Effects of Combined Organic-inorganic Fertilization on Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Maize under Equal Nitrogen Fertilization

The experiment was conducted in the abandoned land of Liangjia Village,Huayin City,Shaanxi Province from April to September 2019.The experimental crop was spring maize.A total of six treatments were set up in a randomized block design.The moisture content of the top 0-60 cm soil was determined regularly,and the yield and quality indices of maize at maturity were checked.The results show that:(i)combined organic-inorganic fertilization increased the yield of spring maize by 3%-8%.(ii)Compared with CK,fertilization treatments significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 59.2%.The average water use efficiency of three combined organic-inorganic fertilization treatments was 27.81 kg/(ha·mm).Compared with CON,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 12.5%.(iii)The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the moisture,total starch,crude protein and crude fat contents,and reduced crude fiber content of maize kernels.However,with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer,the crude protein content of maize kernels decreased.(iv)Yield of spring maize showed a significant parabolic relationship with soil water consumption.In summary,70%inorganic fertilizer+30%organic fertilizer is a scientific and reasonable way of fertilization.

Harvest Time and Fertility Effects on Yield and Quality of Forage from Alfalfa, Hybrid Bromegrass and Their Mixture

A field experiment with 24 treatments consisting of three perennial forage crops [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. AC Longview), hybrid bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm & Bromus inermis Leyss. cv. AC Success) and their mixture], four Cut 1 dates (approximately June 20, July 10, July 30 or August 20), and two fertilizer levels (unfertilized and fertilized) was established in late May 2014, on a Black Chernozem [Udic Boroll] silty clay soil. Forage dry matter yield [DMY], and concentration (g·kg−1 DM) of crude protein [CP], total digestible nutrients [TDN] and acid detergent fiber [ADF] data were collected over 3 years from 2015 to 2017. The fertilizer treatments were imposed in 2016 and 2017. Forage crops were initially cut at four Cut 1 dates, and again cut [Cut 2] in autumn (September 2 in 2015, November 7 in 2016 and October 5 in 2017). For all three forage crops, forage DMY usually increased when Cut 1 was delayed. Delaying Cut 1 reduced forage DMY for Cut 2. Total DMY (Cut 1 + Cut 2) for all three forage crops was highest from the combination of July 10 and late Autumn cuts. Alfalfa-bromegrass mixture produced higher DMY than bromegrass or alfalfa alone. Fertilizer application resulted in a significant increase in Cut 1 and total DMY for bromegrass. The CP concentration in Cut 1 forage usually declined as the forage crops matured. The CP concentration was highest for alfalfa, followed by alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, and much lower for bromegrass. There was little or no effect of forage crop maturity on the TDN and ADF concentrations in forage. The TDN concentration was higher and ADF concentration was lower in forage from alfalfa or alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass. Fertilizer application significantly increased CP concentration for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture. Delaying harvesting for Cut 1 increased ADF yield and TDN yield until Late July, but CP yield generally decreased with crop maturity. The ADF yield and TDN yield were higher for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass or alfalfa alone, and CP yield was similar for alfalfa and alfalfa-bromegrass mixture but considerably higher than bromegrass. Fertilizer application increased CP yield and ADF yield for bromegrass and alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, and TDN yield only for bromegrass. In conclusion, total DMY (Cut 1 + Cut 2) was highest for a combination of Early July and Autumn cuts. Forage yield was highest for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, followed by alfalfa and lowest for bromegrass. The CP and TDN concentrations were higher, and ADF concentrations were lower in forage from alfalfa or alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass.

Advances in controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by organic-inorganic composite membranes

Heavy use of conventional fertilizers can lead to negative environmental concerns.Controlled-release fertilizers(CRFs)can effectively reduce the amounts of fertilizers used,improve the availability of fer-tilizers,and which is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment and sustainable devel-opment of agriculture.Therefore,it is imperative to develop and use CRFs as an alternative to traditional fertilizers.This review aims to present the classification,raw material composition,benefits,release process,release mode,and manufacturing methods of fertilizers coated with organic-inorganic com-posite membranes(OICMs)in order to provide an overall update and summarize CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and provide an insight for future trends in the field of fertilizers.It is expected that utilizing CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and their characteristics for agricultural applications can provide innovative ideas and suggestions for developing novel CRFs suitable for modern and sustainable agriculture.

