 0, 1 and 2 en- hanced rice yield, increasing by 21.86%, 20.25% and 13.46%, compared with the rice applied with conventional fertilizer; number of productive ears and grain number per ear in unit area were improved by FCMP compound fertilizer, for example, the two factors achieved the highest with FCMP compound fertilizer 1, increasing by 11.70% and 19.63%. Furthermore, FCMP compound fertilizer promoted plant height and tiller number, maintained high photosynthetic efficiency, enhanced lodging-resis- tance and guaranteed stable and high yield. [Conclusion] The research is of theoret- ical and practical significance for further exploration of production techniques and application of FCMP compound fertilizer.

Advances in controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by organic-inorganic composite membranes

Heavy use of conventional fertilizers can lead to negative environmental concerns.Controlled-release fertilizers(CRFs)can effectively reduce the amounts of fertilizers used,improve the availability of fer-tilizers,and which is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment and sustainable devel-opment of agriculture.Therefore,it is imperative to develop and use CRFs as an alternative to traditional fertilizers.This review aims to present the classification,raw material composition,benefits,release process,release mode,and manufacturing methods of fertilizers coated with organic-inorganic com-posite membranes(OICMs)in order to provide an overall update and summarize CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and provide an insight for future trends in the field of fertilizers.It is expected that utilizing CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and their characteristics for agricultural applications can provide innovative ideas and suggestions for developing novel CRFs suitable for modern and sustainable agriculture.

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.

In situ polymerization coating and characteristics of coated NPK compound fertilizer

Controlled release NPK compound fertilizers were prepared by means of in situ polymerization of monomers on the surface of fertilizer granules at room temperature. Methacrylate, α-methyl acrylic acid, and ethylene dimethylacrylate were used as monomers, Dibenzoyl peroxide as initiator, and cobalt naphthenate, and triethyl amine as promoters. The structures of coating materials were characterized by IR spectra. The thermogravimetric analysis result indicated that the coating materials were of good thermal stability. The mean thickness of single coating measured with screw gauge was ca. 140 μm. The morphologies of uncoated and coated fertilizer granules analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy were changed from porosities and gullies to hills and plain. The release rate of coated compound fertilizers in water could be controlled by the hydrophicity and thickness of coating. The increase in coating hydrophicity caused the increase in release rate of fertilizer. The increase in thickness of coating slowed the release rate.

MIMO Soft-sensor Model of Nutrient Content for Compound Fertil- izer Based on Hybrid Modeling Technique

In compound fertilizer production, several quality variables need to be monitored and controlled simultaneously. It is very diifficult to measure these variables on-line by existing instruments and sensors. So, soft-sensor technique becomes an indispensable method to implement real-time quality control. In this article, a new model of multi-inputs multi-outputs （MIMO） soft-sensor, which is constructed based on hybrid modeling technique, is proposed for these interactional variables. Data-driven modeling method and simplified first principle modelingmethod are combined in this model. Data-driven modeling method based on limited memory partial least squares（LM-PLS） al.gorithm is used to build soft-senor models for some secondary variables.then, the simplified first principle model is used to compute three primary variables on line. The proposed model has been used in practicalprocess; the results indicate that the proposed model is precise and efficient, and it is possible to realize on line quality control for compound fertilizer process.

Effects of Magnesium Compound with Fertilizer on Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) Growth and Soil Nutrients

Effects of two kinds of magnesium compound with fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） growth, yield, and soil nutrients in red soil were studied. The results indicated that significant effects of magnesium applied to soils were observed in increasing Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield, improving its growth, and strengthening its antivirus property as well as increasing the amount of exchangeable Mg, N, P, and K in red soil. In particular, the effects of magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅱ （MCF2） with higher Mg content were better than that of the others, which increased Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield by 57.4, 32.8, and 14.5% compared to that of control treatment （CK）, chemical fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium treatment （CF）, and magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅰ treatment （MCF1） with lower Mg content. It increased soil Alkali N, available P, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg by 94.9, 46.5, 31.1, and 35.3%, respectively, compared with that of CK treatment. Therefore, the application of magnesium compound with fertilizer is an optimum method for improving red soil quality.

