Efficacy and predictive factors of transarterial chemoembolization combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1 inhibition for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)for unresectable hepato-cellular carcinoma(HCC)have rarely been evaluated and it is unknown which factors are related to efficacy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and independent predictive factors of TACE combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors for unresectable HCC.METHODS This study retrospectively enrolled patients with unresectable HCC who received TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment between March 2019 and April 2022.Overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS)were determined.The objective response rate(ORR)and disease control rate(DCR)were evaluated in accordance with the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.Additionally,the prognostic factors affecting the clinical outcome were assessed.RESULTS One hundred and two patients were enrolled with a median follow-up duration of 12.63 months.The median OS was 26.43 months(95%CI:17.00-35.87),and the median PFS was 10.07 months(95%CI:8.50-11.65).The ORR and DCR were 61.76%and 81.37%,respectively.The patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification(BCLC)B stage,early neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)response(decrease),or early alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)response(decrease>20%)had superior OS and PFS than their counterparts.CONCLUSION This study showed that TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment was well tolerated with encouraging efficacy in patients with unresectable HCC.The patients with BCLC B-stage disease with early NLR response(decrease)and early AFP response(decrease>20%)may achieve better clinical outcomes with this triple therapy.

The action mechanism by which C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic mice

Studies have shown that C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 (CTRP6) can alleviate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. However, its role in the brain remains poorly understood. To investigate the role of CTRP6 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with diabetes mellitus, a diabetes mellitus mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. To overexpress CTRP6 in the brain, an adeno-associated virus carrying CTRP6 was injected into the lateral ventricle. The result was that oxygen injury and inflammation in brain tissue were clearly attenuated, and the number of neurons was greatly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that CTRP6 knockout exacerbated oxidative damage, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis in cerebral cortical neurons in high glucose hypoxia-simulated diabetic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. CTRP6 overexpression enhanced the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway in diabetic brains after ischemia/reperfusion injury. To investigate the mechanism underlying these effects, we examined mice with depletion of brain tissue-specific sirtuin-1. CTRP6-like protection was achieved by activating the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that CTRP6 likely attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway.

Effectiveness and tolerability of programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy for upper gastrointestinal tract cancers

BACKGROUND The combination of programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor and che-motherapy is approved as a standard first-or second-line treatment in patients with advanced oesophageal or gastric cancer.However,it is unclear whether this combination is superior to chemotherapy alone.AIM To assess the comparative effectiveness and tolerability of combining PD-1 inhibitors with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced gastric cancer,gastroesophageal junction(GEJ)cancer,or oesophageal carcinoma.METHODS We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies that compared the efficacy and tolerance of PD-1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced oesophageal or gastric cancer.We employed either random or fixed models to analyze the outcomes of each clinical trial,en-compassing data on overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS),objective response rate,and adverse events(AEs).RESULTS Nine phase 3 clinical trials(7016 advanced oesophageal and gastric cancer patients)met the inclusion criteria.Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group had a significantly longer OS than the chemotherapy-alone group[hazard ratio(HR)=0.76,95%confidence interval(CI):0.71-0.81];the pooled PFS result was consistent with that of OS(HR=0.67,95%CI:0.61-0.74).The count of patients achieving an objective response in the PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group surpassed that of the chemotherapy-alone group[odds ratio(OR)=1.86,95%CI:1.59-2.18].AE incidence was also higher in the combination-therapy group than in the chemotherapy-alone group,regardless of whether≥grade 3 only(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.07-1.57)or all AE grades(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.39-2.54)were examined.We performed a subgroup analysis based on the programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)combined positive score(CPS)and noted extended OS and PFS durations within the CPS≥1,CPS≥5,and CPS≥10 subgroups of the PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group.CONCLUSION In contrast to chemotherapy alone,the combination of PD-1 inhibitor and chemotherapy appears to present a more favorable option for initial or subsequent treatment in patients with gastric cancer,GEJ tumor,or oesophageal cancer.This holds true particularly for individuals with PD-L1 CPS scores of≥5 and≥10.

