Benchmark Dose Assessment for Coke Oven Emissions-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Damage Effects

Objective The study aimed to estimate the benchmark dose(BMD)of coke oven emissions(COEs)exposure based on mitochondrial damage with the mitochondrial DNA copy number(mtDNAcn)as a biomarker.Methods A total of 782 subjects were recruited,including 238 controls and 544 exposed workers.The mtDNAcn of peripheral leukocytes was detected through the real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Three BMD approaches were used to calculate the BMD of COEs exposure based on the mitochondrial damage and its 95%confidence lower limit(BMDL).Results The mtDNAcn of the exposure group was lower than that of the control group(0.60±0.29 vs.1.03±0.31;P<0.001).A dose-response relationship was shown between the mtDNAcn damage and COEs.Using the Benchmark Dose Software,the occupational exposure limits(OELs)for COEs exposure in males was 0.00190 mg/m^(3).The OELs for COEs exposure using the BBMD were 0.00170 mg/m^(3)for the total population,0.00158 mg/m^(3)for males,and 0.00174 mg/m^(3)for females.In possible risk obtained from animal studies(PROAST),the OELs of the total population,males,and females were 0.00184,0.00178,and 0.00192 mg/m^(3),respectively.Conclusion Based on our conservative estimate,the BMDL of mitochondrial damage caused by COEs is0.002 mg/m^(3).This value will provide a benchmark for determining possible OELs.

Revisiting “Non-Thermal” Batch Microwave Oven Inactivation of Microorganisms

Over the last few decades there has been active discussion concerning the mechanisms involved in “non-thermal” microwave-assisted inactivation of microorganisms. This work presents a novel non-invasive acoustic measurement of a domestic microwave oven cavity-magnetron operating at fo = 2.45 ± 0.05 GHz (λo ~ 12.2 cm) that is modulated in the time-domain (0 to 2 minutes). The measurements reveal the cavity-magnetron cathode filament cold-start warm-up period and the pulse width modulation periods (time-on time-off and base-time period, where time-on minus base-time = duty cycle). The waveform information is used to reconstruct historical microwave “non-thermal” homogeneous microorganism inactivation experiments: where tap-water is used to mimic the microorganism suspension;and ice, crushed ice, and ice slurry mixture are used as the cooling media. The experiments are described using text, diagrams, and photographs. Four key experimental parameters are indentified that influence the suspension time-dependent temperature profile. First, where the selected process time > the time-base, the cavity-magnetron continuous wave rated power should be used for each second of microwave illumination. Second, external crushed ice and ice slurry baths induce different cooling profiles due to difference in their heat absorption rates. In addition external baths may shield the suspension resulting in a retarding of the time-dependent heating profile. Third, internal cooling systems dictate that the suspension is directly exposed to microwave illumination due to the absence of surrounding ice volume. Fourth, four separated water dummy-loads isolate and control thermal heat transfer (conduction) to and from the suspension, thereby diverting a portion of the microwave power away from the suspension. Energy phase-space projections were used to compare the “non-thermal” energy densities of 0.03 to 0.1 kJ·m-1 at 800 W with reported thermal microwave-assisted microorganism inactivation energy densities of 0.5 to 5 kJ·m-1 at 1050 ± 50 W. Estimations of the “non-thermal” microwave-assisted root mean square of the electric field strength are found to be in the range of 22 to 41.2 V·m-1 for 800 W.

7.63 m焦炉PROven系统固定杯更换的改进

对PROven系统固定杯的更换方案进行了分析,通过优化作业步骤,克服了危险性大、吊装难度高等难题,为焦炉单炭化室压力调节系统的维护作业提供了参考和借鉴。

Survey on State of Baosteel Phase One M-type Coke Oven and Practices

The phase one M-type coke oven in Baosteel was a large coke oven imported from Nippon Steel&Sumitomo Metal,which played an important role in the development of large-scaled coke ovens in China.By investigating the shutting down process and the damage process of M-type coke oven body in Baosteel,the damage of used refractories in different parts,including carbonation chamber,combustion chamber,oven top,regenerative chamber,rising pipe,flue pipe and so on,was investigated and analyzed,which laid a good foundation for further damage analysis of coke oven body and improvement of maintenance in daily production.