Interactive Effect of Forage Mixing Rates and Organic Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutritive Value of Berseem Clover (<i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i>L.) and Annual Ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i>Lam.)

Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the main winter forage legume in Egypt. Despite that the yield and protein content of berseem clover are high, it is characterized by low dry matter content especially in the 1st cut. Intercropping berseem clover with forage grasses, especially annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a recommended technique to produce higher forage yield with better balanced nutritional quality. However, little is known about the performance of these proposed mixtures under the arising organic farming system in Egypt. Organic farming and the application of organic fertilizers (compost and poultry manure) are receiving increased attention in the last few years. Thus, the current study was carried out on the winter season of two successive years (2012 and 2013) in the experimental station of SEKEM organic farm, Egypt. Main aim was to investigate the variation in 1st cut forage yield and nutritive value of berseem clover and annual ryegrass, grown in pure stands and with three mixing rates, under three organic fertilization regimes (compost, poultry litter, and no fertilization). Nutritive value was judged through investigating the crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC), and fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, and ADL). Results revealed significant two-way interaction between the forage treatments and the fertilization regimes for all the studied parameters. In general, mixing berseem clover with annual ryegrass, fertilized by compost or poultry litter resulted in significantly higher forage yield, dry matter content, and balanced CP, TC, and fiber fractions, compared to the pure stands.

Effect of Different Potting Mixtures on Growth and Yield of Soybean （Glycine max L.） and Soil Microbial Activity

Soybean （Glycine max： Fabaceae） is a mycotrophic （mycorrhizal） crop grown commercially for human consumption. Seven different fertilizer mixtures, namely cow dung, coir dust, mush room medium waste, saw dust, compost, decaying leaves and field soil with standard dose of NPK （control） were used for this experiment. The variety used was PM 25. Soil microbial activity was measured using CO2 evolution method. The experiment was carried out as a complete randomized block design with five replicates at the rate of eight plants per replicate. Average number of leaves on 25-day and 45-day old plants, shoot-length, root-length, number of pods per plant, wet weight of pod per plant, dry weight of pod per plant, plant wet weight, plant dry weight and seed dry weight per pod were measured. All management practices were conducted according to recommendations of the Department of Agriculture from seed germination to harvesting. Data were analyzed using SAS program （9.1.3）. Highest number of pods/plant （100, 124, 102, 106） and dry-seed-weight in g/plant （12, 14.8, 12, 12） were recorded in those grown in cow dung, compost, decaying leaves and inorganic mixture （control） whereas the lowest pod production （8.7 pods/plant） and seed dry weight （1.0 g/plant） was recorded in saw dust. Instead of inorganic fertilizer there is possibility to use organic potting mixtures like compost and decaying leaves which gave a significant difference in crop productivity as compared to other treatments. Significantly highest mean microbial activity was observed in potting media filled with coir dust.

Association between Exposure of Rare Earth Elements and Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer in Beijing

Objective The study aimed to investigate the impact of rare earth elements(REEs)exposure on pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET)by analyzing samples from spouses.Methods A total of 141 couples were included.Blood and follicular fluid from the wives and semen plasma from the husbands,were analyzed for REEs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Spearman's correlation coefficients and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to assess correlations and compare REE concentrations among three types of samples,respectively.Logistic models were utilized to estimate the individual REE effect on IVF-ET outcomes,while BKMR and WQS models explored the mixture of REE interaction effects on IVF-ET outcomes.Results Higher La concentration in semen(median 0.089 ng/mL,P=0.03)was associated with a lower fertilization rate.However,this effect was not observed after artificial selection intervention through intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)(P=0.27).In semen,the REEs mixture did not exhibit any significant association with clinical pregnancy.Conclusion Our study revealed a potential association between high La exposure in semen and a decline in fertilization rate,but not clinical pregnancy rate.This is the first to report REEs concentrations in follicular fluid with La,Ce,Pr,and Nd found at significantly lower concentrations than in serum,suggesting that these four REEs may not accumulate in the female reproductive system.However,at the current exposure levels,mixed REEs exposure did not exhibit reproductive toxicity.