骨形成肽1和聚多巴胺复合涂层修饰提高聚醚醚酮表面活性

背景:聚醚醚酮具有与人体皮质骨相近的弹性模量及良好的射线透射性、化学稳定性和生物相容性等优点,有望应用于口腔种植领域,然而其具有生物惰性,难以与周围组织形成骨结合,因此如何提高聚醚醚酮的表面活性是目前的主要问题。目的:分析聚醚醚酮表面骨形成肽1和聚多巴胺复合涂层的促成骨和成血管作用。方法:将聚醚醚酮片浸泡于多巴胺溶液中24 h,制备聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺材料;将聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺材料浸泡于骨形成肽1溶液中24 h,制备聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料,表征材料的微观形貌、亲水性与元素组成。将骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于聚醚醚酮、聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺、聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料表面,通过活死细胞染色和细胞骨架染色评估细胞活性与黏附状态,茜素红和骨钙素免疫荧光染色检测细胞成骨分化能力。将人脐静脉内皮细胞分别接种于3组材料表面,通过活死细胞染色和细胞骨架/血管内皮生长因子免疫荧光染色评估细胞活性及成血管水平。结果与结论:①扫描电镜下可见聚醚醚酮材料表面光滑,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺材料表面出现凹凸不平的沉积物,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料表面有小颗粒突起;接触角测试结果显示,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料的亲水性优于其他两种材料;X射线光电子能谱测试结果显示,骨形成肽1成功修饰于聚醚醚酮材料表面;②活死细胞染色和细胞骨架染色显示,相较于其他两种材料,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料可提高骨髓间充质干细胞的活性与黏附;茜素红和骨钙素免疫荧光染色显示,相较于其他两种材料,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料可促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化;③活死细胞染色和免疫荧光染色显示,相较于其他两种材料,聚醚醚酮-聚多巴胺-骨形成肽1材料可提高人脐静脉内皮细胞的活性与黏附及血管内皮生长因子蛋白的表达;④结果表明,骨形成肽1和聚多巴胺复合涂层可提高聚醚醚酮表面的促成骨和成血管活性。

IGF-1介导MAPKs通路在C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化中的作用

目的探究胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)介导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路在C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化中的调控作用及机制。方法不同浓度IGF-1(0、5、10、20 ng/mL)培养C3H10T1/2细胞,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与茜素红(ARS)染色检测ALP活性、钙盐沉积情况,qRT-PCR法检测成骨特性因子核心结合因子α-1(RUNX2)、成骨分化特异性因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA表达水平,Western Blot法检测MAPK通路蛋白磷酸化表达水平。对数期细胞分为空白组、IGF-1组、ERK通路抑制剂(PD98059)组、PD+IGF-1组、p38通路抑制剂(SB202192)组、SB+IGF-1组,qRT-PCR法检测成骨特性因子RUNX2、成骨分化特异性因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA表达水平。结果不同浓度IGF-1组ALP显色加深,ALP活性升高,钙盐结节形成增多,RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平升高,磷酸化ERK、p38、JNK蛋白表达增加,具有剂量效应(P<0.05)。与空白组比较,PD组、SB组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),PD+IGF-1组、SB+IGF-1组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);但与IGF-1组比较,PD+IGF-1组、SB+IGF-1组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论IGF-1促进C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,其作用机制可能与激活ERK信号通路和p38 MAPK信号通路有关。

