Adult-Type Granulosa Cell Tumor with Similar Clinical Findings Seen during Ovarian Cystectomy Performed at the Same Time as Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Extremely Rare Case

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major cause of anovulatory infertility. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) is a treatment for PCOS that allows the laparoscopic identification of other intra-abdominal lesions and the provision of diagnostic treatment. This study reports a case of PCOS with an ovarian mass in which LOD was aggressively used and a granulosa cell tumor (GCT) was found. A 34-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and irregular menstrual cycles presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain of unknown etiology. Imaging studies revealed a 6-cm left ovarian mass with an internal appearance suggestive of a hemorrhage. The patient’s secondary amenorrhea was subsequently diagnosed as PCOS, and LOD was performed to preserve her fertility. Simultaneously, a cystectomy was performed to evaluate the tumor in the left ovary;the diagnosis was adult-type GCT. Although concomitant GCT and PCOS are extremely rare, the two conditions have similar clinical manifestations. In women of reproductive age, the impact of surgery on future fertility should be considered, and the initial surgical technique should be chosen carefully.

Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary: Retrospective Analysis of 17 Cases

Background: Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are rare neoplasms with a relatively favorable prognosis. They are characterized by a prolonged history and a tendency to late recurrences. It is the most common type of sex cord-stromal tumors. Aims: To analyze, to report and to better understand the clinico-pathologic features and results of treatment, and prognostic factors of these tumors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-institutional review 17 cases of GCTs were treated in National Cancer Institute—Cairo University from January 2010 till December 2014. The clinical and pathological characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with ovarian GCTs were analyzed. Results: Data from 17 patients were obtained. The median age was 54 years (range;14 - 72). Abdominal pain was the most common presentation (64.7%). The mean tumor size was 14 cm (range;7 - 23 cm). The majority of our patients were stage I (n = 11;64.7%), while (n = 3;17.6%) had stage III and (n = 2, 11.8%) were stage IV. Only one case (5.9%) had an unknown stage (explored outside NCI). The majority of cases were of adult type disease (n = 14) and low grade pathology (n = 10). In follow-up period (median = 42 months;ranging 9 - 60) three patients relapsed;the median overall survival time was not reached yet, however, the estimated 3-year survival was 72.5%. Conclusion: Granulosa cell tumors are rare neoplasms of the ovaries. They progress slowly and often are diagnosed in an early stage. Surgery is the main line of treatment. Prolonged post-therapeutic follow-up is necessary. Definition of proper prognostic factors is mandatory.

Refractory Ascites Revealing an Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumor with Intraperitoneal Rupture

Yolk sac tumors of the ovary are rare entities that account for 2% - 5% of all ovarian tumors. They represent the second most common histological variant of malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary after dysgerminomas. Yolk sac tumors are most commonly encountered in women in the second and third decades. Microscopically, they are highly polymorphic and can present in a pure form or associated with another contingent of germ cell tumor. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman, who underwent surgery for a large right ovarian tumor rupturing into the peritoneal cavity. The ovarian tumor was revealed by ascites of great abundance and abdomino-pelvic pain. On histological examination, the diagnosis of yolk sac tumor in its pure and polyvesicular vitelline pattern was made. Through this observation, we propose to discuss the anatomoclinical particularities of these tumors by emphasizing the importance of histology for the diagnosis as well as the need of an early and appropriate management.

Ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic features of benign Brenner tumors of the ovary

Objective The aim of this study was to summarize and analyze the ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic features of benign brenner tumors of the ovary.Methods Forty-six patients with brenner tumors of the ovary were included,and the imaging and pathologic features of the tumors were analyzed.Results Thirty-eight cases were unilateral,while eight cases were bilateral.The tumors were located only in the left ovary in 32 patients and in the right ovary in six patients.The median diameter of the tumors was 62 mm,and the diameter ranged from 15 to 270 mm.Vascular tumors were not observed.Most of the tumors(22/46)showed micro-perfusion,while 16 tumors showed no blood flow signal.Acoustic signal shadows after the cysts were observed in 26 tumors,accounting for 57%of all brenner tumors.Fourteen patients showed unilocular or multilocular tumors with no distinct characteristics on ultrasonography.Sixteen masses showed a multilocular solid structure,accompanied by calcification and a post-mass shadow;the solid structure showed mild-to-moderate vascularization on Doppler examination.Sixteen masses showed a pure solid structure,accompanied by calcification,resulting in an acoustic shadow behind the tumor;the solid structure showed mild-to-moderate vascularization on Doppler examination.Conclusion Some ultrasonographic features,including calcification with shadow,poor blood circulation of solid components,and mass localization,are helpful in the diagnosis of benign brenner tumors.

