Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom ...Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.展开更多
Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic...Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic thoughts has occurred since then,and it has produced the divisions of pan-Islamism,Modernism,and Turkism in the ideological field of the Ottoman Empire.Such phenomenon is the manifestation of political and ideological chaos of the late Ottoman Empire,which has intertwined with the contradiction of tradition and modernity,between the Orient and the West,presenting the developing trends of diversification,complexity,and variability.Intensified ideological struggle occurred in the late Ottoman Empire previous to its collapse.Social and political reforms began to transform the country from a traditional empire to modern nation-state.Due to the relationship between trends of political thoughts and Islam,nationalism could not get rid of the impact of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire.Islam has not only perpetuated pan-Ottomanism and pan-Turkism in the form of pan-Islamism,it has also exerted a wide range of effects as a relative individual trend of political and social thoughts.展开更多
Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glo...Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glorious period and now where they have fallen.He blamed them that it is all their fault of down fall because they forgot their religion,their traditions,ethics and character of leadership.In this article we will point out in Iqbal’s Poetry and try to motivate the youg generation.展开更多
文摘Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.
基金This paper is the stage research outcome of the project“New Development of Islamic Extremism in the Middle East and China’s Strategic Response”(16JJDGJW010)a project of 2016 Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Education.
文摘Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic thoughts has occurred since then,and it has produced the divisions of pan-Islamism,Modernism,and Turkism in the ideological field of the Ottoman Empire.Such phenomenon is the manifestation of political and ideological chaos of the late Ottoman Empire,which has intertwined with the contradiction of tradition and modernity,between the Orient and the West,presenting the developing trends of diversification,complexity,and variability.Intensified ideological struggle occurred in the late Ottoman Empire previous to its collapse.Social and political reforms began to transform the country from a traditional empire to modern nation-state.Due to the relationship between trends of political thoughts and Islam,nationalism could not get rid of the impact of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire.Islam has not only perpetuated pan-Ottomanism and pan-Turkism in the form of pan-Islamism,it has also exerted a wide range of effects as a relative individual trend of political and social thoughts.
文摘Dr.Iqbal“The poet of east”was greatly moved with down fall of Ottoman Empire and and disappointed by Muslims as a whole.He through his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims specially to youth.He reminded them their glorious period and now where they have fallen.He blamed them that it is all their fault of down fall because they forgot their religion,their traditions,ethics and character of leadership.In this article we will point out in Iqbal’s Poetry and try to motivate the youg generation.