微小RNA-103a-3p通过肿瘤蛋白53调控凋亡抑制剂1/P53对骨质疏松症的影响

目的探讨微小RNA(miR)-103a-3p调控细胞肿瘤蛋白53调控凋亡抑制剂1(TRIAP1)对成骨细胞分化以及去卵巢小鼠骨量的影响。方法MC3T3-E1细胞分为正常对照(NC)组、miR-103a-3p-NC组、miR-103a-3p模拟(mimc)组、miR-103a-3p mimic+TRIAP1-NC组、miR-103a-3p mimic+TRIAP1 mimic组。Real-time PCR检测细胞miR-103a-3p、TRIAP1、P53的mRNA表达,MTT法和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖及凋亡,免疫荧光染色和茜红素染色检测细胞骨架F-actin表达和矿化情况,ELISA检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。24只雌性小鼠设为sham组、骨质疏松症(OP)组、miR-103a-3p antagonist-NC组和miR-103a-3p antagonist组,每组6只摘取双侧卵巢制备OP模型,sham组仅分离卵巢组织周围脂肪。测定骨组织miR-103a-3p、TRIAP1、P53、ALP、骨钙素(OCN)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)的mRNA表达,microCT测定骨密度(BMD)、骨矿物质含量(BMC),HE染色观察骨组织病理改变。结果细胞转染miR-103a-3p mimic后,miR-103a-3p及P53表达升高、TRIAP1表达降低,细胞增殖降低、凋亡增加,F-actin表达减弱,钙结节数量减少,ALP活性降低(P<0.01);而在增加转染TRIAP1 mimic后,以上miR-103a-3p mimics导致的结果均得到显著逆转(P<0.01)。OP组小鼠骨组织miR-103a-3p、P53表达升高,TRIAP1、ALP、OCN、OPN基因表达降低,BMD、BMC降低,骨组织结构破坏(P<0.05);miR-103a-3p antagonist组小鼠骨组织miR-103a-3p及P53表达降低,TRIAP1、ALP、OCN、OPN基因表达升高,BMD、BMC升高,骨组织结构改善(P<0.05)。结论MiR-103a-3p可介导TRIAP1/P53抑制成骨细胞增殖及矿化,而miR-103a-3p拮抗治疗可减少OP小鼠骨量丢失。

高糖环境中程序性细胞死亡受体1抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

背景:程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)在高糖环境下影响骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的作用机制尚不清楚。目的:探讨高糖环境中PD-1对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响及其调控机制。方法:将大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞随机分为正常糖组(5.6 mmol/L)、高糖组(30 mmol/L)、PD-1过表达组、PD-1过表达空载组、PD-1敲低组、PD-1敲低空载组、PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂组(PD-1敲低+5μmol/L LY294002)。通过在高糖培养基中培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来模拟体外糖尿病环境,采用qRT-PCR检测大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中PD-1及其配体PD-L1和成骨标志物Runx2、OSX的mRNA表达,采用碱性磷酸酶染色和茜素红S染色观察成骨分化能力,采用CCK-8检测细胞增殖情况,采用Western blot检测PD-1、PD-L1、p-PI3K、p-AKT的蛋白表达。结果与结论:①高糖组PD-1及PD-L1表达显著高于正常糖组,高糖组骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化能力较正常糖组显著下降;②敲低PD-1表达可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化、增加细胞增殖活性,同时激活PI3K/AKT通路;③加入PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂LY294002后,骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化能力显著下降。结果表明:PD-1依赖于PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制高糖环境下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化。

DNA N^6-methyladenine demethylase ALKBH1 enhances osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs

ALKBH1 was recently discovered as a demethylase for DNA N6-methyladenine （N6-mA）, a new epigenetic modification, and interacts with the core transcriptional pluripotency network of embryonic stem cells. However, the role of ALKBH1 and DNA N6-mA in regulating osteogenic differentiation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of ALKBH1 in human mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） was upregulated during osteogenic induction. Knockdown of ALKBH1 increased the genomic DNA N6-mA levels and significantly reduced the expression of osteogenic-related genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. ALKBHl-depleted MSCs also exhibited a restricted capacity for bone formation in vivo. By contrast, the ectopic overexpression of ALKBH1 enhanced osteoblastic differentiation. Mechanically, we found that the depletion of ALKBH1 resulted in the accumulation of N6-mA on the promoter region of ATF4, which subsequently silenced ATF4 transcription. In addition, restoring the expression of ATP by adenovirus-mediated transduction successfully rescued osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ALKBH1 is indispensable for the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and indicate that DNA N6-mA modifications area new mechanism for the epigenetic regulation of stem cell differentiation.