Mixing trait-based corn(Zea mays L.)cultivars increases yield through pollination synchronization and increased cross-fertilization

Abiotic stress such as high temperature at flowering is one of many conditions reducing yield of corn(Zea mays L.).Mixing corn cultivars with diverse functional traits increases within-crop diversity and provides a potential means of mitigating yield losses under stress conditions.We conducted a three-year field study to investigate the effects of cultivar mixtures on kernel setting rate,pollen sources,and yield.This study consisted of six treatments,including two high temperature-tolerant(HTT)monocrops of WK702 and DH701,two high temperature-sensitive(HTS)monocrops of DH605 and DH662,and two HTT–HTS mixtures of WK702-DH605 and DH701-DH662.The anthesis–silking interval(ASI)was 0.9–1.6 days shorter in mixtures than in monocrops.Kernel setting rate was increased in mixtures(86.4%–88.7%)compared with those in monocrops(74.7%–84.1%)as a result of synchrony and complementarity of pollination.Grain yields of the HTT–HTS mixtures increased by 13.3%–18.7%,equivalent to 1169 to1605 kg ha^(-1),in comparison with HTS corn monocrops.The results of SSR markers showed that crossfertilization percentage in corn cultivar mixtures ranged from 29.3%to 47.8%,partially explaining yield improvement.Land equivalent ratio(LER)was 1.12 for corn mixtures and the partial land equivalent ratio(e.g.,>0.5)showed the complementary benefits in corn mixtures.The results indicated that mixing corn cultivars with diverse flowering and drought-tolerance traits increased yields via pollination synchrony.

“紫云英×油菜”混播还田及减施氮肥对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响

为探究绿肥“紫云英×油菜”混播还田及氮肥减施对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响,在冬季种植“紫云英×油菜”并还田的条件下,设双季稻不施氮肥(CK)、施100%氮肥(150 kg·hm^(-2),N1MR)、减施20%氮肥(120 kg·hm^(-2),N2MR)、减施40%氮肥(90 kg·hm^(-2),N3MR)和减施60%氮肥(60 kg·hm^(-2),N4MR)共5个处理。在双季稻生育期内平均每7 d采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法测定稻田温室气体排放,分析绿肥混播还田条件下氮肥减施对双季稻田水稻产量、温室气体排放通量、累积排放量、全球增温潜势(GWP)及温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施20%~40%能显著提高水稻产量,减施20%和40%处理水稻产量分别较CK显著提高24.2%和23.8%(P<0.05)。在双季稻生育期,所有施氮处理均较CK显著降低了CH_(4)排放,增加了N_(2)O排放(P<0.05)。氮肥减施20%处理的GWP和GHGI两季总量均为最低,且均显著低于CK、施100%、减施40%和减施60%氮肥处理(P<0.05),GWP分别降低57.9%、16.5%、23.4%和40.8%,GHGI分别降低63.9%、17.8%、24.6%和43.2%。综上,氮肥减施20%对水稻增产和温室气体减排效果最佳。因此,“紫云英×油菜”混播还田配合氮肥减施20%是一种适合当地推广的低碳稳产施肥管理模式。本研究结果为实现南方稻区农业绿色可持续发展提供了理论依据和决策基础。

沼液配施化肥对白菜品质和土壤养分的影响

为探究沼肥配施化肥对种植蔬菜品质及土壤养分的影响,开展了沼液配施化肥的白菜田间种植试验.试验共设置单独施用化肥(CK)、沼液与化肥配施(T1、T2、T3)以及单独施用沼液(T4)5个不同处理组.结果表明,沼液与化肥配施显著提高了白菜的产量和品质;与CK相比,T2白菜产量增加了55.6%,总糖、还原糖含量分别增加了4.6%和16.3%,硝酸盐含量降低了7.8%.同时,沼液与化肥配施改善了土壤的养分;与CK相比,沼液与化肥配施土壤中有机质含量提高了12.5%~50.0%;T2有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了25.10%、30.89%和44.66%;T3总氮含量增加了44.43%;T4速效钾含量增加了0.89%.

