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Charting the course:India's health expenditure projections for 2035
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作者 Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo Himanshu Sekhar Rout 《Global Health Journal》 2024年第2期58-66,共9页
Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns i... Objectives Understanding past trends and forecasting future changes in health spending is vital for planning and reducing reliance on out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses.The current study analyzed health expenditure patterns in India and forecasted future trends and patterns until 2035.Methods Data on health expenditure in India from 2000 to 2019 was collected from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)iLibrary and National Health Accounts 2019 databases.Gross domestic product(GDP)data from the World Bank was also utilized.Descriptive statistics analyzed the composition and pattern,while the exponential smoothing model forecasted future health expenditures.Results The findings revealed that expenditure made by OOP is the primary health financing source,followed by government and pre-paid private spending.The percentage of GDP allocated to total health expenditure remains stable,while the per capita health expenditure fluctuates.Variations in expenditure among states are observed,with Karnataka relying heavily on pre-paid private coverage.Future projections suggest a decline in per capita and total health expenditure as a share of GDP,with a slight increase in the government’s share.Pre-paid private expenditure per capita and OOP health expenditure as a share of the total is projected to remain relatively constant but still high in absolute terms.Conclusion The study highlights variations in health spending in India,characterized by high OOP spending,limited public coverage,and a need for investments,and reforms to improve healthcare access and equity. 展开更多
关键词 health expenditure health spending health financing Forecasting Exponential smoothing INDIA
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The twisted path from farm subsidies to health care expenditures 被引量:2
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作者 Stephanie Bernell 《Health》 2012年第12期1509-1513,共5页
Overweight and obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions, including but not limited to the following: hypertension;osteoarthritis;dyslipidemia;type 2 diabetes;coronary heart disea... Overweight and obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions, including but not limited to the following: hypertension;osteoarthritis;dyslipidemia;type 2 diabetes;coronary heart disease and stroke. Consequently, individuals who are obese are more likely to use health services and are more likely to use costly health services than non-obese individuals. Between 1987 and 2001, growth in obesity related health expenditures accounted for 27 percent of the growth in inflation-adjusted per capita health care spending. Researchers, popular press and the television news media have paid considerable attention to the effect that farm subsidies have on dietary habits and obesity. Prominent researchers in the field have concluded that US farm subsidies have had a negligible impact on obesity. However, even small increases in obesity rates are associated with higher health care expenditures. The primary intent of this study is to break down the linkages from farm subsidy to health expenditure and shed light on the unintended implications of the farm subsidy program. We find that agricultural subsidies have the potential to influence health care expenditures. 展开更多
关键词 Obesity FARM SUBSIDY health expenditure Cost MEDICARE MEDICAID
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Factors Determining Health Expenditure in the Asian and the OECD Countries 被引量:2
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作者 Paitoon Kraipornsak 《Economics World》 2017年第5期407-417,共11页
It is widely recognized that developed countries have been spending more than developing countries on health care. Objective of the study is to examine determinants of health expenditure and what factors influence it.... It is widely recognized that developed countries have been spending more than developing countries on health care. Objective of the study is to examine determinants of health expenditure and what factors influence it. Fifteen Asian countries and 30 OECD countries were chosen to explore the difference of their health expenditure structures. Model of health expenditure per person was estimated to be dependent on market demand, market supply, and other exogenous factors. A model with country specific and time effects of health expenditure was used and estimated. The study found a negative but insignificant relationship between price and health expenditure and a positive and significant relationship between GDP and health expenditure. Urban population density as proxy of urbanization was found to induce the health expenditure in the OECD. Out-of-pocket payment was also found to induce health expenditure for both the Asian and the OECD countries. A net effect of improvement in the health status or a lower mortality rate and a higher life expectancy caused an increase in the health expenditure among the Asian countries studied but decreased health expenditure in the OECD countries. In terms of income elasticity, it was found to be smaller than one in both groups of the countries. Since the income has changed faster than the other factors, the net effect of changes of all factors over period of time will cause rising in health care expenditure. Finally, the model indicated that both the Asian and OECD countries will continue to have a rising health expenditure per person over a period of time. 展开更多