AFF1 and AFF4 differentially regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs

AFF1 and AFF4 belong to the AFF （AF4/FMR2） family of proteins, which function as scaffolding proteins linking two different transcription elongation factors, positive elongation factor b （P-TEFb） and ELL1/2, in super elongation complexes （SECs）. Both AFF1 and AFF4 regulate gene transcription through elongation and chromatln remodeling. However, their function in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） is unknown. In this study, we show that small interfering RNA （siRNA）-mediated depletion of AFF1 in human MSCs leads to increased alkaline phosphatase （ALP） activity, enhanced mineralization and upregulated expression of osteogenic-related genes. On the contrary, depletion of AFF4 significantly inhibits the osteogenic potential of MSCs. In addition, we confirm that overexpression of AFF1 and AFF4 differentially affects osteogenic differentiation in vitro and MSC-mediated bone formation in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that AFFI regulates the expression of DKK1 via binding to its promoter region. Depletion of DKK1 in HA-AFFl-overexpressing MSCs abrogates the impairment of osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, we detect that AFF4 is enriched in the promoter region of ID1. AFF4 knockdown blunts the BRE luciferase activity, SP7 expression and ALP activity induced by BMP2 treatment. In conclusion, our data indicate that AFF1 and AFF4 differentially regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs.AFF1 and AFF4 belong to the AFF （AF4/FMR2） family of proteins, which function as scaffolding proteins linking two different transcription elongation factors, positive elongation factor b （P-TEFb） and ELL1/2, in super elongation complexes （SECs）. Both AFFI and AFF4 regulate gene transcription through elongation and chromatln remodeling. However, their function in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） is unknown. In this study, we show that small interfering RNA （siRNA）-mediated depletion of AFF1 in human MSCs leads to increased alkaline phosphatase （ALP） activity, enhanced mineralization and upregulated expression of osteogenic-related genes. On the contrary, depletion of AFF4 significantly inhibits the osteogenic potential of MSCs. In addition, we confirm that overexpression of AFF1 and AFF4 differentially affects osteogenic differentiation in vitro and MSC-mediated bone formation in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that AFFI regulates the expression of DKK1 via binding to its promoter region. Depletion of DKK1 in HA-AFFl-overexpressing MSCs abrogates the impairment of osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, we detect that AFF4 is enriched in the promoter region of ID1. AFF4 knockdown blunts the BRE luciferase activity, SP7 expression and ALP activity induced by BMP2 treatment. In conclusion, our data indicate that AFF1 and AFF4 differentially regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs.

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor rescues the osteogenic ability of mesenchymal stem cells under osteoporotic conditions by modulating H3K4 methylation

Bone tissue engineering may be hindered by underlying osteoporosis because of a decreased osteogenic ability of autologous seed cells and an unfavorably changed microenvironment in these patients. Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the developmental origins of osteoporosis; however, few studies have investigated the potential of epigenetic therapy to improve or rescue the osteogenic ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs) under osteoporotic conditions. Here, we investigated pargyline, an inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1), which mainly catalyzes the demethylation of the di- and mono-methylation of H3K4. We demonstrated that 1.5 mmol·Lpargyline was the optimal concentration for the osteogenic differentiation of human BMMSCs. Pargyline rescued the osteogenic differentiation ability of mouse BMMSCs under osteoporotic conditions by enhancing the dimethylation level of H3K4 at the promoter regions of osteogenesis-related genes. Moreover, pargyline partially rescued or prevented the osteoporotic conditions in aged or ovariectomized mouse models, respectively. By introducing the concept of epigenetic therapy into the field of osteoporosis, this study demonstrated that LSD1 inhibitors could improve the clinical practice of MSC-based bone tissue engineering and proposes their novel use to treat osteoporosis.

