Spontaneous emission of a moving atom in a waveguide of rectangular cross section

We study the spontaneous emission(SE) of an excited nonrelativistic two-level system(TLS) interacting with the vacuum in a waveguide of rectangular cross section. All TLS’s transitions and the center-of-mass motion of the TLS are taken into account. The SE rate and the carried frequency of the emitted photon for the TLS initially being at rest are obtained, it is found that in the first order of the mass M, the frequency of the emitted photon is smaller than the transition frequency of the TLS and the SE rate is smaller than the SE rate Γfof the TLS fixed in the same waveguide. The SE rate for the TLS initially being moving is obtained in the second order of the mass M. The SE rate is smaller than Γfbut it is dependent not only on the atomic mass but also on the initial momentum. The carried frequency of the emitted photon is decreased when it travels along the direction of the initial momentum, whereas it is increased when it travels in the opposite direction of the initial momentum.

Study of the double rectangular waveguide grating slow-wave structure

A slow-wave structure （SWS） with two opposite gratings inside a rectangular waveguide is presented and analysed. As an all-metal slow-wave circuit, this structure is especially suited for use in millimetre-wave travelling wave tubes （TWTs） due to its advantages of large size, high manufacturing precision and good heat dissipation. The first part of this paper concerns the wave properties of this structure in vacuum. The influence of the geometrical dimensions on dispersion characteristics and coupling impedance is investigated. The theoretical results show that this structure has a very strong dispersion and the coupling impedance for the fundamental wave is several tens of ohms, but the coupling impedance for -1 space harmonic wave is much lower than that for the fundamental wave, so the risk of backward wave oscillation is reduced. Besides these, the CST microwave studio is also used to simulate the dispersion property of the SWS. The simulation results from CST and the theoretical results agree well with each other, which supports the theory. In the second part, a small-signal analysis of a double rectangular waveguide grating TWT is presented. The typical small-signal gain per period is about 0.45 dB, and the 3-dB small-signal gain bandwidth is only 4%.

A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Filtenna for X and Ku Band Application

In this paper Substrate Integrated Waveguide-basedfiltenna operating at Ku band is proposed.The model is designed on a low loss dielectric substrate having a thickness of 0.508 mm and comprises of shorting vias along two edges of the substrate walls.To realize a bandpassfilter,secondary shorting vias are placed close to primary shorting vias.The dimension and position of the vias are carefully analyzed for Ku band frequencies.The model is fabricated on Roger RT/duroid 5880 and the performance characteristics are measured.The proposed model achieves significant impedance characteristics with wider bandwidth in the Ku band.The model also achieves a maximum gain of 7.46 dBi in the operating band thus making it suitable for Ku-band applications.Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW)Structures possess most of the advantages over conventional radiofrequency waveguides since they have high power management capacity with self-consistent electrical shielding.The most noteworthy advantage of SIW,it can able to integrate all the components on the same substrate,both passive and active components.

Metamaterial absorbers realized in an X-band rectangular waveguide

In this paper, we demonstrate six types of metamaterial absorbers （MMAs） by measuring their absorptivities in an X-band （8 12 GHz） rectangular waveguide. Some of the MMAs have been demonstrated previously by using the free space measurement method, and the others are proposed firstly in this paper. The measured results show that all of the six MMAs exhibit high absorptivities above 98%, which have similar absorbing characteristics to those measured in the free space. The numerically obtained surface current densities for each MMA show that the absorbing mechanism is the same as that under the free space conditions. Such a demonstration method is superior to the conventional free space measurement method due to the small-scale test samples required, the simple measure device, and its low cost. Most importantly, the proposed method opens a way to enable MMAs to be used in microwave applications such as matched terminations.

VARIATIONAL METHOD TO ANALYZE THE EQUIVALENT NETWORK OF A RECTANGULAR DIELECTRIC POST IN A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

The equivalent filter modeling of a rectangular dielectric post in a rectangular waveguide is obtained through the variational expression of input impedance. The reflection coefficient expressed in components of network is in good agreement with the results given by K. Siakavara, et al. (1991), The method can be applied to design filter.