关键词 health expenditure rising trend of health expenditure Asian countries OECD countries country fixed effect time fixed effect income elasticity necessary service
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Regional Differences in Specific Health Examination Utilization and Medical Care Expenditures in Japan 被引量:1
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作者 Nozomu Mandai Mayumi Watanabe 《Health》 2020年第9期1143-1150,共8页
<strong>Background:</strong> Despite having one of the most successful health systems in the world, annual medical expenditures in Japan have been increasing year to year. We sought to clarify regional dif... <strong>Background:</strong> Despite having one of the most successful health systems in the world, annual medical expenditures in Japan have been increasing year to year. We sought to clarify regional differences in medical expenditures by analyzing the relationship between the specific health examination coverage and medical care expenditure by prefecture of Japan. <strong>Methods:</strong> We used data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB) Open Data Japan (2015) and Overview of 2015 National Medical Expenses to compare medical care expenditure per capita and proportions of persons receiving specific health examination between Japan nationally and individual prefectures. <strong>Results: </strong>National medical expenditures were 42.3 trillion Japanese yen (JPY) (3851 hundred million dollars), with a national per capita rate of JPY347,219 (USD3156). Per capita medical expenditure rates by prefecture ranged from JPY290,900 (USD2645) in Saitama Prefecture to JPY 444,000 (USD4036) in Kochi Prefecture. The proportion of persons receiving specific health examinations was 49.0% for Japan overall and ranged from 39.3% in Hokkaido Prefecture to 63.4% in Tokyo Prefecture. We observed a significant negative correlation between per capita medical expenditures and the proportion of persons receiving specific health examinations (R = 0.553, p < 0.001).<strong> Conclusion: </strong>We found a significant negative correlation between per capita medical expenditures and the proportion of persons receiving health examinations: prefectures with lower expenditures tended to have higher rates of medical examinations. Interventions to increase the proportion of persons receiving specific health examinations by prefecture could reduce per capita medical expenditures and reduce prefectural disparities in expenditures. 展开更多
关键词 Medical expenditures Regional Disparities health Examinations
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Maternity or catastrophe: A study of household expenditure on maternal health care in India
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作者 Saradiya Mukherjee Aditya Singh Rakesh Chandra 《Health》 2013年第1期109-118,共10页
Using data from 60th round of the National Sample Survey, this study attempts to measure the incidence and intensity of ‘catastrophic’ maternal health care expenditure and examines its socio-economic correlates in u... Using data from 60th round of the National Sample Survey, this study attempts to measure the incidence and intensity of ‘catastrophic’ maternal health care expenditure and examines its socio-economic correlates in urban and rural areas separately. Additionally, it measures the effect of maternal health care expenditure on poverty incidence and examines the factors associated with such impoverishment due to maternal health care payments. We found that maternal health care expenditure in urban households was almost twice that of rural households. A little more than one third households suffered catastrophic payments in both urban and rural areas. Rural women from scheduled tribes (ST) had more catastrophic head counts than ST women from urban areas. On the other hand, the catastrophic head count was greater among illiterate women living in urban areas compared to those living in rural areas. After adjusting for out-of-pocket maternal health care expenditure, the poverty in urban and rural areas increased by almost equal percentage points (20% in urban areas versus 19% in rural areas). Increasing education level, higher consumption expenditure quintile and higher caste of women was associated with increasing odds of impoverishment due to maternal health care expenditure. To reduce maternal health care expenditure induced poverty, the demand-side maternal health care financing programs and policies in future should take into consideration all the costs incurred during prenatal, delivery and postnatal periods and focus not only on those women who suffered catastrophic expenditure and plunged into poverty but also those who forgo maternal health care due to their inability to pay. 展开更多