Iron Fertilization with Enhanced Phytoplankton Productivity under Minimal Sulfur Compounds and Grazing Control Analysis in HNLC Region

The present study investigated quantitatively the significance of HNLC (high-nutrient low-chlorophyll) regions and its grazing control with the improved iron fertilization for climate change. The limitation of iron (Fe) for phytoplankton growth in HNLC regions was confirmed by sulfur compounds (S) such as volcanic ash and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in batch cultures, whose chemical sediment of Fe3S4 showed 4.06 wt%. The technologies developed for iron fertilization since 1993 till now were not practical to provide sufficient amounts of bioavailable iron due to sedimentary iron sulfides induced by undersea volcanic sulfur compounds. The proposed technology for iron fertilization was improved to enhance the bioavailable iron to phytoplankton by keeping minimal sulfur compounds in HNLC regions. The low productivity of phytoplankton by grazing control in HNLC regions was 6% diatoms whose 52% was grazed by copepods and 42% by krill on the basis of data analysis in 2000 EisenEx Experiment at boundary of Antarctic and African tectonic plates. All of the previous iron fertilization experiments were conducted at volcanic sulfur compounds enriched HNLC regions. The present study revealed that the enhanced phytoplankton productivity in batch culture without sedimentary iron sulfides can be possible only if sulfur compounds are minimal, as is in Shag Rocks (53°S, 42°W) of South Georgia in Scotia Sea in the Southern Ocean.

Production of Potash and N-Mg Compound Fertilizer via Mineral Shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake:Phase Diagrams of Quaternary System(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)-MgSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O in the Isothermal Evaporation and Crystallization Process

Based on the requirement of the new technology for producing potassium sulfate and N-Mg compound fertilizer,boussingaultite,by the reaction of the mineral shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake,Qinghai province,and the industrial by-product ammonium sulfate,the solubilities of the quaternary system(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)-MgSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O at 25.0℃in the isothermal evaporation and crystallization process were measured using the isothermal evaporation method,and the corresponding phase diagrams were plotted.According to the diagram,this system contains six saturation points and six solid phase fields of crystallization,which correspond to(K1-m,(NH_(4))m)_(2)SO_(4),(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,(K1-n,(NH_(4))n)_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O,respectively.By analyzing and calculating the isothermal evaporation and dissolution phase diagram of this quaternary system at 25.0℃,K_(2)SO_(4)and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O can be separated via K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)as raw materials.Theoretical calculations about the proposed process were carried out and verified by experiment,which indicated that the yield of potassium sulfate was improved and the magnesium resources were fully utilized.

The bio-interactions between plants,insecticides and fertilizers:an innovative approach for the research of xenobiotic substances

In this experiment carried out on Caribbean chili pepper plants(Capsicum chinensis),the bio-insecticide azadirachtin in combination with an NPK fertilizer proved to have a greater lethal impact on the larvae of Aedes albopictus than each substance on its own.This synergistic effect is noticeably important when both inputs are sprayed directly on the leaves of the plant(foliar application).While the plants treated with azadirachtin or NPK alone cause a 33.6%and 36.4%mortal-ity respectively of the Ae.albopictus larvae,the combination of the two inputs induces a 74.4%mortality on the mosquito larvae.To account for this synergistic effect phenomenon inside the plant,the azadirachtin+NPK combination most likely interacts with the capsaicinoid compounds naturally produced by the plant.Not only does this study carried out on azadirachtin reveal major results but the methodology itself offers a most interesting approach on how to boost the agricultural inputs within the plants.As a matter of fact,this research axis demands developing since the control of pests harmful to men has been dramatically lacking insecticide molecules acting on new targets over the past three decades.

Application of Aisi Si/TE Compound Bacterial Fertilizer in Rice

[Objectives]To investigate the application effect of compound microbial fertilizer on crops.[Methods]Livestock and poultry breeding waste,rapeseed cake and peanut straw were fully decomposed,and then added with compound functional microbial inoculum to produce Aisi Si/TE(active chelated silicon/trace element)compound microbial fertilizer,which was used to conduct 10%nitrogen reduction alternative fertilization experiment on rice.[Results]The yield of rice applied with 225 kg/ha Aisi Si/TE compound bacterial fertilizer was 7203 kg/ha,increased by 5.4%,6.9%and 46.9%,respectively compared to those of rice applied with 225 kg/ha inactivated Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer,conventional fertilization and blank control(P<0.01).Application of Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer to rice improved soil organic matter and effective nutrient content and showed obvious effect of saving nitrogen and increasing yield and income.In addition,it provided a good micro-ecological environment,passivated and solidified heavy metals,effectively reduced the biological mobility of heavy metals,and greatly reduced the cadmium content in rice.[Conclusions]Application of Aisi Si/TE compound microbial fertilizer is beneficial to improving the quality of agricultural products.