7.8 GHz power generation device design using a rectangular dielectric-loaded waveguide

In this paper, we present a design where a bunched relativistic electron beam traversing inside the rectangular dielectric-loaded （DL） waveguide is used as a high power microwave generation device. Two kinds of methods of calculating the electromagnetic （EM） field excited by a bunched beam are introduced, and in the second method the calculation of EM pulse length is discussed in detail. The desired operating mode is the LSM11 due to its strong interaction with the electron beam. For the designed 7.8 GHz operating frequency, with a 100 nC/bunch drive train of electron bunches separated by 0.769 ns, we find that high gradient （〉 30 MV/m） and high power （〉 160 MW） can be generated. An output coupler is also designed which is able to extract the generated power to standard waveguides with a 94% coupling efficiency.

SCATTERING ANALYSIS OF E-PLANE UNIFORM DIELECTRIC POSTS IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

Based on the polarization current integral equation with the modified Green’s Function as ker-nel, the scattering properties of the E-plane. uniform dielectric posts in rectangular waveguide arenumerically analyzed by the moment method. These posts are of arbitrary cross section and post-numberThe calculation accuracy and speed are remarkable improved by segmenting the dielectric region into manysmall rectangular oells and applying local analytic integration. The higher-order modes are considered in cal-culation, improving the computation accuracy and providing the scattering information of all modes excitedas well.

CHARACTERISTIC STUDY OF A FREE ELECTRON LASER WITH LINEARLY POLARIZED WIGGLER AND RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

The characteristics of coherent radiation produced by a cylindrical electron beam passing through a rectangular waveguide and linearly polarized wiggler are studied. The instability analysis is based on the linearized Vlasov-Maxwell equations for the perturbations about a self-consistent beam equilibrium. The dispersion equation of TMmn mode is deduced and by making use of numerical calculation the radiation frequency and growth rate as a function of electron beam energy and radius, axial magnetic field, wiggler field and wave length are presented and discussed.

An Open Rectangular Waveguide Grating for Millimeter-Wave Traveling-Wave Tubes

Millimeter-wave traveling-wave tube （TWT） prevails nowadays as the amplifier for radar, communication and electronic countermeasures. The rectangular waveguide grating is a promising all-metal interaction circuit for the millimeter-wave TWT with advantages of high power capacity, fine heat dissipation, scalability to smaller dimen- sions for shorter wavelengths, compact structure and robust performance. Compared with the traditional closed structure, the open rectangular waveguide grating （ORWG） has wider bandwidth, lower cut-off frequency, and higher machining precision for higher working frequencies due to the open transverse. It is a potential structure that can work in the millimeter wave and even Terahertz band. The rf characteristics including dispersion and interaction impedance are investigated by both theoretic calculation and software simulation. The influences of the structure parameters are also discussed and compared, and the theoretical results agree well with the simula- tion results. Based on the study, the ORWG will favor the design of a broadband and high-power millimeter-wave TWT.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CENTERED-INCLINED COUPLING SLOTS IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

Numerical analysis is presented for the characteristic parameters of centered-inclined coupling slot in rectangular waveguides, taking into account the transverse distribution of the electric field across the slot aperture. Integral equations are formulated based on dyadic Green's function theories and solved using the method of moments. Trigonometric basis functions are adopted. It is found that the method will converge with up to ten basis functions. The characteristic parameters can be easily obtained for different slot sizes. Resonant length and resonant resistance of the coupling slots are calculated. It is shown that the calculated results have very high accuracy, compared with simulated results obtained from commercial software. Therefore, it can be effectively applied in the synthesis of antenna arrays. Effects of the transverse distribution on calculating resonant parameters of the coupling slot are also analyzed. The results show that if the transverse distribution of the electric field is neglected, the calculated error tends to become larger when the slot gets wider or thinner.