复合营养长效保肥保水剂应用及其缓释节肥效果

为探索保水剂与肥料复配混合后的缓释节水效果。该文应用整体法将N、P、K3种植物必需的营养物质与保水剂进行复合自制复合营养长效保肥保水剂(简称复合保水剂),并采用盆栽对比方法,通过观测植株生长指标与植株N、P、K含量、植株含水量试验了这种复合保水剂应用效果。结果显示:复合保水剂、保水剂、混合肥料与对照之间对一年生黑麦草出苗率的影响差异不显著;复合保水剂处理与对照处理相比提高株高达12%～47%,提高生物量达1.3～5.6倍;复合保水剂显著的提高植物体内水分含量及水势;与同营养型肥料配方处理的生物量比平均高出3.88倍;复合保水剂与同营养型的混合肥料处理相比,提高N元素表观利用率可提高0.2～1.9倍,P元素表观利用率可提高0.23～2倍,但是K元素表观利用率则减少了33%～200%。复合保水剂对黑麦草出苗率没有影响;复合保水剂处理可以显著增加黑麦草的苗期生长量;复合保水剂处理可显著提高黑麦草的N、K利用率,复合保水剂可以减少肥料的使用量,并能大幅度提高其利用率,用整体法制备复合保水剂的方法可行,可以起到保水保肥的效果。

香蕉水肥一体化滴灌技术规程

水肥一体化滴灌技术是基于香蕉生长特性和果园环境状况等条件,将灌溉与施肥有机地结合起来的一项现代农业综合技术措施。近年滴灌技术逐渐应用于香蕉栽培,并取得了明显的效益,应用水肥一体化滴灌技术已是当前规模化、标准化生产香蕉的必要灌溉施肥技术。水肥一体化滴灌技术工程包括技术要求、水质净化、工程模式及设施安装、施肥与水分管理、设施维护及其他管理,应用于香蕉上能保证适时适量水肥供应,改善蕉园生态环境,达到节水节肥、提高效率、增产增收等效果。

高寒地区燕麦(Avena sativa L.)人工草地生物量分配对施肥和混播措施的响应

【目的】了解高寒地区燕麦人工草地生物量分配格局对燕麦品种、施肥措施和混播水平的响应机制,为高寒地区人工草地建植提供依据。【方法】采用"三因素四水平"正交试验设计,包括4个燕麦品种,分别为青燕1号、林纳、青海444、青海甜燕麦;4种施肥措施,分别为不施任何肥料(CK0)、尿素75 kg/hm^2+磷酸二铵150 kg/hm^2(NP)、有机肥1500 kg/hm^2(OM)和尿素37.5 kg/hm^2+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm^2+有机肥750 kg/hm^2(NP+OM);4个箭筈豌豆混播水平,分别为0、45、60、75 kg/hm^2,在燕麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期和乳熟期分别对各处理燕麦和箭筈豌豆各器官生物量进行了测定。【结果】燕麦人工草地地上生物量以青燕1号(85.57%)、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥处理(84.91%)和0 kg/hm^2混播水平(85.81%)时分配比例最高;地下生物量以林纳(18.04%)、不施肥(16.02%)和30 kg/hm^2混播水平(16.29%)时分配比例最高。茎、叶、穗和根生物量分配比例分别为44%~48%、19%~24%、17%~22%和14%~18%。茎、叶、穗和地下生物量分配随季节分别呈增加、先降后增、增加和下降的变化趋势;在各因素影响下,燕麦生长前期以叶生长为主,中、后期以茎生长为主,而箭筈豌豆在生长前期以根生长为主,中、后期以叶生长为主。燕麦生物量分配在整个生育期处于优势地位,地上生物量分配始终高于地下,表现为异速生长关系。茎和地下生物量分配在生长前期和后期分别受施肥措施和品种的影响;叶生物量分配在整个生育期受混播水平的影响;燕麦穗生物量分配主要受品种和混播水平的影响。【结论】品种、施肥措施和箭筈豌豆混播水平均对高寒地区燕麦人工草地生物量分配具有显著影响,选用青燕1号品种,单播,配施尿素37.5 kg/hm^2、磷酸二铵75 kg/hm^2、有机肥750 kg/hm^2时地上生物量分配最高;选用林纳,并混播30 kg/hm^2的箭筈豌豆,采用不施肥措施时地下生物量分配最高。