关键词 out-of-pocket Payments Maternal health Care POVERTY NSSO CATASTROPHIC expenditure
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The Pattern of Government Health Expenditure in China
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作者 Yang Ling Liu Yuanli 《Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment》 2012年第3期90-99,共10页
For a while since the inception of economic system reform programs in 1980s,China's government investment in health was weakened.This resulted in healthcare provider's increasing reliance on user charges for t... For a while since the inception of economic system reform programs in 1980s,China's government investment in health was weakened.This resulted in healthcare provider's increasing reliance on user charges for their income,poorer access to healthcare for the vulnerable population groups,and increasing socioeconomic disparities in health and healthcare.To address these problems,China initiated a series of health sector reforms since late 1990s.Our comprehensive review study has found that indeed Chinese government spending on health has been increasing in recent years,especially since 2009,when the new Healthcare Reform Plan was announced.Still,China needs to both further strengthen government investment in health and address the structural imbalances in government health financing,in order to make the overall Chinese health system more equitable and more efficient. 展开更多
关键词 health expenditure China GOVERNMENT demand-sideand supply-side
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The impact of out-of-pocket expenditures on missed appointments at HIV r care and treatment centers in Northern Tanzania
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作者 Carl Mhina Hayden Bosworth +6 位作者 John A.Bartlett Helene Vilme Joyce H.Mosha Deborah F.Shoo Tom J.Kakumbi Glory Jacob Charles Muiruri 《Global Health Journal》 2021年第2期90-96,共7页
Background:Missed clinic appointments negatively impact clinic patient flow and health outcomes of people living with HIV(PLHIV).PLHIV likelihood of missing clinic appointments is associated with direct and indirect e... Background:Missed clinic appointments negatively impact clinic patient flow and health outcomes of people living with HIV(PLHIV).PLHIV likelihood of missing clinic appointments is associated with direct and indirect expenditures made while accessing HIV care.The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between out-of-pocket(OOP)health expenditures and the likelihood of missing appointments.Method:Totally 618 PLHIV older than 18 years attending two HIV care and treatment centres(CTC)in Northern Tanzania were enrolled in the study.Clinic attendance and clinical characteristics were abstracted from medical records.Information on OOP health expenditures,demographics,and socio-economic factors were self-reported by the participants.We used a hurdle model.The first part of the hurdle model assessed the marginal effect of a one Tanzanian Shillings(TZS)increase in OOP health expenditure on the probability of having a missed appointment and the second part assessed the probability of having missed appointments for those who had missed an appointment over the study period.Results:Among these 618 participants,242(39%)had at least one missed clinic appointment in the past year.OOP expenditure was not significantly associated with the number of missed clinic appointments.The median amount of OOP paid was 5100 TZS per visit,about 7%of the median monthly income.Participants who were separated from their partners(adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=1.83,95%confidence interval[CZ]:1.11-8.03)and those aged above 50 years(AOR=2.85,95%CI:1.01-8.03)were significantly associated with missing an appointment.For those who had at least one missed appointment over the study period,the probability of missing a clinic appointment was significantly associated with seeking care in a public CTC(P=0.49,95%CI:0.88-0.09)and aged between>25-35 years(P=0.90,95%CI:0.11-1.69).Conclusion:Interventions focused on improving compliance to clinic appointments should target public CTCs,PLHIV aged between>25-35 years,above 50 years of age and those who are separated from their partners. 展开更多
关键词 Missed clinic appointments out-of-pocket expenditure HIV Tanzania
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Health Care Expenditure Inequality Associated With Pollution in China
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作者 Pengfei Sheng 《Economics World》 2018年第6期482-486,共5页
This research builds an index to describe the inequality in health care expenditure related to pollution,and the measurement with Chinese provincial data set suggests that health care expenditure inequality related to... This research builds an index to describe the inequality in health care expenditure related to pollution,and the measurement with Chinese provincial data set suggests that health care expenditure inequality related to pollution is obvious negative,which confirms that residents located in high-polluted areas cannot get the better health care resources.Meanwhile,the absolute value of health care expenditure inequality related to pollution is even larger than that related to income,which suggests the inequality related to pollution cannot be ignored. 展开更多