PROven系统固定杯损坏的原因分析及检修方法

分析了焦炉PROven系统固定杯损坏的原因,提出固定杯安全检修方法,有效解决了固定杯频繁损坏的问题,同时降低了检修安全风险。

Effect of Cr2O3 addition on oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets with simulated coke oven gas

The oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets(CVTP)with Cr2O3 addition were studied,and the reduction swelling index(RSI)and compressive strength(CS)of the reduced CVTP with simulated coke oven gas(COG)injection were investigated.The results showed that the CS of the CVTP decreases and the porosity of the CVTP increases with increasing amount of Cr2O3 added.The Cr2O3 mainly exists in the form of(Cr,Fe)2O3 solid solution in the CVTP and as Fe-Cr in the reduced CVTP.The CS of the reduced CVTP increases and the RSI of the reduced CVTP decreases with increasing amount of Cr2O3 added.The limited aggregation and diffusion of metallic iron contribute to the formation of dense lamellar crystals,which leads to the slight decrease for reduction swelling behavior of reduced CVTP.This work provides a theoretical and technical basis for the utilization of CVTP and other Cr-bearing ores such as chromite with COG recycling technology.

Partial oxidation of simulated hot coke oven gas to syngas over Ru-Ni/Mg(Al)O catalyst in a ceramic membrane reactor

Hydrogen amplification from simulated hot coke oven gas （HCOG） was investigated in a BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ （BCFNO） membrane reactor combined with a Ru-Ni/Mg（Al）O catalyst by the partial oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds under atmospheric pressure. Under optimized reaction conditions, the dense oxygen permeable membrane had an oxygen permeation flux around 13.3 ml/（cm^2·min）. By reforming of the toluene and methane, the amount of H2 in the reaction effluent gas was about 2 times more than that of original H2 in simulated HCOG. The Rn-Ni/Mg（Al）O catalyst used in the membrane reactor possessed good catalytic activity and resistance to coking. After the activity test, a small amount of whisker carbon was observed on the used catalyst, and most of them could be removed in the hydrogen-rich atmosphere, implying that the carbon deposition formed on the catalyst might be a reversible process.

Perovskite-type oxygen-permeable membrane BaCo_(0.7)Fe_(0.2)Nb_(0.1)O_(3-δ) for partial oxidation of methane in coke oven gas to hydrogen

Perovskite-type oxygen-permeable membrane reactors of BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ （BCFNO） packed with Ru-based catalyst had high oxygen permeability and could be used for hydrogen production by partial oxidation of methane in coke oven gas （COG）. At 1173 K, 94% of methane conversion, 85% of H2 selectivity, 107% of CO selectivity, and as high as 15.4 mL·cm^-2·min^-1 of oxygen permeation flux were obtained. The BCFNO membrane itself had poor catalytic activity to partial oxidation of CH4 in COG. During continuous operation for 70 h at 1173 K, no degradation of the membrane reaction performance was observed. XRD and SEM characterization also demonstrated that the BCFNO membrane reactor exhibited good stability in partial oxidation of methane in COG.

Influence of hydrogen-enriched atmosphere under coke oven gas injection on reduction swelling behaviors of oxidized pellet

It is of great importance to elucidate reduction swelling behaviors and reaction mechanism of oxidized pellet in hydrogen-enriched atmosphere under coke oven gas injection. In this work, the effects of hydrogen concentration in N_2-CO-H_2 atmosphere with unchanged CO content on reduction swelling behaviors of oxidized pellet at 1173 K were studied, to clarify the mechanism of hydrogen-enriched reduction and exclude the influences of CO. Then, the reduction swelling behaviors of oxidized pellet at 1173 K in actual atmosphere under coke oven gas(COG) injection, got from the simulation results of multi-fluid blast furnace model, were investigated. The results show that with the concentration of hydrogen increasing in N_2-CO-H_2 gas from 2% to 18%, the reduction swelling index of pellet decreases from 10.12% to 5.57% while the reduction ratio of pellet increases obviously from 39.85% to 69.58%. In addition, with COG injection rate increasing from 0 to 152.34 m^3/t, the reduction swelling index of pellet decreases slightly from 10.71% to 9.54% while the reduction ratio of pellet is increased from 31.57% to 36.39%. The microstructures of pellet are transformed from the platy structure to the flocculent structure.

Performance of a tubular oxygen-permeable membrane reactor for partial oxidation of CH_4 in coke oven gas to syngas

A gas-tight BaCo 0.7 Fe 0.2 Nb 0.1 O 3-δ（BCFNO） tubular membrane was fabricated by hot pressure casting.And a membrane reactor with BCFNO tubular membrane and Ag-based sealant was readily constructed and applied to partial oxidation of CH4 in coke oven gas.At 875 ℃,95% of methane conversion,91% of H 2 and as high as 10 ml cm-2·min-1 of oxygen permeation flux were obtained.There was a good match in the coefficient of thermal expansion between Ag-based alloy and BCFNO membrane materials.The tubular BCFNO membrane reactor packed with Ni-based catalysts exhibited not only high activity but also good stability in hydrogen-enriched coke oven gas（COG） atmosphere.