程序性细胞死亡受体1影响高糖条件下成骨细胞分化的机制

背景:程序性细胞死亡受体1属于免疫球蛋白基因超家族,可以调控成骨细胞分化、影响骨稳态,然而其在糖尿病性骨质疏松中的调控作用及机制尚不明确。目的:探讨程序性细胞死亡受体1对高糖环境下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的调控作用及机制。方法:①动物实验:采用随机数字法将12只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=6)与模型组(n=6),对照组常规喂养,模型组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立1型糖尿病模型,高脂饲料喂养8周建立1型糖尿病性骨质疏松模型。喂养8周后,取2组大鼠股骨,分别进行苏木精-伊红染色、micro-CT检测与程序性细胞死亡受体1、程序性细胞死亡配体1 mNRA表达。②细胞实验:将第3代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞随机分4组处理:正常对照组、高糖模型组加入低糖培养基,PD-1沉默组转染程序性细胞死亡受体1 siRNA,PD-1沉默空载组转染siRNA-NC。转染48 h后,正常对照组更换为新的低糖培养基,高糖模型组、PD-1沉默组、PD-1沉默空载组更换为高糖培养基,培养48 h后进行成骨诱导培养。成骨诱导21 d后,分别进行茜素红染色、qRT-PCR(程序性细胞死亡受体1、RUNX2 mRNA表达)与Western blot(β-catenin、GSK-3β、p-GSK-3β与Axin2蛋白表达)检测。结果与结论:①动物实验:苏木精-伊红染色与micro-CT检测结果显示,模型组大鼠1型糖尿病骨质疏松造模成功。qRT-PCR检测结果显示,模型组程序性细胞死亡受体1、程序性细胞死亡配体1 mRNA表达均高于对照组(P<0.05)。②细胞实验:茜素红染色结果显示,高糖模型组、PD-1沉默空载组矿化结节形成能力低于对照组、PD-1沉默组。与正常对照组比较,高糖模型组、PD-1沉默空载组程序性细胞死亡受体1 mRNA表达及GSK3β、Axin2蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),RUNX2 mRNA表达及p-GSK3β、β-catenin蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05);与高糖模型组、PD-1沉默空载组比较,PD-1沉默组程序性细胞死亡受体1 mRNA表达及GSK3β、Axin2蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),RUNX2 mRNA表达及p-GSK3β、β-catenin蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05)。③结果表明:沉默程序性细胞死亡受体1表达可通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进高糖条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化。

TLR signaling that induces weak inflammatory response and SHIP1 enhances osteogenic functions

Toll-like receptor （TLR）-mediated inflammatory response could negatively affect bone metabolism. In this study, we determined how osteogenesis is regulated during inflammatory responses that are downstream of TLR signaling. Human primary osteoblasts were cultured in collagen gels. Pam3CSK4 （P3C） and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide （EcLPS） were used as TLR2 and TLR4 ligand respectively. Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS having TLR2 activity with either TLR4 agonism （Pg1690） or TLR4 antagonism （Pg1449） and mutant E. coli LPS （LPxE/LPxF/WSK） were used. IL-lp, SH2-containing inositol phosphatase-1 （SHIP1） that has regulatory roles in osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase and mineralization were analyzed. 3α-Aminocholestane （3AC） was used to inhibit SHIP1. Our results suggest that osteoblasts stimulated by P3C, poorly induced IL-1β but strongly upregulated SHIP1 and enhanced osteogenic mediators. On the contrary, EcLPS significantly induced IL-1β and osteogenic mediators were not induced. While Pg1690 downmodulated osteogenic mediators, Pg1449 enhanced osteogenic responses, suggesting that TLR4 signaling annuls osteogenesis even with TLR2 activity. Interestingly, mutant E. coli LPS that induces weak inflammation upregulated osteogenesis, but SHIP1 was not induced. Moreover, inhibiting SHIP1 significantly upregulated TLR2-mediated inflammatory response and downmodulated osteogenesis. In conclusion, these results suggest that induction of weak inflammatory response through TLR2 （with SHIP1 activity） and mutant TLR4 ligands could enhance osteogenesis.