高寒地区燕麦人工草地生物量积累对施肥和箭筈豌豆混播水平的响应

采用品种(青燕1号、青海444、青海甜燕麦、林纳)、施肥水平(不施肥、尿素+磷酸二铵、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥、有机肥)和混播水平(0 kg/hm^2、45 kg/hm^2、60 kg/hm^2、75 kg/hm^2)3因素4水平正交试验设计,探讨3个因素影响下燕麦人工草地生物量季节动态。结果表明:3个因素显著影响燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播人工草地各器官的生物量。品种在整个生育期影响燕麦茎和穗生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地下和生长后期地上生物量的积累有影响;施肥水平在整个生育期影响叶生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地上和后期地下生物量的积累有影响;混播水平在整个生育期主要影响箭筈豌豆地上生物量、茎和叶生物量的积累。燕麦和地上总生物量积累的关键时期在抽穗—开花期,箭筈豌豆地上生物量积累的关键时期在开花—乳熟期。燕麦茎在整个生育期生物量持续显著增加,而叶和穗生物量增加较平缓;箭筈豌豆茎和叶生物量在生长前期(燕麦开花期前)增长比较平缓,而开花—乳熟期增长迅速。地下生物量显著增加到开花期后基本趋于稳定。3个因素影响下,燕麦人工草地地上和地下生物量均以青海甜燕麦、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥施肥处理、75 kg/hm^2混播水平下最高,平均分别为697.71,662.27、630.54 g/m^2和82.27,82.08和81.25 g/m^2。

氮磷钾施肥量对混播草地产量,品质和经济效益的影响

在百脉灵与3种禾本科牧草混播草地上研究了N、P、K不同施肥量对混播草地产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:在伊犁新垦区土壤肥力条件下,春季在混播草地上一次性施入尿素260kg/hm2,过磷酸钙450kg/hm2,硫酸钾120kg/hm2为最佳施肥方案,不仅能促进混播草地牧草生长,提高了豆科牧草比例,改善牧草品质,还显著增加了混播草地的干、鲜草产量,比对照增产干草3 042.7kg/hm2,且增加净收入达1 282.7元/hm2,产生了较好的经济效益;在T2处理下混播草地产量达到最大值,但当施肥量持续增加至T3处理时产草量不再增加,反而有下降趋势。

混播草地建植、施肥和割草利用优化模式研究

选择牧草播期、混播草地中禾本科和豆科牧草的混合比例、施氮量、施磷量和刈割次数5个试验因子,进行了产量分析,建立该草地的综合管理优化模式,确定最佳的管理因子和水平;同时对混播草地的营养成分进行了分析。结果表明:在9月播种,豆禾比例为1∶3,施氮量为0.15 t/hm2,施磷量为0.3 t/hm2,刈割4次时,其营养成分含量达15.37%,综合效果最好。