关键词 health CARE expenditure INEQUALITY POLLUTION
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The Efficiency of Public Health Expenditure in Turkey Between 2003 and 2013
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作者 Necdet Saglam 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2015年第5期269-282,共14页
Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as "Health Transformation Programme" (HTP), which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included ... Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as "Health Transformation Programme" (HTP), which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included the effectiveness and the efficiency factors within the process by setting them as the primary objectives to increase the health status of the population (effectiveness) and to use resources in the best possible manner and at the lowest possible cost (efficiency). Accessing services according to the need of patients and state benefits according to their ability to pay would be viable under these objectives. In this study, initially, Turkish National Health System will be articulated on a literature-study basis approach to measure the efficiency of public expenditure on health. Then, the measured level of the efficiency will be analysed in Turkey, The paper serves a purpose to analyse the efficiency based on the outcomes of heath service such as satisfaction with public health services over the period of 2003-2013. A simple linear regression was employed to test the degree of statistical relation between public health expenditure and satisfaction with public health care services. 展开更多
关键词 public health care finance public health expenditure EFFICIENCY
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Social Expenditure on Health Service and Its Macro Estimation
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作者 刘俊杰 《中国卫生经济》 1986年第9期65-65,共1页
By social expenditure on health service(SEHS)we refer to the sum total of money paid by thewhole society during a certain period of year for the sake of preventing and treating diseases andof protecting and improving ... By social expenditure on health service(SEHS)we refer to the sum total of money paid by thewhole society during a certain period of year for the sake of preventing and treating diseases andof protecting and improving the people’s health.It reflects objectively the total level of SEHSduring a certain period;the levels of health service expenditures on the parts of the whole society,enterprises,and individuals;the ratio between SEHS and total social expenditure;and the ratiosof SEHS to gross national product and to national income.The article discussed and 展开更多
关键词 Social expenditure on health Service and Its Macro Estimation
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A Study of the Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on the Efficiency of Public Health Expenditure
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作者 Xiaoman Wu Tingfei Geng Xiaojie Peng 《Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies》 2022年第5期25-30,共6页
In this present-day global pandemic that has not been completely resolved,health is a major concern among people,and correspondingly,people are demanding higher standards for public health products and services provid... In this present-day global pandemic that has not been completely resolved,health is a major concern among people,and correspondingly,people are demanding higher standards for public health products and services provided by the government.In this paper,we measure the technical efficiency of public health expenditure in each province by using the data envelopment analysis(DEA)model,and examine the impact of decentralization on the efficiency of public health expenditure under the fiscal decentralization system using the panel data from 31 provinces from 2012-2019 in a panel model subject to fixed effects. 展开更多
关键词 Fiscal decentralization Fiscal expenditure efficiency Public health expenditure
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Medical expenditures for colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment: A 10-year high-level-hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey in China, 2002-2011 被引量:8
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作者 Jufang Shi Guoxiang Liu +23 位作者 Hong Wang Ayan Mao Chengcheng Liu Lanwei Guo Huiyao Huang Jiansong Ren Xianzhen Liao Yana Bai Xiaojie Sun Xinyu Zhu Jialin Wang Bingbing Song Jinyi Zhou Lin Zhu Haike Lei Yuqin Liu Yunyong Liu Lingbin Du Yutong He Kai Zhang Ni Li Wanqing Chen Min Dai Jie He 《Chinese Journal of Cancer Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2019年第5期825-837,共13页