西格列汀激活基质细胞衍生因子-1/CXC趋化因子受体4信号通路对脂多糖诱导的人牙周膜干细胞增殖、凋亡、炎症和成骨分化的影响

目的 探讨西格列汀对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞(hPDLSCs)增殖、凋亡、炎症和成骨分化的影响及分子机制。方法 体外培养hPDLSCs,用不同浓度的西格列汀处理后检测细胞活力,以确定后续西格列汀实验浓度。采用1μg/mL LPS刺激诱导24 h建立hPDLSCs炎症模型并分为空白组、对照组、西格列汀低浓度组(0.5μmol/L)、西格列汀中浓度组(1μmol/L)、西格列汀高浓度组(2μmol/L)、西格列汀高浓度+基质细胞衍生因子-1 (SDF-1)/CXC趋化因子受体4 (CXCR4)通路抑制剂(AMD3100)组(2μmol/L+10μg/mL)。细胞计数试剂盒-8检测培养24、48、72 h后的hPDLSCs增殖活性;流式细胞术检测培养72 h后hPDLSCs凋亡情况;诱导成骨分化21 d后茜素红染色检测hPDLSCs成骨分化能力,试剂盒测定hPDLSCs中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;酶联免疫吸附检测hPDLSCs培养上清液中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测hPDLSCs中成骨分化相关基因Runt相关转录因子2 (RUNX2)、骨钙素(OCN)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)及SDF-1和CXCR4 mRNA表达;Western blot检测hPDLSCs中SDF-1、CXCR4蛋白表达。结果 与空白组比较,对照组hPDLSCs增殖活性、矿化结节数量、染色强度、ALP活性和RUNX2、OCN、OPN mRNA及SDF-1、CXCR4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低,凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,西格列汀低、中、高浓度组hPDLSCs增殖活性、矿化结节数量、染色强度、ALP活性和RUNX2、OCN、OPN mRNA及SDF-1、CXCR4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平依次升高,凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平依次降低(P<0.05);AMD3100可部分逆转高浓度西格列汀对LPS诱导的hPDLSCs的作用效果(P<0.05)。结论 西格列汀可能通过激活SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路促进LPS诱导的炎症微环境下hPDLSCs的增殖和成骨分化,抑制hPDLSCs凋亡和炎症反应。

miR⁃615⁃3p通过负调控FBLN1的表达抑制脂肪干细胞成骨分化

目的:探讨miR-615-3p及其靶基因纤维蛋白1(FBLN1)在脂肪干细胞(ADSCs)成骨分化中的作用及其相互调控机制。方法:利用慢病毒转染ADSCs分别敲低miR-615-3p及过表达FBLN1,Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-615-3p敲低效率和FBLN1过表达效率以及敲低miR-615-3p后FBLN1的表达,通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、茜素红染色检测敲低miR-615-3p和过表达FBLN1对ADSCs的成骨分化能力的影响,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测敲低miR-615-3p和过表达FBLN1 ADSCs成骨细胞特异性转录因子Osterix(OSX)、牙本质涎磷蛋白(DSPP)、牙本质基质蛋白-1(DMP1)的基因表达,通过Western blot检测敲低miR-615-3p和过表达FBLN1后ADSCs DMP1和DSPP蛋白表达。结果:敲低ADSCs中miR-615-3p后,miR-615-3p基因表达降低,ALP活性升高(P<0.05),矿化结节增多,OSX、DMP1、DSPP基因表达水平上升(P<0.05),DMP1、DSPP蛋白表达升高。低表达miR-615-3p的ADSCs中FBLN1表达升高。过表达FBLN1后,ADSCs中FBLN1蛋白和基因表达升高,ALP活性升高(P<0.05),矿化结节增多,OSX、DMP1、DSPP基因表达水平上升(P<0.05),DMP1、DSPP蛋白表达升高。结论:miR-615-3p通过下调FBLN1抑制ADSCs的成骨分化。

miR-192-5p靶向CKIP-1促进骨质疏松患者骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化