Effect of B2O3 addition on oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets with simulated coke oven gas

The oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of the chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets (CVTP) with B2O3 addition were investigated. Besides, the reduction swelling index (RSI) and compressive strength (CS) of the reduced CVTP were also examined using the simulated coke oven gas (COG). The results suggested that the CS of CVTP was increased from 2448 to 3819.2 N, while the porosity of CVTP was decreased from 14.86% to 10.03% with the increase in B2O3 addition amounts. Moreover, the B2O3 mainly existed in the forms of TiB0.024O2 and Fe3BO5 in both CVTP and the reduced CVTP. Specifically, the CS of the reduced CVTP was elevated from 901 to 956.2 N, while the RSI was reduced from 5.87% to 3.81% as the B2O3 addition amounts were increased. Taken together, B2O3 addition would facilitate the aggregation and diffusion of metallic iron particles, which contributed to reducing the formation of metal iron whiskers and weakening the reduction swelling behavior.

Hydrogen production via chemical looping reforming of coke oven gas

Coke oven gas(COG)is one of the most important by-products in steel industry,and the conversion of COG to value-added products has attracted much attention from both economic and environmental views.In this work,we use the chemical looping reforming technology to produce pure H_(2) from COG.A series of La1-xSrxFeO_(3)(x?0,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6)perovskite oxides were prepared as oxygen carriers for this purpose.The reduction behaviors of La1-xSrxFeO_(3) perovskite by different reducing gases(H_(2),CO,CH4 and the mixed gases)are investigated to discuss the competition effect of different components in COG for reacting with the oxygen carriers.The results show that reduction temperatures of H_(2) and CO are much lower than that of CH4,and high temperatures(>800℃)are requested for selective oxidation of methane to syngas.The co-existence of CO and H_(2) shows weak effect on the equilibrium of methane conversion at high temperatures,but the oxidation of methane to syngas can inhibit the consumption of CO and H_(2).The doping of suitable amounts of Sr in LaFeO_(3) perovskite(e.g.,La0.5Sr0.5FeO_(3))significantly promotes the activity for selective oxidation of methane to syngas and inhibits the formation of carbon deposition,obtaining both high methane conversion in the COG oxidation step and high hydrogen yield in the water splitting step.The La0.5Sr0.5FeO_(3) shows the highest methane conversion(67.82%),hydrogen yield(3.34 mmol g^(-1))and hydrogen purity(99.85%).The hydrogen yield in water splitting step is treble as high as the hydrogen consumption in reduction step.These results reveal that chemical looping reforming of COG to produce pure H_(2) is feasible,and an O_(2)-assistant chemical looping reforming process can further improves the redox stability of oxygen carrier.

7.63m焦炉集气管压力调节系统——PROven系统调节概述

概述了太钢7.63m新焦炉采用的PROven系统自动调节过程,阐述了其系统配置结构、系统画面及其安全措施。

Design of two-stage membrane reactor for the conversion of coke-oven gas to H_2 and CO

The catalyst function was achieved in two regions in an oxygen permeation membrane reactor： H2 dissociated and reacted with lattice oxygen or oxygen ions to form H20 near the membrane surface. The H20 formed could react with the residual CH4 away from the membrane surface area.

Hydrogen production from simulated hot coke oven gas by catalytic reforming over Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts

Hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of simulated hot coke oven gas （HCOG） with toluene as a model tar compound was investigated in a fixed bed reactor over Ni/Mg（Al）O catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method using urea hydrolysis and characterized by ICE BET, XRD, TPR, TEM and TG. XRD showed that the hydrotalcite type precursor after calcination formed （Ni, Mg）Al2O4 spinel and Ni-Mg-O solid solution structure. TPR results suggested that the increase in Ni/Mg molar ratio gave rise to the decrease in the reduction temperature of Ni^2＋ to Ni^0 on Ni/Mg（Al）O catalysts. The reaction results indicated that toluene and CH4 could completely be converted to H2 and CO in the catalytic reforming of the simulated HCOG under atmospheric pressure and the amount of H2 in the reaction effluent gas was about 4 times more than that in original HCOG. The catalysts with lower Ni/Mg molar ratio showed better catalytic activity and resistance to coking, which may become promising catalysts in the catalytic reforming of HCOG.

