Objective: Measures of ventilation-co_2 output relationship have been shown to be more prognostic than peak O_2 uptake in assessing life expectancy in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF). Because both the ratios(...Objective: Measures of ventilation-co_2 output relationship have been shown to be more prognostic than peak O_2 uptake in assessing life expectancy in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF). Because both the ratios(V4e/V4co_2) and slopes(V4e-vs-V4co_2) of ventilation-co_2 output of differing durations can be used, we aim to ascertain which measurements best predicted CHF life expectancy. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-one CHF patients with NYHA class II-IV underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET) and were followed-up for a median duration of 479 days. Four different linear regression V4e-vsV4co_2 slopes were calculated from warm-up exercise onset to: 180 s, anaerobic threshold(AT), ventilatory compensation point(VCP); and peak exercise. Five V4e/V4co_2 ratios were calculated for the following durations: rest(120 s), warm-up(30 s), AT(60 s), lowest value(90 s), and peak exercise(30 s). Death or heart transplant were considered end-points. Multiple statistical analyses were performed. Results: CHF patients had high lowest V4e/V4co_2(41.0±9.2, 141±30%pred), high V4e/V4co_2 at AT(42.5±10.4, 145±35%pred), and high V4e-vs-V4co_2 slope to VCP(37.6±12.1, 126±41%pred). The best predictor of death was a higher lowest V4e/V4co_2(≥42, ≥141%pred), whereas the V4e-vs-V4co_2 slope to VCP was less variable than other slopes. For death prognosis in 6 months, %pred values were superior: for longer times, absolute values were superior. Conclusion: The increased lowest V4e/V4co_2 ratio easily identifiable and simply measured during exercise, is the best measurement to assess the ventilation-co_2 output relationship in prognosticating death in CHF patients.展开更多
By using the methods of co-integration, impulse response function and variance decomposition, I conduct the empirical research on the dynamic relationship among China's financial fund for agriculture, agricultural...By using the methods of co-integration, impulse response function and variance decomposition, I conduct the empirical research on the dynamic relationship among China's financial fund for agriculture, agricultural output value, and farmers' income from the year 1978 to the year 2009. The results indicate that the government's financial fund for agriculture plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and farmers' income in the long run, but this role of promoting is not prominent in the short run; in the mean time, agricultural output value plays insignificant role in promoting farmers' income and the government's financial fund for agriculture; farmers' income plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and the government's financial fund for agriculture.展开更多
基金partially supported by National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases,Fuwai Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing,ChinaThe clinical trials of the Resynchronization for Hemod Ynamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management(RHYTHM)[38]were funded by St Jude Medical
文摘Objective: Measures of ventilation-co_2 output relationship have been shown to be more prognostic than peak O_2 uptake in assessing life expectancy in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF). Because both the ratios(V4e/V4co_2) and slopes(V4e-vs-V4co_2) of ventilation-co_2 output of differing durations can be used, we aim to ascertain which measurements best predicted CHF life expectancy. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-one CHF patients with NYHA class II-IV underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET) and were followed-up for a median duration of 479 days. Four different linear regression V4e-vsV4co_2 slopes were calculated from warm-up exercise onset to: 180 s, anaerobic threshold(AT), ventilatory compensation point(VCP); and peak exercise. Five V4e/V4co_2 ratios were calculated for the following durations: rest(120 s), warm-up(30 s), AT(60 s), lowest value(90 s), and peak exercise(30 s). Death or heart transplant were considered end-points. Multiple statistical analyses were performed. Results: CHF patients had high lowest V4e/V4co_2(41.0±9.2, 141±30%pred), high V4e/V4co_2 at AT(42.5±10.4, 145±35%pred), and high V4e-vs-V4co_2 slope to VCP(37.6±12.1, 126±41%pred). The best predictor of death was a higher lowest V4e/V4co_2(≥42, ≥141%pred), whereas the V4e-vs-V4co_2 slope to VCP was less variable than other slopes. For death prognosis in 6 months, %pred values were superior: for longer times, absolute values were superior. Conclusion: The increased lowest V4e/V4co_2 ratio easily identifiable and simply measured during exercise, is the best measurement to assess the ventilation-co_2 output relationship in prognosticating death in CHF patients.
文摘By using the methods of co-integration, impulse response function and variance decomposition, I conduct the empirical research on the dynamic relationship among China's financial fund for agriculture, agricultural output value, and farmers' income from the year 1978 to the year 2009. The results indicate that the government's financial fund for agriculture plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and farmers' income in the long run, but this role of promoting is not prominent in the short run; in the mean time, agricultural output value plays insignificant role in promoting farmers' income and the government's financial fund for agriculture; farmers' income plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and the government's financial fund for agriculture.
