Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale

Objective:To translate the English version of Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale into Chinese and to validate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale(CISE).Method(s):Participants were recruited from the Gynecology Department of two city hospitals.Five main processes were involved in the formation of CISE[1]:scale translation based on expert consultation[2];pre-test questionnaire development with infertile women's feedback(N=20)[3];factor structure assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis(N=177)[4];assessment of reliability by internal consistency(N=177)and test-retest reliability(N=21);and[5]assessment of convergent validity with Self-rating Anxiety Scale,Self-rating Depression Scale,and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(N=177).Results:This study established a 16-item CISE.Factor analyses confirmed a onecomponent solution,which explained 54.59% of total variances and showed an acceptable model fit.Cronbach's a and test-retest correlation coefficients for the scale were 0.94 and 0.84,respectively.The CISE score was significantly correlated with anxiety(r=0.47),depression(r=0.60),positive coping style(r=0.37),and certain negative coping style items.Conclusion:This 16-item CISE is a reliable and valid measure to evaluate perceived selfefficacy among a sample of Chinese women who underwent infertility treatment.

Measurement invariance and latent mean differences of the Chinese version physical activity self-efficacy scale across gender and education levels

Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.

Turkish validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale

Purpose:The aim of this methodological study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale adapted to the Turkish community.Methods:The study sample was completed with 319 patients who had been diagnosed at least 1 year before and hospitalized in the Malatya Turgut Ozal Health Center and Malatya State Hospital in Turkey.A questionnaire that consists of items on sociodemographic characteristics,drug use and information about the disease of patients and the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale were used for data collection in the study.In reliability analysis of the scale,the Cronbach'sαcoefficient was calculated and item analysis method was utilized.Factor analysis was used for the construct validity,and Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation method were used for analyzing the factor structures.Results:According to data obtained in the study,item-total correlation of the items of the scale was found to be at an adequate level(0.297-0.803).The scale's Cronbach'sαreliability coefficient was found to be 0.86,and there was one factor that explains 52.38%of the total variance with an eigenvalue was greater than 1.0.As a result of the analysis,the factor loadings of the items of the scale were found to bebetween 0.59 and 0.81.Conclusion:Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for determining the self-efficacy of patients and providing a proper care.It can be suggested to investigate and evaluate the consistency of the scale by applying it to broader sample groups representing different socioeconomic levels.

Resilience in the First Episode of Major Depressive Disorder

Aim: Resilience refers to the human ability to adapt to tragedy, trauma, adversity, and significant stressors. Recently, resilience has been defined as a potentially modifiable factor that can be improved through intervention. Here, we examined resilience during a 3-month period as patients experienced their first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD). We hypothesized that despite MDD, resilient people could recover from depressive states more quickly than less resilient people. Methods: Twelve patients experienced their first MDD episode and 21 healthy control individuals participated in the study. Data from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), S-H Resilience Scale (S-HRS), and State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) were collected at two time points. Time 1 was the first visit after registration and Time 2 was 12 weeks later. Based on the symptoms described by the HAM-D results, the MDD group was divided into MDD-remission and MDD-residual subgroups. Results: Compared with controls, patients showed significantly lower resilience (low scores for Factor-A, Factor-B, and total S-HRS). Moreover, total SHRS scores for the MDD-remission group increased significantly from the Time 1 to Time 2, while those in MDD-residual group did not change. No significant differences in STAI scores were observed between MDD-remission and MDD-residual groups at either time point. Conclusion: This is the first report to show that patients experiencing their first episode of MDD show low resilience, and that a resilience scale might be a good index for estimating recovery from depression.

Measuring Teacher Sense of Efficacy: Insights and Recommendations Concerning Scale Design and Data Analysis from Research with Preservice and Inservice Teachers in China

In this study,issues concerning the design of scales for measuring teacher sense of efficacy(TSE)are first identified with particular attention to the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale(TSES).Psychometric issues concerning analysis and reporting of TSE data are subsequently identified.Recommendations are offered about all identified issues,and these recommendations are taken into account when obtaining and analyzing TSE data from Chinese mainland preservice and inservice teachers.Exploratory factor analyses yielded a single factor for both samples as well as for four subgroups within the inservice teacher sample.Results also provided insights about scale design as well as the TSES being limited for capturing the breadth of TSE.Suggestions are made for improvements in the assessment of TSE.

中文版骨质疏松症自我效能量表应用于社区中老年人的信效度分析

目的：评价中文版21条目骨质疏松症自我效能（ OSE）量表的效度及信度。方法由专业英语教师及社区医护专家共同对量表条目进行翻译形成中文版OSE量表（21条），对297名社区中老年人进行调查，评价其效度及信度。结果中文版OSE总量表及分量表的Cronbach ’ s α系数分别为0．885，0．927及0．929，均大于0．7；折半信度（ Split-half reliability ）系数分别为0．812，0．875及0．719。结论中文版OSE量表具有较高的效度及信度，可应用于中国社区中老年人预防骨质疏松症的方法研究。

Efficacy Perceptions of Preservice and Inservice Teachers in China: Insights Concerning Culture and Measurement

This study comprises the second stage of a research program in which sense of efficacy for teaching(SET)was investigated in Chinese mainland preservice and inservice teachers(PSTs and ISTs,respectively).Scores on SET were calculated and described,and SET comparisons were made between and within PSTs and ISTs.Relative to PSTs,ISTs had higher SET;within both the PSTs and IST samples there were no gender differences;but among ISTs there were some associations of SET with years of teaching,teacher roles,and whether the schools were categorized as advanced or standard.Tentative comparisons are drawn concerning SET in Chinese and Western contexts,and recommendations are made concerning effective measurement of teacher sense of efficacy in China and elsewhere.