Cell-based models are a promising tool in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders as well as aiding in the discovery and development of future drug therapies.The grea...Cell-based models are a promising tool in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders as well as aiding in the discovery and development of future drug therapies.The greatest challenge is creating cell-based models that encapsulate the vast phenotypic presentations as well as the underlying genotypic etiology of these conditions.In this article,we discuss the recent advancements in cell-based models for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological disorders.We reviewed studies discussing the progression of cell-based models to the advancement of three-dimensional models and organoids that provide a more accurate model of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in vivo.The better we understand how to create more precise models of the neurological system,the sooner we will be able to create patient-specific models and large libraries of these neurological disorders.While three-dimensional models can be used to discover the linking factors to connect the varying phenotypes,such models will also help to understand the early pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and how they are affected by their environment.The three-dimensional cell models will allow us to create more specific treatments and uncover potentially preventative measures in neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.展开更多
Advances in the field of stem cells have led to the development of a technology called organoids.Organoids are cell cluster structures formed by the cultivation of stem cells in a three-dimensional environment in vitr...Advances in the field of stem cells have led to the development of a technology called organoids.Organoids are cell cluster structures formed by the cultivation of stem cells in a three-dimensional environment in vitro,and they can simulate the living environment of cells in vivo.Organoids play an important role in the screening of drugs for tumor therapy.Compared with traditional drug screening models,tumor organoid models derived from patient tumors have higher sensitivity,heterogeneity,and stability and can restore the real situation of tumors more effectively.Researchers have conducted a number of researches on the feasibility of using organoid technology in drug screening.By testing and comparing the effects of antitumor drugs in organoids and primary tumors,we can select the most appropriate treatment drugs for patients.In the past ten years,organoids from dozens of tissues and biological sample banks from several main organs have been established,and a large number of anticancer drugs have been screened out.This article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of traditional drug screening models,discusses the development history of organoid technology,and reviews the research results on organoids from tumor drug screening.In addition,the combination of organoid technology and other modern biotechnologies is put forward to further promote the role of organoid technology in the medical field.Finally,this article reviews the history,progress,and prospect on organoids from the view of antitumor drug screening.展开更多
While the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) have declined due to public health programs, it remains the third deadliest cancer worldwide. For patients with early disease, innovative endoscopic and complex...While the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) have declined due to public health programs, it remains the third deadliest cancer worldwide. For patients with early disease, innovative endoscopic and complex surgical techniques have improved survival. However, for patients with advanced disease, there are limited treatment options and survival remains poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies. Since novel therapies require extensive preclinical testing prior to human trials, it is important to identify methods to expedite this process. Traditional cancer models are restricted by the inability to accurately recapitulate the primary human tumor, exorbitant costs, and the requirement for extended periods of development time. An emerging in vitro model to study human disease is the patient-derived organoid, which is a three-dimensional system created from fresh surgical or biopsy tissues of a patient’s gastric tumor. Organoids are cultured in plastic wells and suspended in a gelatinous matrix, providing a substrate for extension and growth in all dimensions. They are rapid-growing and highly representative of the molecular landscape, histology, and morphology of the various subtypes of GC. Organoids uniquely model tumor initiation and growth, including steps taken by normal stomach cells to transform into invasive, intestinal-type tumor cells. Additionally, they provide ample material for biobanking and screening novel therapies. Lastly, organoids are a promising model for personalized therapy and warrant further investigation in drug sensitivity studies for GC patients.展开更多
In the era of precision medicine,cancer researchers and oncologists are eagerly searching for more realistic,cost effective,and timely tumor models to aid drug development and precision oncology.Tumor models that can ...In the era of precision medicine,cancer researchers and oncologists are eagerly searching for more realistic,cost effective,and timely tumor models to aid drug development and precision oncology.Tumor models that can faithfully recapitulate the histological and molecular characteristics of various human tumors will be extremely valuable in increasing the successful rate of oncology drug development and discovering the most efficacious treatment regimen for cancer patients.Two‐dimensional(2D)cultured cancer cell lines,genetically engineered mouse tumor(GEMT)models,and patient‐derived tumor xenograft(PDTX)models have been widely used to investigate the biology of various types of cancers and test the efficacy of oncology drug candidates.However,due to either the failure to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of patient tumors in the case of 2D cultured cancer cells,or high cost and untimely for drug screening and testing in the case of GEMT and PDTX,new tumor models are urgently needed.The recently developed patient‐derived tumor organoids(PDTO)offer great potentials in uncovering novel biology of cancer development,accelerating the discovery of oncology drugs,and individualizing the treatment of cancers.In this review,we will summarize the recent progress in utilizing PDTO for oncology drug discovery.In addition,we will discuss the potentials and limitations of the current PDTO tumor models.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhu et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.We focus specifically on the characteristics and mechanisms of pyroptosis and the impact...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhu et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.We focus specifically on the characteristics and mechanisms of pyroptosis and the impact of changes in the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)on cancer prognosis.Pyroptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death;its occurrence can change the TIME and regulate the growth and spread of tumors and therefore is significantly correlated with cancer prognosis.Previous research has demonstrated that pyroptosis-related genes can be used in prognostic models for various types of cancer.These models enhance the mechanistic understanding of tumor evolution and serve as valuable guides for clinical treatment decision-making.Nevertheless,further studies are required to thoroughly understand the function of pyroptosis within the TIME and to assess its mode of action.Such studies should reveal new tumor therapeutic targets and more successful tumor immunotherapy strategies.展开更多
文摘Cell-based models are a promising tool in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders as well as aiding in the discovery and development of future drug therapies.The greatest challenge is creating cell-based models that encapsulate the vast phenotypic presentations as well as the underlying genotypic etiology of these conditions.In this article,we discuss the recent advancements in cell-based models for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological disorders.We reviewed studies discussing the progression of cell-based models to the advancement of three-dimensional models and organoids that provide a more accurate model of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in vivo.The better we understand how to create more precise models of the neurological system,the sooner we will be able to create patient-specific models and large libraries of these neurological disorders.While three-dimensional models can be used to discover the linking factors to connect the varying phenotypes,such models will also help to understand the early pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and how they are affected by their environment.The three-dimensional cell models will allow us to create more specific treatments and uncover potentially preventative measures in neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
基金This work was supported by:National 13th Five-Year Science and Technology Plan Major Projects of China(2017ZX10203205)National Key R&D Plan(2017YFA0104304)+6 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81770648,81972286)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2018A030313259,2015A030312013)Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2017B020209004,20169013,2020B1212060019)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(201508020262)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515110654,2020A1515010574)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20ykpy38)and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019TQ0369,2020M672987).