Calculation of coupling efficiency for rectangular waveguide CO_2 laser by fresnel approximation

Theoretical analyses have been performed to describe the coupling losses for a plane mirror in rectangular waveguide resonator for an arbitrary waveguide mode as a function of the Fresnel number for several values of the aspect ratio by using Fresnel approximation.

Design of a Broadband E-Plane Power Combiner Based on Quarter-Arc Bent Rectangular Waveguides for Sub-THz and THz Wave

A method of designing an E-plane power combiner composed of two quarter-arc bent rectangular waveguides is proposed for sub-THz and THz waves. The quarter-arc bent-waveguide power combiner has a simple geometry which is easy to design and fabricate. By HFSS codes, the physical mechanism and performance of the power combiner are analyzed, and the relationship between the output characteristics and the structure/operating parameters is given. Simulation results show that our power combiner is suitable for the combining of two equalpower and reversed-phase signals, the bandwidth of the combiner is wide and can be adjusted by the radius of the quarter-arc, and the isolation performance of the combiner can be improved by adding thin film resistive septa at the junction of two quarter-arc bent waveguides. Meanwhile, an approximate method based on the analytic geometrical analysis is given to design this power combiner for different frequency bands.

STUDY ON RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE GRATING SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE WITH COSINE-SHAPED GROOVES

This paper focuses on a new rectangular waveguide grating Slow-Wave Structure (SWS) with cosine-shaped grooves and studies the propagation characteristics of the wave in the SWS. By using the approximate field-matching conditions,the dispersion equation and the coupling impedance of this circuit are obtained. The dispersion curves and coupling impedances of the fundamental wave are calculated and the influences of the various geometrical dimensions are discussed. The results show that the bandwidth of the cosine-shaped groove SWS is much wider than that of rectangular-shaped groove one. And reducing the groove width can broaden the frequency-band and decrease the phase-velocity,while increment of the groove-depth can also decrease phase-velocity. For above cases,the coupling impedance is more than 16Ω. The present analysis will be helpful on further study and design of the RF systems used in millimeter wave Traveling Wave Tube (TWT).

Magnetic-Coupling Based Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition

A novel millimeter-wave waveguide-to-microstrip transition based on magnetic-coupling is presented in this paper.The mode conversion of electromagnetic field is realized with the ring strip line of arbitrary shape in the E-plane of rectangular waveguide and the eccentric quasi-coaxial line,which is partially filled with media and consists of outer and inner rectangular conductors.The structure has the advantages of low loss,wide bandwidth,compact structure,and avoiding debug.From 27 GHz to 40 GHz,the experiment results show that the insertion loss is less than 1.2 dB and the return loss is better than 13.5 dB for the back-to-back transition with semicircle ring strip lines.

低损耗太赫兹波导腔体传输结构与互联接口设计技术

文章介绍了降低太赫兹波导传输和互联损耗的方法及实验结果。当前,矩形波导多采用金属分块技术制作,且H面剖分波导损耗明显高于E面剖分波导损耗。为了抑制H面波导的电磁泄漏和辐射损耗,降低整体的传输损耗,在波导剖分表面添加了电磁带隙结构或扼流槽结构。采用传统的数控铣削和金属分块技术制备了一些波导样品,包括常规的矩形波导、带隙波导和扼流波导,并在170GHz~260GHz频段进行了测量和损耗对比。实验结果表明,在太赫兹频率下,波导分裂带来的不连续间隙使常规的H面波导损耗高达0.074dB/mm;带隙波导的损耗为0.017dB/mm,但加工耗时且价格昂贵;扼流波导的损耗为0.025dB/mm,成本和性能适中。此外,还设计制备了基于零形扼流槽的波导法兰,用于无接触低损耗太赫兹波导互联应用。相比常规波导法兰,基于文章设计的法兰互联性能稳定,改善效果显著。