Investigation of the Cause of Precocious Puberty in an 8-Year-Old Girl Ended up in Juvenile Granulosa and Theca Cell Tumor of the Ovary

Isosexual precocious puberty in girls has several etiologies. Juvenile granulose cell tumor is one of the rarest causes that only stands for 1.5% of ovarian cancers. This tumor mostly encounters in first 2 decades of life. This paper is a report of an 8-year-old girl with precocious puberty that within five months developed breast enlargement followed by menarche. Works which are done to find the underlying cause of precocious puberty revealed juvenile granulosa cell tumor in her left ovary. She then under went laparoscopic surgery and 3 courses of chemotherapy. She did not experience any vaginal bleeding after that and the serum level of estradiol lay among its normal ranges, but after that the tumor relapsed and presented as abdominal pain and a huge mass which under went resection of all afflicted tissues. After 2 courses of chemotherapy, her status deteriorated and unfortunately she died after 6 months from the time of diagnosis. Treatment for this disease is consists of resection surgery and chemotherapy. If this tumor is diagnosed in its early stages, it will be curable, but in its advanced stages, up to 80% of patients die from recurrent tumors. The reported patient was diagnosed at stage IIIC that had poor prognosis.

A Case Report: Cystic Clear Cell Tumor of Borderline Malignancy of the Ovary

Introduction:?Ovarian borderline clear cell tumor is a very rare tumor accounting for less than 1% of borderline ovarian tumors. Currently, only 30 cases of borderline clear cell tumors have been reported.?This borderline ovarian clear cell tumor often arises from endometriosis. But there are no definitive guidelines for the management of endometriosis with malignant transformation due to a lack of understanding of the mechanistic details that mediate the transformation of endometriosis into ovarian cancer. Case: A?52-year-old woman (G2 P2) who periodically underwent ultraso-nography over the course of 12 years in order to follow the endometrioma present in her left ovary. The diameter of the lesion was 46 mm and it remained largely unchanged. However, a solid region within the ovarian cyst was detected. After the surgery, the final pathological diagnosis was cystic clear cell tumor of borderline malignancy.?Conclusion: It reported that risk factors of malignant transformation are older age, postmenopausal status, and larger tumor diameters were associated with a higher prevalence of cancer development. But it is recommended that patients with endometriosis, regardless of patient age or tumor size, undergo careful monitoring to detect changes in growth or the formation of solid regions for as long as the lesion is present.

Proliferative Brenner Tumor with Borderline Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Ovary in a 75-Year-Old Woman

We report here an extremely rare case of proliferative Brenner tumor with borderline mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, metastasizing to the pleura in a 75-year-old woman. Massive pleural effusion were present due to metastasis and pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome. The cytological findings from pleural effusion, ascites and tumor imprint were similar, suggesting mucus-producing malignant tumors. After receiving a thoracic drainage for pleural effusion, the patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy to remove the left-ovarian tumor. Histopathological examination revealed proliferative Brenner ovarian tumor with borderline mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemical examinations for the tumors, even mucus-rich tumor cells were positive for CK 7 and negative for CK 20, suggesting the tumor arising from transitional cells, not from mucus-producing ovarian surface epithelial tumor cells. She underwent four courses of chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin. The patient showed no signs of recurrence 16 months after the surgery.

Retiform Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor of the Ovary

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary is a kind of sex cord-stromal tumor, which occurs between teens and twenties with symptoms including abdominal pain and swelling. The incidence rate is infinitely rare comprising less than 0.5% of all ovarian tumor. The average age of “retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor” is 17 years as compared to 25 years for Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors as a group. We have experienced this rare case of retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in a 25-year-old foreign patient with the complaint of palpable mass on the right lower quadrant and an irregular menstrual period. The patient underwent right salpingo-oophorectomy and tumor stage was FIGO stage 1A. We report with a brief review of literature.

Yolk Sac Tumor of the Ovary in 18 Egyptian Cases: Does It Really Differ?