背景:酪蛋白激酶2结合蛋白1(casein kinase 2-interaction protein-1,CKIP-1)是一种重要的骨形成负调控基因,其敲除鼠骨质显著增强、骨形成和骨密度也显著提高。而miRNA作为较早发现的小分子调控物,对大多数编码基因具有调控作用,在成骨分化中发挥重要作用。目的:探讨miRNA/CKIP-1对骨质疏松患者骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响及其分子机制。方法:采用miRNA-Seq技术检测2022年3-6月在开封市中心医院骨外科就诊32例骨质疏松患者及同期体检中心健康人群骨髓间充质干细胞中miRNA的变化情况;利用Targetscan网站预测靶向调控CKIP-1的miRNA,利用荧光素酶报告基因实验检测miRNA与CKIP-1启动子区DNA的结合;在骨髓间充质干细胞中转染miR-192-5p类似物(miR-192-5p mimics)/阴性对照(NC mimics)或miR-192-5p抑制剂(miR-192-5p inhibitor)/阴性对照(NC inhibitor),成骨诱导后第7,14天,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术及茜素红染色检测成骨标志基因Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)、骨钙素、抗骨桥蛋白、骨唾液蛋白及CKIP-1的表达水平和骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的情况;采用蛋白质免疫印迹实验及茜素红染色检测miR-192-5p/CKIP-1/轴对细胞成骨分化的的调控作用。结果与结论:与健康组相比,骨质疏松组有16个miRNA表达明显升高,53个miRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05);利用Targetscan网站预测,并通过荧光素酶报告基因实验验证,发现miR-192-5p与CKIP-1有互补的核苷酸序列(P<0.05);过表达miR-192-5p,Runx2、骨钙素、骨桥素和骨唾液蛋白的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),抑制miR-192-5p,Runx2、骨钙素、骨桥素和骨唾液蛋白的表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),而沉默CKIP-1的表达后,Runx2、骨钙素及骨桥素的蛋白水平增加(P<0.05),逆转了敲低miR-192-5p对细胞成骨分化的抑制作用。上述结果证实,miR-192-5p在骨质疏松症中表达降低;miR-192-5p通过靶向抑制CKIP-1的表达,促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化。

Osteogenic Potential of Cultured Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Transfected with Transforming Growth Factor β_1 Gene in vitro

To study the osteogenic potential of cultured bone marrow stromal cells transfected with transforming growth factor β 1 gene in vitro , cultured BMSCs were transfected with the complexes of pcDNA 3 TGF β 1 and Lipofectamine Reagent in vitro . The cell proliferation was detected by MTT method and the morphological features of transfected BMSCs was observed. ALP stains and PNP method were used to measure ALP activity. In addition, the collagen type Ⅰ propeptides and mineralized matrixes were examined by immunohistochemical staining and tetracycline fluorescence labeling respectively. The morphological and biological characters of the transfected BMSCs were similar to those of osteoblasts and the cell proliferation was promoted. The cell layer displayed strong positive reaction for ALP stains and immunohistochemical staining. ALP activity and collagen type Ⅰ expression increased remarkably after transfection. Mineralized matrixes formed earlier and more in transfected BMSCs as compared with control group. It is concluded that transfecting with TGF β 1 gene could promote the osteogenic potential of cultured BMSCs.

Present and prospect of transarterial chemoembolization combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and PD-1 inhibitor for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article(World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024;16:1236-1247),which is a retrospective study of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Herein,we focus specifically on the mechanisms of this triple therapy,administration sequence and selection of each medication,and implications for future clinical trials.Based on the interaction mechanisms between medications,the triple therapy of TACE+TKI+PD-1 is proposed to complement the deficiency of each monotherapy,and achieve synergistic antitumor effects.Although this triple therapy has been evaluated by several retrospective trials,it is still controversial whether the triple therapy achieves better clinical benefits,due to the flawed study design and heterogeneity in medications.In addition,the administration sequence,which may greatly affect the clinical benefit,needs to be fully considered at clinical decision-making for obtaining better prognosis.We hope that this editorial could contribute to the design and optimization of future trials.

姜黄素调控HO-1改善高糖环境下骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

目的探讨姜黄素对高糖环境下人骨髓间充质干细胞(hBMSCs)成骨分化的影响及其机制。方法将培养的hBMSCs分为正常组、高糖组和高糖+姜黄素组。通过检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性评估各组细胞早期成骨分化水平;茜素红染色评估成骨分化晚期矿化结节的形成情况;RT-PCR检测成骨诱导分化21 d后成骨相关基因Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)、骨钙素(OCN)和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(COL-1)的表达;采用Western blot检测各组细胞中血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的表达;进一步构建HO-1小干扰RNA(siRNA)模型并检测干扰效率,对比高糖+姜黄素组和高糖+姜黄素+siHO-1组成骨相关蛋白(Runx2、OCN和COL-1)的表达水平。结果与正常组比较,高糖组细胞ALP活性降低,矿化结节形成减少,成骨相关基因(Runx2、OCN、COL-1)表达下降,HO-1的表达受到抑制(P<0.05);与空载体组相比,siHO-1组HO-1表达显著下降,表明siRNA干扰成功(P<0.01)。相比高糖+姜黄素组,高糖+姜黄素+siHO-1组成骨相关蛋白(OCN、COL-1和Runx2)的表达水平均下降(P<0.05)。结论姜黄素可改善高糖环境下hBMSCs的成骨分化能力,且与HO-1的表达有关。