Objective: Colorectal cancer(CRC) causes a substantial burden of disease in China and the evidence of economic burden triggered is fundamental for priority setting. The aim of this survey was to quantify medical expen... Objective: Colorectal cancer(CRC) causes a substantial burden of disease in China and the evidence of economic burden triggered is fundamental for priority setting. The aim of this survey was to quantify medical expenditures and the time trends for CRC diagnosis and treatment in China.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 13 provinces across China. For each eligible CRC patient diagnosed from 2002 to 2011, clinical information and expenditure data were extracted using a uniform questionnaire. All expenditure data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY)using 2011 values.Results: Of the 14,536 CRC patients included, the average age at diagnosis was 58.2 years and 15.8% were stageI cases. The average medical expenditure per patient was estimated at 37,902 CNY [95 % confidence interval(95%CI): 37,282-38,522], and the annual average increase rate was 9.2% from 2002 to 2011(P for trend <0.001), with a cumulative increase of 2.4 times(from 23,275 CNY to 56,010 CNY). The expenditure per patient in stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were 31,698 CNY, 37,067 CNY, 38,918 CNY and 42,614 CNY, respectively(P<0.001). Expenditure significantly differed within various subgroups. Expenses for drugs contributed the largest proportion(52.6%).Conclusions: These conservative estimates illustrated that medical expenditures for CRC diagnosis and treatment in tertiary hospitals in China were substantial and increased rapidly over the 10 years, with drugs continually being the main expense by 2011. Relatively, medical expenditures are lower for CRC in the earlier stages. These findings will facilitate the economic evaluation of CRC prevention and control in China. 展开更多
关键词 Colorectal NEOPLASMS health expenditures diagnosis THERAPEUTICS China
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Health disparities are associated with gastric cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios in 57 countries 被引量:5
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作者 Ming-Chang Tsai Chi-Chih Wang +5 位作者 Hsiang-Lin Lee Cheng-Ming Peng Tzu-Wei Yang Hsuan-Yi Chen Wen-Wei Sung Chun-Che Lin 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS 2017年第44期7881-7887,共7页
AIM To evaluate the association between mortality-to-incidence ratios(MIRs) and health disparities.METHODS In this study, we used the GLOBOCAN 2012 database to obtain the cancer incidence and mortality data for 57 cou... AIM To evaluate the association between mortality-to-incidence ratios(MIRs) and health disparities.METHODS In this study, we used the GLOBOCAN 2012 database to obtain the cancer incidence and mortality data for 57 countries, and combined this information with the World Health Organization(WHO) rankings and total expenditures on health/gross domestic product(e/GDP). The associations between variables and MIRs were analyzed by linear regression analyses and the 57 countries were selected according to their data quality. RESULTS The more developed regions showed high gastric cancer incidence and mortality crude rates, but lower MIR values than the less developed regions(0.64 vs 0.80, respectively). Among six continents, Oceania had the lowest(0.60) and Africa had the highest(0.91) MIR. A good WHO ranking and a high e/GDP were significantly associated with low MIRs(P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSION The MIR variation for gastric cancer would predict regional health disparities. 展开更多
关键词 Gastric cancer MORTALITY INCIDENCE Mortality-to-incidence ratio Gross domestic product expenditure World health Organization
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A cross-sectional study to assess the out-of-pocket expenditure of families on the health care of children younger than 5 years in a rural area 被引量:2
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作者 Saurabh Ram BihariLal Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava 《Family Medicine and Community Health》 2018年第3期124-130,共7页
Objective:This study aimed to estimate the out-of-pocket expenditure of families on the health care of children younger than 5 years in a rural area of Kancheepuram district.Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study... Objective:This study aimed to estimate the out-of-pocket expenditure of families on the health care of children younger than 5 years in a rural area of Kancheepuram district.Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in a rural area of Kancheepuram district for 5 months.All households with at least one child younger than 5 years were eligible for the study,and 153 households were selected for the fi nal study.A semistructured and pretested schedule was used to obtain information about various study variables during home visits.Ethics approval was obtained before the start of the study.Data were entered into Microsoft Excel,and statistical analysis was done with IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.Frequency distributions were calculated for all the variables.Results:The fi ndings indicate that most children younger than 5 years were males(62.7%).The maximum out-of-pocket expenditure was for accidents/trauma and in cases of fever/malaria.Further,96 households(53.1%)preferred private-sector health care for their ailments.Conclusion:The fi ndings indicate that 93 of the children younger than 5 years(60.8%)had experienced one episode of illness in the previous 3 months.Further,the maximum out-of-pocket expenditure was for accident/trauma cases,and overall the largest share was for buying medica-tions for the treatment. 展开更多
关键词 out-of-pocket expenditure health rural.