Background: Ovarian Yolk sac tumor (OYST) is a rare entity of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCT). Abdominal pain, a rapidly growing distending mass or irregular vaginal bleeding is the main presentation. Serum AFP is elevated in nearly all cases. The standard management is fertility preserving surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy. Aim of Work: To report and analyze retrospectively recorded cases that were either treated at National Cancer Institute/Egypt or referred there for advice about therapy. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective single-institutional analysis of 18 cases of OYST treated at National Cancer Institute-Cairo University from January 2011 till December 2015. The clinical and pathological characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of these patients were analyzed. Results: Data from eighteen patients were obtained. The median age was 18 years (range: 15 - 22). Abdominal pain was the most common presentation (89%). The mean tumor size was 21cm (range: 8 - 30 cm). Eleven of our cases (61%) were stage I, seven cases and (39%) were stage IV at presentation. Fifteen cases (83%) underwent fertility preserving procedure & the standard surgical staging. Panhysterectomy & formal staging procedure was done only in two cases (11%). One case (6%) underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. 2 cases (11.1%) only underwent lymph node biopsy. 11 patient (61.1%) showed pure type YST while mixed type was present in the remaining 7 cases (38.8%): Dysgerminoma (one case, 5.6%), Dysgerminoma + immature teratoma (one case, 5.6%), Immature teratoma (2 cases, 11.1%) and Teratoma (3 cases, 16.7%). AFP was extremely elevated in all cases at presentation (median 4191 ng/mL;ranging: 725 ng/mL - 402,908 ng/mL). It showed decreased level after surgery (median 145 ng/ mL;ranging: 2 ng/mL - 38,000 ng/mL) & normalized after chemotherapy except for progressive disease. All cases started BEP regimen after surgery with complete remission in twelve cases. In follow up period (median 17 months;ranging: 2 - 48 months) two patients relapsed;the mean overall survival time was 34.2 and progression free survival was 33.84 months respectively. Conclusion: Ovarian yolk sac tumors are rare neoplasms. Surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard management. AFP is important for diagnosis, monitoring response to treatment and predicting relapse.

Isolated subcutaneous implantation of a borderline ovarian tumor:A case report and review of the literature

Laparoscopy-related tumor implantations of gynecological malignancies into the subcutaneous tissue are rarely diagnosed.We report an interesting case of a 46-year-old female who presented with an abdominal subcutaneous metastasis of a borderline ovarian tumor.The patient received a laparoscopic unilateral adnexectomy for a solid-cystic tumor of the right ovary.Histopathological workup showed a papillary borderline tumor of mucinous type.Nine days later she underwent a hysterectomy,left adnexectomy,appendectomy and omentectomy.Exploration of the peritoneum revealed no intraperitoneal implants.Further exploration showed a non-invasive implant of a borderline tumor in the subcutaneous tissue above the fascia that had no contact to the peritoneum.It is hypothesized that tumor cells may have been implanted during a previous laparoscopy,the most recent of which had been fourteen years prior to her current presentation.Various risk factors for port-site malignancies have been identified.Tumor manipulation and extraction of tumor tissue without a protective bag may contribute to development of trocarsite metastasis.

Torsion of Ovarian Tumor in the Elderly: About a Case

We report a case of torsion of an ovarian tumor in a 68-year-old woman with no medical and surgical history. The diagnosis was made in front of an intermittently painful pelvic mass. The treatment consisted of a left annexectomy;the anatomopathological examination revealed a fibro-inflammatory and hemorrhagic cyst. Postoperative results were simple with a 12-month follow-up.

An Up-to-Date Understanding of the “Krukenberg Tumor” Mechanism

Krukenbergtumor is a metastatic ovarian tumor with its primary site being the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of Krukenberg tumor formation is still in its hypothetical stage though the current understanding suggests lymphatic, hematogenous and transcoelomic route as the 3 major route of metastasis. There is a lack of description in the literature related to the pathway of metastasis. Here, we intend to search the available literature and provide a thorough review, which may be helpful to the readers to understand the issue of mechanism of Krukenberg tumor metastasis more clearly.

Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma resembling sex cord-stromal tumor:A case report

BACKGROUND Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma resembling sex cord-stromal tumor(ECSCSs)is rare.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of primary ECSCSs in the left ovary.A 39-year-old female patient had persistent dull pain in the lower abdomen for more than 1 mo,and she was initially diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease at a hospital.The patient received transabdominal hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection at our hospital and finally diagnosed with ECSCSs.After the operation,the patient received eight courses of cisplatinum+etoposide+bleomycin chemotherapy treatment and no evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis was found in a 2-year follow-up period.CONCLUSION Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma is similar to the ovary sex cord-stromal tumor,especially when the cord-like structure is obvious.The clinical diagnosis for this tumor is difficult before surgery and pathology examination.The necessary immunohistochemical markers are of positive significance for assisting diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Virilizing Ovarian Leydig Cell Tumor with Multiple Non-Functional Endocrine Neoplasias: A Case Report

Ovarian Leydig cell tumor, a sub-type of ovarian steroid cell tumor, accounts for less than 0.1% of all ovarian tumors. It can affect women of any age group but is most common in postmenopausal women. We here report a case of virilizing ovarian Leydig cell tumor with multiple non-functional endocrine neoplasias (pituitary and adrenal adenomas) in a 48-year-old woman. She first presented with sub-abdominal pain and hirsutism since menopause three years ago. Subsequently, she had slight facial acne, voice deepening, breast atrophy, and a prominent Adam’s apple. Her hormone profile showed an elevated level of testosterone, high free androgen index, low levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, and normal levels of random cortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. A pelvic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed nodules in the right ovary, and a pituitary enhanced MRI revealed a microadenoma. An enhanced computerized tomography scan of the adrenal gland revealed left adrenal nodules, possibly adenomas. After a right cystectomy and right fallopian tube resection, her testosterone level declined to 0.38 nmol/L and the symptoms associated with hyperandrogenism improved. This is a rare case of virilizing ovarian Leydig cell tumor with multiple non-functional endocrine neoplasias. We believe our findings will be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hyperandrogenism.

Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review

Granulosa cell tumors belong to the group of stromal and sex cord tumors of the ovary. The adult type is the most common type and usually occurs during the perimenopausal period while the juvenile type mostly affects young women. This is a report of a 26 years old woman who presented an adult type of granulosa cells tumor, with review of the literature. She complained abdominal pain and distension associated with abundant ascites and underwent a right adnexectomy. The pathology examination diagnosed an adult granulosa cell tumor. The two entities of granulosa cell tumors (juvenile and adult types) are distinguished by their characteristic morphological aspects on histological examination allowing diagnostic orientation.

Clinical Presentation of Ovarian Tumors

Ovarian malignancy is a serious disease affecting women of all ages, more so above 50 years, and they are still difficult to treat, partly because no truly effective therapy has yet been developed although presentation is often vague and non-specific, the symptoms are definitely present. It is important to recognize the symptoms so far, there is no test yet available, which is truly specific and suitable for screening and early detection of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. So, it is concluded that for prognosis and patient survival, early detection and treatment is mandatory.

卵巢巨大包块311例临床分析

目的:探讨卵巢巨大包块(平均径线≥10 cm)的临床和病理特征,并分析不同年龄层患者的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2022年12月于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院经手术确诊的311例来源于卵巢的巨大包块患者的临床和病理特点。并将患者按年龄和包块平均径线进一步分层,比较不同年龄组和不同包块平均径线组临床和病理特征的差异。结果:①患者中位年龄44(24,60)岁。首发症状依次为体检发现卵巢包块、腹痛、腹胀、自觉腹部膨隆、出现压迫症状。②手术方式依次为:单侧卵巢切除术(30.5%,95/311),卵巢囊肿剥除术(28.9%,90/311),肿瘤分期或肿瘤细胞减灭术(28.0%,87/311),全子宫+双侧附件切除术(12.5%,39/311)。③病理类型为:良性(49.5%,154/311)、恶性(31.8%,99/311)、交界性(18.7%,58/311)。④<20岁组患者因发现腹部膨隆就诊者,显著高于其他两组(P<0.05)。>50岁组的卵巢切除率高于其他两组(P<0.05),且<20岁组患者的单侧卵巢切除率仍高达30.1%(15/49)。⑤包块大小与病程的长短相关,病程1~6月时,包块径线>30 cm者最常见(P<0.05)。>30 cm组交界性肿瘤的发生率显著高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:卵巢巨大包块以卵巢黏液性及卵巢交界性黏液肿瘤多见。包块大小随病程的延长有增大趋势,且随着包块增大,交界性肿瘤发生率随之升高。同时应加强年轻群体的健康宣教,当出现腹痛、腹胀,尤其是下腹膨隆时应及时就诊,以避免因交界性肿瘤等切除卵巢。