miR-100调节IGF1R/mTOR信号通路对牙周炎牙周膜干细胞增殖和成骨分化的影响

目的:探究MicroRNA-100(miR-100)对牙周炎牙周膜干细胞(PDLSCs)增殖和成骨分化的影响及潜在机制。方法:丝线结扎法构建牙周炎大鼠模型,建模后分为模型组、NC-agomir组、miR-100 agomir组、NC-antagomir组和miR-100 antagomir组(n=10),另取10只大鼠为对照组。体外培养PDLSCs,分为对照组、TNF-α组、miR-100-NC+TNF-α组、miR-100 mimics+TNF-α组、miR-100 inhibitor+TNF-α组、miR-100 mimics+TNF-α+Oe-NC组、miR-100 mimics+TNF-α+Oe-IGF1R组。细胞经相应处理后检测有关因子表达。结果:上调miR-100可显著降低牙周炎大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平和牙周组织IGF1R和mTOR的mRNA水平(P<0.05),减轻牙周组织病变,而下调miR-100表现出相反作用。在PDLSCs中,miR-100过表达可显著抑制IGF1R和mTOR表达,上调Cyclin E1、Cyclin D1及分化相关蛋白八聚体结合转录因子4(Oct4)、性别决定区Y-box2(Sox2)、Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)表达,促进炎性微环境下PDLSCs增殖和成骨分化(P<0.05);而下调miR-100表现出相反作用;且过表达IGF1R可减弱miR-100过表达对TNF-α诱导的PDLSC增殖和成骨分化的促进作用(P<0.05)。结论:过表达miR-100可能通过抑制IGF1R/mTOR信号通路促进牙周炎PDLSCs的增殖和成骨分化。

BMP9 induces osteogenic differentiation through up-regulating LGR4 via the mTORC1/ Stat3 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells

Bone defects and non-union are prevalent in clinical orthopedy,and the outcomes of current treatments are often suboptimal.Bone tissue engineering offers a promising approach to treating these conditions effectively.Bone morphogenetic protein 9(BMP9)can commit mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenic lineage,and a knowledge of the underlying mechanisms may help advance the field of bone tissue engineering.Leucine-rich repeats con-taining G protein-coupled receptor 4(LGR4),a member of G protein-coupled receptors,is essential for modulating bone development.This study is aimed at investigating the impact of LGR4 on BMP9-induced osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells as well as the underlying mechanisms.Bone marrow stromal cells from BMp9-knockout mice exhibited diminished LGR4 expression,and exogenous LGR4 clearly restored the impaired osteogenic potency of the bone marrow stromal cells.Furthermore,LGR4 expression was increased by BMP9 in C3H10T1/2 cells.LGR4 augmented the benefits of BMP9-induced osteogenic markers and bone formation,whereas LGR4 inhibition restricted these effects.Meanwhile,the BMP9-induced li-pogenic markers were increased by LGR4 inhibition.The protein levels of Raptor and p-Stat3 were elevated by BMP9.Raptor knockdown or p-Stat3 suppression attenuated the osteoblastic markers and LGR4 expression brought on by BMP9.LGR4 significantly reversed the blocking ef-fect of Raptor knockdown or p-Stat3 suppression on the BMP9-induced osteoblastic markers.Raptor interacts with p-Stat3,and p-Stat3 activates the LGR4 promoter activity.In conclusion,LGR4 boosts BMP9 osteoblastic potency in mesenchymal stem cells,and BMP9 may up-regulate LGR4 via the mTORC1/Stat3 signal activation.