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Community Based Health Insurance in India: Prospects and Challenges
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作者 Bhaskar Purohit 《Health》 2014年第11期1237-1245,共9页
The health inequities remain high in India with government and private health expenditures clearly favoring the rich, urban population and organized sector workers and the Out Of Pocket (OOP) spending as high as 80%, ... The health inequities remain high in India with government and private health expenditures clearly favoring the rich, urban population and organized sector workers and the Out Of Pocket (OOP) spending as high as 80%, afflicting the poor in the worst manner. The focus of the paper is to examine the potential Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) offers to improve the healthcare access to rural, low-income population and the people in unorganized sector. This is done by drawing empirical evidence from various countries on their experiences of implementing CBHI schemes and its potential for applications to India, problems and challenges faced and the policy and management lessons that may be applicable to India. It can be concluded that CBHI schemes have proved to be effective in reducing the Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) of people. But success of such schemes depends on its design, benefit package it offers, its management, economic and non-economic benefits perceived by enrollees and solidarity among community members. Collaboration of government, NGO’s and donor agencies is very crucial in extending coverage;similarly overcoming the mistrust that people have from such schemes and subsidizing the insurance for the many who cannot pay the premiums are important factors for success of CBHI in India. One of the biggest challenges for the health system is to address the piecemeal approach of CBHI schemes in extending health insurance and inability of such schemes to cover a large number of poor and the unorganized sector workers. Also, there is a need for a stronger policy research to demonstrate: 1) how such schemes can create a larger risk pool, 2) how such schemes can enroll a large number of people in the unorganized sector, 3) the interaction of CBHI schemes with other financing schemes and its link to the health system. 展开更多
关键词 Community Based health INSURANCE CATASTROPHIC health expenditure healthcare Financing health EQUITY INDIA
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Assessing the Impact of Health Insurance on Household Financial Protection in Togo
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作者 Aboubakar Issa Yaovi Tossou Kodjo Evlo 《Health》 2023年第6期507-516,共10页
Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their depen... Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their dependents. In addition, other voluntary and community mechanisms have been developed. After several years of implementation, the level of catastrophic health expenditures among insured individuals shows that there is still a considerable level of financial risk associated with health care. This study aims to assess the impact of health insurance in Togo on insured populations. Methodology: The data used in this study come from the harmonized survey on household living conditions carried out in 2018 by the National Institute of Statistics, Economic and Demographic Studies. The propensity score matching method was used according to the following steps: estimation of propensity scores, verification of the conditional independence hypothesis (balancing property) and estimation of the average treatment effect on treated. Stata V14.2 software was used. Findings: The average effect of health insurance on household financial protection is −0.012 for the nearest neighbor method, −0.013 for the matching radius method, −0.015 for the Kernel and −0.016 for the stratification method. Results showed that health insurance contributes to reducing catastrophic health expenditures, but their effect remains very limited. This could be explained by the level of care package covered and the cost covered. Conclusion: Health insurance contributes to the reduction of catastrophic health expenses for households. However, it is important to widen the range of care covered and the cost covered. In addition, measures to extend this coverage to a larger proportion of the population will make it possible to have a greater impact. 展开更多
关键词 Impact health Insurance Catastrophic expenditure
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Healthcare delivery cost and anesthesiologists: Time to have a greater role and responsibility
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作者 Habib Md Reazaul Karim 《World Journal of Anesthesiology》 2019年第3期19-24,共6页
With the advancement of technology and health sciences,health care delivery costs are steadily increasing.This affects both households and governments.Unfortunately,the present truth is that health has become an essen... With the advancement of technology and health sciences,health care delivery costs are steadily increasing.This affects both households and governments.Unfortunately,the present truth is that health has become an essential but unaffordable commodity.This is very concerning.Quality,up-to-date,costeffective health care delivery is one of the prime objectives,and focuses on administration and health care authority.As the per capita spent on health from public/government funds is very poor in developing countries,the responsibility of cost-effective health care delivery falls primarily on the shoulder of the treating physicians.Anesthesiologists are becoming an indispensable part of health care delivery,having a diverse role in the emergency,critical care,pain,and perioperative care of patients.As the population ages,the need for surgical care is also increasing.Therefore,the anesthesiologist can also play a more significant role in delivering cost-effective health care,and minimize the cost without affecting the quality.This brief narrative review analyzes the current practice of anesthesiologists in two prime areas in the context of cost-savings:Preoperative investigation and low/minimal flow anesthesia. 展开更多
关键词 health expenditures COST control ANESTHESIOLOGISTS ANESTHESIA
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In Accordance with Governmental Recommendations--A Study of Golf and Health
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作者 Jan Ove Tangen Arnstein Sunde +5 位作者 Jostein Sageie Per Chr. Hagen Bjom Kristoffersen Roy Istad Tor Lonnestad Inger Lise Eriksrud Bergan 《Journal of Sports Science》 2013年第1期15-25,共11页
Norwegian authorities recommend that adults and elderly people be physically active for at least 30 min every day at moderate to high levels of intensity. This is equivalent to approximately 10,000 steps a day. This r... Norwegian authorities recommend that adults and elderly people be physically active for at least 30 min every day at moderate to high levels of intensity. This is equivalent to approximately 10,000 steps a day. This research study seeks to determine whether golf is beneficial to individual health as defined by the governmental recommendations. The study included 29 participants, whose heart rate, playing time, and walked distance were measured as they carried a GPS (global position system) receiver. Male players walked on average 11,256 + 830 m while female players walked on average 10,000 ~ 595 m. Thus, men tended to walk 1.98 times the course length while women walked 2.13 times the course length. The duration of the golf round averaged 269 ~ 25.4 rain (i.e., 4 h 29 min); for men, the mean duration was 271 rain, and for women, it was 267 rain. The average heart rate was 104.1 ~ 14.5 bpm for male players and 110.8 ~ 16.9 bpm for the female players. Based on the energy expenditure in kcal on the golf course, male players used 2,467 kcal on average while female players used 1,587 kcal on average during a round of golf. Comparing the hilliness of two different golf courses, it indicated that golf playing could be a form of interval training. Our results strongly indicate that golf is beneficial to health as defined in the governmental recommendations. 展开更多
关键词 Physical activity walked distance energy expenditure health promoting.