卵巢支持-间质细胞肿瘤的临床及影像学特征

目的探讨卵巢支持-间质细胞肿瘤(SLCT)的临床及影像学特征,以提高对本病的诊断准确率。方法选取在本院经手术和病理证实的11例SLCT患者资料,分析其临床和影像学(MRI/CT)特征。结果11例患者中3例表现为男性化特征,2例为去女性化特征,5例为雌激素过多的女性化特征,1例无症状。5例血清睾酮升高。所有肿瘤均为单侧,边界清楚。9例为实性或实性为主肿瘤,1例为囊实性肿瘤,1例为囊性肿瘤。MRI检查显示肿瘤实性部分T_(1)WI呈稍不均匀等或稍低信号,T_(2)WI呈稍高信号,DWI呈高信号,ADC值减低,增强扫描实性部分明显强化呈高信号,部分显示肿瘤边缘丰富血管影。CT平扫显示实性部分呈软组织密度影,增强扫描显示富血供明显强化。结论卵巢SLCT的MRI/CT表现具有一定特征性,结合临床表现和血清睾酮升高的特点,有助于术前诊断和合理治疗。

电化学发光法和直接化学发光法测定12项肿瘤标志物指标的相关性和一致性评价

目的:评估电化学发光法和直接化学发光法测定12项肿瘤标志物的相关性和一致性。方法:选取2023年3-8月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院体检血清标本2426例,在12项肿瘤标志物中甲胎蛋白(AFP)446例、癌胚抗原(CEA)284例、糖类抗原72-4(CA72-4)289例、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)87例、糖类抗原125(CA125)205例、糖类抗原15-3(CA15-3)216例、总前列腺特异性抗原(TPSA)292例、游离前列腺特异性抗原(FPSA)292例、细胞角蛋白19片段(Cyfra21-1)84例、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)84例、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原(SCC)84例、胃泌素释放肽前体(PROGrp)63例。分别采用电化学发光法和直接化学发光法对12项肿瘤标志物指标进行检测,分析两种检测方法的相关性与及一致性。结果:Pearson和Spearman相关性分析显示,电化学发光和直接化学发光法检测肿瘤标志物的AFP、CEA、CA72-4、CA19-9、CA125、CA15-3、TPSA、FPSA、Cyfra21-1、NSE、SCC和PROGrp12项指标均具有显著正相关性(r=0.971、0.934、0.945、0.975、0.900、0.948、0.994、0.984、0.982、0.828、0.879、0.922,P<0.05);两种方法检测总符合率分别为98.21%、98.24%、98.27%、98.85%、97.07%、99.54%、99.66%、99.32%、92.86%、92.86%、95.24%和96.83%,除CA15-3和NSE因数据原因无法计算Kappa值外,其余均有一致性(Kappa=0.848、0.728、0.930、0.794、0.485、0.887、0.664、0.540、0.477、0.652,P<0.05)。结论:电化学发光法和直接化学发光法检测肿瘤标志物中AFP、CA72-4、CA19-9、TPSA相关性及一致性较好,CEA、CA125、FPSA、Cyfra21-1、SCC、PROGrp相关性较好,但一致性一般,CA15-3、NSE相关性较好。临床在参考实验室检测结果时应注意检测方法的不同可能存在着结果差异。

卵巢颗粒细胞瘤8例临床病理观察并文献复习

目的:探讨卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及预后。方法:收集本院2013-2023年诊断为卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的病例8例。分析其临床病理学特征及免疫组化表型,并复习相关文献。结果:8例平均年龄54岁,均手术治疗,除1例8年后复发死亡外,其余均存活。肿瘤平均大小10.38cm,呈囊性、多房囊性或实性。镜下肿瘤呈弥漫、实性排列,也可见假乳头状、岛状、巢团状、被富于细胞的纤维间质分隔。免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞α-Inhibin、Vimentin、CD99阳性,EMA、CK7阴性。结论:卵巢颗粒细胞瘤是低度恶性肿瘤,镜下表现方式多样,免疫组化染色及基因检测可协助诊断。手术治疗是主要方式,存在远期复发可能,需要定期随诊。