文摘Advances in the field of stem cells have led to the development of a technology called organoids.Organoids are cell cluster structures formed by the cultivation of stem cells in a three-dimensional environment in vitro,and they can simulate the living environment of cells in vivo.Organoids play an important role in the screening of drugs for tumor therapy.Compared with traditional drug screening models,tumor organoid models derived from patient tumors have higher sensitivity,heterogeneity,and stability and can restore the real situation of tumors more effectively.Researchers have conducted a number of researches on the feasibility of using organoid technology in drug screening.By testing and comparing the effects of antitumor drugs in organoids and primary tumors,we can select the most appropriate treatment drugs for patients.In the past ten years,organoids from dozens of tissues and biological sample banks from several main organs have been established,and a large number of anticancer drugs have been screened out.This article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of traditional drug screening models,discusses the development history of organoid technology,and reviews the research results on organoids from tumor drug screening.In addition,the combination of organoid technology and other modern biotechnologies is put forward to further promote the role of organoid technology in the medical field.Finally,this article reviews the history,progress,and prospect on organoids from the view of antitumor drug screening.
文摘While the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) have declined due to public health programs, it remains the third deadliest cancer worldwide. For patients with early disease, innovative endoscopic and complex surgical techniques have improved survival. However, for patients with advanced disease, there are limited treatment options and survival remains poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies. Since novel therapies require extensive preclinical testing prior to human trials, it is important to identify methods to expedite this process. Traditional cancer models are restricted by the inability to accurately recapitulate the primary human tumor, exorbitant costs, and the requirement for extended periods of development time. An emerging in vitro model to study human disease is the patient-derived organoid, which is a three-dimensional system created from fresh surgical or biopsy tissues of a patient’s gastric tumor. Organoids are cultured in plastic wells and suspended in a gelatinous matrix, providing a substrate for extension and growth in all dimensions. They are rapid-growing and highly representative of the molecular landscape, histology, and morphology of the various subtypes of GC. Organoids uniquely model tumor initiation and growth, including steps taken by normal stomach cells to transform into invasive, intestinal-type tumor cells. Additionally, they provide ample material for biobanking and screening novel therapies. Lastly, organoids are a promising model for personalized therapy and warrant further investigation in drug sensitivity studies for GC patients.
文摘In the era of precision medicine,cancer researchers and oncologists are eagerly searching for more realistic,cost effective,and timely tumor models to aid drug development and precision oncology.Tumor models that can faithfully recapitulate the histological and molecular characteristics of various human tumors will be extremely valuable in increasing the successful rate of oncology drug development and discovering the most efficacious treatment regimen for cancer patients.Two‐dimensional(2D)cultured cancer cell lines,genetically engineered mouse tumor(GEMT)models,and patient‐derived tumor xenograft(PDTX)models have been widely used to investigate the biology of various types of cancers and test the efficacy of oncology drug candidates.However,due to either the failure to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of patient tumors in the case of 2D cultured cancer cells,or high cost and untimely for drug screening and testing in the case of GEMT and PDTX,new tumor models are urgently needed.The recently developed patient‐derived tumor organoids(PDTO)offer great potentials in uncovering novel biology of cancer development,accelerating the discovery of oncology drugs,and individualizing the treatment of cancers.In this review,we will summarize the recent progress in utilizing PDTO for oncology drug discovery.In addition,we will discuss the potentials and limitations of the current PDTO tumor models.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32370598 and No.31971117.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhu et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.We focus specifically on the characteristics and mechanisms of pyroptosis and the impact of changes in the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)on cancer prognosis.Pyroptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death;its occurrence can change the TIME and regulate the growth and spread of tumors and therefore is significantly correlated with cancer prognosis.Previous research has demonstrated that pyroptosis-related genes can be used in prognostic models for various types of cancer.These models enhance the mechanistic understanding of tumor evolution and serve as valuable guides for clinical treatment decision-making.Nevertheless,further studies are required to thoroughly understand the function of pyroptosis within the TIME and to assess its mode of action.Such studies should reveal new tumor therapeutic targets and more successful tumor immunotherapy strategies.