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人工智能与财政预算支出管理——基于公共卫生预算的分析 被引量:1
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作者 熊励 涂诗芬 苟燕楠 《财经论丛》 CSSCI 北大核心 2024年第7期28-37,共10页
通过将人工智能运用于公共卫生预算分配,本文实证检验了人工智能方法在财政预算支出管理中的有效性。本文以2014—2022年广东21个地级市为研究样本,构建人工智能模型探讨公共卫生预算支出与人口死亡率、甲乙类传染病发病数量和人均地区... 通过将人工智能运用于公共卫生预算分配,本文实证检验了人工智能方法在财政预算支出管理中的有效性。本文以2014—2022年广东21个地级市为研究样本,构建人工智能模型探讨公共卫生预算支出与人口死亡率、甲乙类传染病发病数量和人均地区生产总值等多目标的联系。研究发现:第一,提高卫生监督机构、突发公共卫生应急处理以及疾病预防控制机构预算水平是降低人口死亡率的有效途径;第二,优化基本公共卫生服务、城市社区卫生机构和老龄卫生健康事务的预算分配是控制甲乙类传染病发病数量的关键;第三,疾病预防控制机构、突发公共卫生事件应急处理和采供血机构的预算支出是保障劳动力健康和经济增长的基石;第四,控制传染病发病数量与提高人均地区生产总值存在一定程度的目标冲突,而降低人口死亡率与提高生产总值的目标则较为一致。 展开更多
关键词 财政预算支出 人工智能 预算分配 公共卫生
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健康公平视角下的城乡居民医疗支出不平等研究——基于生命周期模型 被引量:1
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作者 廖朴 刘金浩 冯璐 《当代经济科学》 CSSCI 北大核心 2024年第2期1-16,共16页
促进健康公平是中国医疗体制改革的重要目标之一。建立居民医疗支出内生决策的生命周期模型,根据实际数据采用模拟矩估计法估计城乡居民偏好参数,通过模型求解揭示居民的医疗支出行为特征及城乡差异,并讨论相关政策对城乡医疗支出不平... 促进健康公平是中国医疗体制改革的重要目标之一。建立居民医疗支出内生决策的生命周期模型,根据实际数据采用模拟矩估计法估计城乡居民偏好参数,通过模型求解揭示居民的医疗支出行为特征及城乡差异,并讨论相关政策对城乡医疗支出不平等的影响。研究表明:城乡居民的生命周期最优医疗支出均呈现倒U型,但医疗支出水平具有明显差异;收入差距、主观偏好差异和基本医疗保险制度差异是造成该现象的重要原因且重要性依次降低;增加农村居民收入、提高农村居民医疗保险保障水平、提升医疗技术以及引入普惠型健康保险可以有效缩小城乡居民医疗支出差距。因此,应增强城乡居民医疗保险制度的福利性,积极在农村地区推广惠民保等普惠型健康保险,进一步增加农村居民收入,以缩小城乡医疗支出差距。 展开更多
关键词 健康公平 医疗支出 健康选择 城乡差异 生命周期模型 模拟矩估计
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