Comparison Between Conventional Convective Heating and Microwave Heating: An FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Effects of Microwave Oven Cooking of Bovine Breast Meat

The effects of microwave energy and conventional convective heating on bovine meat were studied in the mid-infrared region by FTIR spectroscopy, to highlight the differences between the two cooking methods. Samples of 100 g of bovine breast meat were cooked using three treatments: heating in a conventional electric oven at the temperature of 165°C for 16 min, heating in a microwave oven at 800 W for 95 sec, and heating in the same microwave oven at 650 W for 160 sec. Significant decreases in intensity of vibration bands of CH2 methylene group at 1921 and 1853 cm-1 and of the carbonyl band at 1742 cm-1 were observed after microwave heating with respect to heating in a conventional oven, showing that Maillard reaction occurs partially using microwave oven. Spectral analysis in the amide I region after microwave cooking at 800 W for 95 sec showed that an increase in intensity occurred in the region from 1665 to 1690 cm-1 which can be attributed to β-turns, characteristic of disorder processes in the protein. Further analysis after microwave cooking at 650 W for 160 sec evidenced major increase in intensity of β-turns content and the appearance of significant increases of β-sheet component at 1635 cm-1 and 1695 cm-1 that can be attributed to aggregated β-sheets structures.

Advanced green refractory technologies for coke ovens at Baosteel

To construct world-class iron and steel enterprises, Baosteel has adopted a strategy of environmental management that emphasizes environmental protection in the low-carbon and ecological manufacturing of steel products. In recent years, Baosteel has developed a series of advanced green refractory technologies （including composite refractory precast blocks with a unique ceramic glaze, and high-thermal-conductivity/high-density silica brick） for use in Baosteel coke ovens. The results of these applications not only reduce production costs and increase production efficiency, but also facilitate clean production by coke ovens. Baosteel＇ s coke oven has become China＇ s leading example of the application of green refractories.

Conversion and reaction kinetics of coke oven gas over a commercial Fe-Mo/Al_2O_3 catalyst

Producing methanol from coke oven gas(COG) is one of the important applications of COG. Removal of sulfur from COG is a key step of this process. Conversion and reaction kinetics over a commercial Fe-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst(T-202) were studied in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor under pressures of 1.6-2.8 MPa, space time of 1.32-3.55 s and temperatures of 240-360 °C. Though the COG contains about 0.6 mol/mol H2, hydrogenation of CO and CO2 is not significant on this catalyst. The conversions of unsaturated hydrocarbons depend on their molecular structures. Diolefins and alkynes can be completely hydrogenated even at relatively low temperature and pressure. Olefins, in contrast, can only be progressively hydrogenated with increasing temperature and pressure. The hydrodesulfurization(HDS) of CS2 on this catalyst is easy. Complete conversion of CS2 was observed in the whole range of the conditions used in this work. The original COS in the COG can also be easily converted to a low level. However, its complete HDS is difficult due to the relatively high concentration of CO in the COG and due to the limitation of thermodynamics. H2 S can react with unsaturated hydrocarbons to form ethyl mercaptan and thiophene, which are then progressively hydrodesulfurized with increasing temperature and pressure. Based on the experimental observations, reaction kinetic models for the conversion of ethylene and sulfur-containing compounds were proposed; the values of the parameters in the models were obtained by regression of the experimental data.

Kinetic model on coke oven gas with steam reforming

The effects of factors such as the molar ratio of H2O to CH4 (n(H2O)/n(CH4)), methane conversion temperature and time on methane conversion rate were investigated to build kinetic model for reforming of coke-oven gas with steam. The results of experiments show that the optimal conditions for methane conversion are that the molar ratio of H2O to CH4 varies from 1.1 to 1.3 and the conversion temperature varies from 1 223 to 1 273 K. The methane conversion rate is more than 95% when the molar ratio of H2O to CH4 is 1.2, the conversion temperature is above 1 223 K and the conversion time is longer than 0.75 s. Kinetic model of methane conversion was proposed. All results demonstrate that the calculated values by the kinetic model accord with the experimental data well, and the error is less than 1.5%.

Model for Periodic Analysis of the Quantity of Water Evaporated during Thermo-processing of Clay Designated for Production of Oven Refractory

A model has been derived for periodic analysis of the quantity of water evaporated during thermo-processing of clay designated for production of oven refractory. The model;γ = exp〔〔lnt/2.9206〕1.3〕 shows that the quantity of evaporated water during the drying process is dependent on the drying time, with the evaporating surface being constant. It was found that the validity of the model is rooted on the expression lnγ = (lnt/Logβ)N where both sides of the equation are correspondingly almost equal. The maximum deviation of the model-predicted quantity of evaporated water from the corresponding experimental value is less than 19% which is quite within the acceptable deviation range of experimental results. Water evaporation rate as obtained from experiment and derived model were evaluated to be 0.0536 and 0.0337g mins -1 respectively.