高功率小型化波导E面异频功率合成器的设计

为了满足典型应用场景对高功率异频功率合成器提出的输入输出同向及结构紧凑的需求,提出并设计了一种工作在9.3 GHz和9.7 GHz频率的高功率小型化波导E面异频功率合成器。基于滤波器结构异频功率合成器的原理,通过采用过模矩形波导E面合成的形式,使两个波导滤波器相互平行,两个输入端口相互平齐,以满足特定应用场景的需求。同时,通过减小合成环节的矩形波导尺寸对合成过程中产生的高次模进行抑制,并按照半个波导波长的整数倍减小波导滤波器模片间距,在保证具有高功率容量的前提下缩短了滤波器长度。设计的异频功率合成器整体长度为9.2λ,宽度为1.5λ,高度为2.8λ(λ为9.5 GHz所对应的自由空间波长)。仿真结果表明,该合成器在9.3 GHz和9.7 GHz频率下的回波损耗均大于20 dB,合成效率大于98%,输入端口之间的隔离度大于20 dB,在80 MV/m微波脉冲击穿阈值下,功率容量为310 MW。

S波段永磁式相对论磁控管设计及实验研究

对S波段永磁式全腔提取相对论磁控管进行了理论设计和数值模拟研究,并对其进行了实验研究。通过理论分析初步获取相对论磁控管结构参数,并采用三维电磁仿真软件对模型进行粒子仿真优化,根据引导磁场需求设计永磁磁场产生结构。该永磁式相对论磁控管在500 kV电压输入条件下,输出微波功率1.978 GW,效率49.2%。利用实验室小型脉冲功率驱动源平台开展了初步实验研究。实验中,该永磁式相对论磁控管在脉冲驱动源驱动下获得GW级输出功率,功率转换效率约40%,实验结果与模拟结果吻合得较好。

新型矩形波导极化转换装置设计与仿真

针对现有矩形波导极化转换技术的改进需求,提出基于线极化电磁波极化转换理论的矩形波导极化转换方法,并设计一种新型矩形波导极化转换装置。用HFSS软件建立3D电磁仿真模型,通过与传统极化转换装置结构仿真对比,表明该设计具有驻波比小、插入损耗小、结构简单及体积较小等诸多优点。

基于矩形波导阻抗变换器的设计与仿真

阻抗不匹配是微波射频电路设计中的一个重要问题,影响功率传输的大小,严重时可引起微波电路无法正常工作.为了消除反射,提高功率的传输效率,需要在微波组件间插入匹配网络,实现阻抗匹配.本文主要研究的是一种匹配纯电阻负载的阻抗匹配网络,称之为阻抗变换器.本文拟对耦合度C在30 dB左右,方向性D≥20 dB,S 11<-20 dB,频带宽±0.2 GHz和中心频率为5.8 GHz的矩形波导定向耦合器,设计一个阶梯式阻抗变换器,使之与BJ70接口匹配.分别设计与研究了四分之一波长阻抗变换器、二项式阻抗变换器和切比雪夫阻抗变换器三种阻抗变换器,总结了三种类型的阻抗变换器的适用场合,通过对比可知四分之一波长阻抗变换器的综合指标最好,最适合于本文所设计的定向耦合器的匹配网络.

Simplified nonlinear theory of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser

To rapidly and accurately investigate the performance of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser, a simplified nonlinear theory is proposed, in which the variations of wave amplitude and wave phase are determined by two coupled first-order differential equations. Through combining with the relativistic equation of motion and adopting the forward wave assumption, the evolutions of the forward wave power, the power growth rate, the axial wave number, the accumulated phase offset, and the information of the particle movement can be obtained in a single-pass calculation. For an illustrative example, this method is used to study the influences of the beam current, the gap distance between the beam and the dielectric surface, and the momentum spread on the forward wave. The variations of the saturated power and the saturation length with the working frequency for the beams with different momentum spreads have also been studied. The result shows that the beam wave interaction is very sensitive to the electron beam state. To further verify this simplified theory, a comparison with the result produced from a rigorous method is also provided, we find that the evolution curves of the forward wave power predicted by the two methods exhibit excellent agreement. In practical applications, the developed theory can be used for the design and analysis of the rectangular Cerenkov maser.