有机无机垃圾复混肥对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响

本文进行了垃圾复混肥、化肥、垃圾堆肥田间比较试验.结果表明:垃圾复混肥与CK比较,0～20cm土层土壤体积质量降低0.11 g/cm3,总孔隙度增加3.4%,＞0.25 mm团粒结构增加5.51%,自然含水量增加71.68 g/kg,贮水量增加145.69 m3/hm2,阳离子交换量增加7.03 cmol/kg,有机质增加1.77 g/kg,碱解N、速效P和速效K分别增加20.51、2.95和11.10 mg/kg,pH降低0.17.玉米株高、穗粒数、穗粒重和百粒重分别增加43.20cm、25.55粒、28.75 g和2.43 g,增产率达25.86%.并对土壤重金属离子Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb富集有明显减缓趋势.不同处理间差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著或极显著水平.

施肥方式对水稻‘花优14’干物质积累、产量及肥料利用率的影响

基于长期测坑定位试验,连续两年研究了不同施肥方式对上海地区高产杂交水稻‘花优14’干物质积累规律、产量和肥料利用率的影响,以期为上海地区稻田科学的养分管理提供理论依据。试验设置4个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥处理[CT,300 kg(N)×hm^(-2),60 kg(P2O5)?hm^(-2)和60 kg(K2O)?hm^(-2)]、有机无机配施处理(MT,与CT等氮磷钾,80%尿素+20%有机肥,磷钾不足部分以化肥补充)和单施有机肥处理(OT,与CT处理等氮量),分析了不同施肥处理下水稻干物质积累特征、产量结构、肥料利用率和经济效益的差异。结果表明,水稻生育期干物质量积累符合Logistic方程。MT年平均干物质最大积累速率达0.78 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1),分别比OT和CK显著高0.17 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1)和0.19 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1),与CT之间无显著差异。MT灌浆期同化物输入对籽粒贡献率为76.3%,与CT差异不显著,但比OT和CK处理分别显著提高9.4%和5.2%。水稻收获后,MT的年平均产量分别比CT、OT和CK处理高3.5%、15.6%和63.4%,氮素农学利用率分别较CT和OT提高9.7%和53.7%。有机肥结合化肥施用能够显著提高水稻干物质积累速率并促进花后同化产物向籽粒的输入,从而提高产量,在保证水稻经济效益的同时减少化肥投入,提高了肥料利用率,是较优的施肥方式。

不同质量配比的氮磷钾混合肥在香蕉园施用的效果

比较N、P、K 3种质量配比的混合肥(N、P2O5、K2O的质量比分别为①1:0.4:2,②1:0.4:3.5,③1:0.22:1.73)在海南西部花岗岩地区较贫瘠的香蕉园中使用的效果.结果表明:(1)施用不同质量配比的混合肥,处理间前期生长差异不显著;(2)处理1(施用配比1的植株,依此类推,下同)产量最高,显著高于处理3,其余处理间差异不显著:(3)除处理3的叶片中P含量略低于正常值外,其余各处理叶片中的养分指标均属正常;(4)配比1的成本最低,每吨比其它2种配比的低55～60元.因此,配比1香蕉专用混合肥是适合该地区香蕉生产使用的施肥配方之一.

高寒地区混播多年生禾草对草地植被状况和土壤肥力的影响及其经济价值分析

以青藏高原高寒地区—金强河地区 (海拔高度约 30 0 0 m)旱作条件下建植的多年生禾草混播草地为材料 ,进行草地植被状况和土壤肥力变化的研究。经过 3年 (1998～ 2 0 0 0年 )的试验分析和调查总结 ,可以得出如下结论 :多年生禾草混播草地可以有效增加地表的植被覆盖率 ,减少水土流失 ,恢复土壤肥力 ;多年生禾草混播草地的产出 /投入比、劳动生产率和单位草地面积的净收益都明显高于作物田 (燕麦地 )、放牧草地和封育草地 ,经济效益明显 ;多年生禾草混播草地的合理建植和推广是解决青藏高原高寒草地高效生产和持续发展矛盾、推动牧业经济发展、提高农牧民生活水平的一条重要途径。