Atorvastatin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating macrophage polarization in diabetic cardiomyopathy

In this editorial,we commented on the article published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Diabetes.Diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)is characterized by myocardial fibrosis,ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients,which can cause heart failure and threaten the life of patients.The pathogenesis of DCM has not been fully clarified,and it may involve oxidative stress,inflammatory stimulation,apoptosis,and autophagy.There is lack of effective therapies for DCM in the clinical practice.Statins have been widely used in the clinical practice for years mainly to reduce cholesterol and stabilize arterial plaques,and exhibit definite cardiovascular protective effects.Studies have shown that statins also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.We were particularly concerned about the recent findings that atorvastatin alleviated myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice by regulating the antioxidant stress and antiinflammatory effects of macrophage polarization on diabetic myocardium,and thereby improving DCM.

Duodenal-jejunal bypass improves hypothalamic oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic rats via glucagon-like peptide 1-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is often accompanied by impaired glucose utilization in the brain,leading to oxidative stress,neuronal cell injury and inflammation.Previous studies have shown that duodenal jejunal bypass(DJB)surgery significantly improves brain glucose metabolism in T2DM rats,the role and the metabolism of DJB in improving brain oxidative stress and inflammation condition in T2DM rats remain unclear.AIM To investigate the role and metabolism of DJB in improving hypothalamic oxidative stress and inflammation condition in T2DM rats.METHODS A T2DM rat model was induced via a high-glucose and high-fat diet,combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection.T2DM rats were divided into DJB operation and Sham operation groups.DJB surgical intervention was carried out on T2DM rats.The differential expression of hypothalamic proteins was analyzed using quantitative proteomics analysis.Proteins related to oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuronal injury in the hypothalamus of T2DM rats were analyzed by flow cytometry,quantitative real-time PCR,Western blotting,and immunofluorescence.RESULTS Quantitative proteomics analysis showed significant differences in proteins related to oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuronal injury in the hypothalamus of rats with T2DM-DJB after DJB surgery,compared to the T2DM-Sham groups of rats.Oxidative stress-related proteins(glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor,Nrf2,and HO-1)were significantly increased(P<0.05)in the hypothalamus of rats with T2DM after DJB surgery.DJB surgery significantly reduced(P<0.05)hypothalamic inflammation in T2DM rats by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and decreasing the expression of interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6.DJB surgery significantly reduced(P<0.05)the expression of factors related to neuronal injury(glial fibrillary acidic protein and Caspase-3)in the hypothalamus of T2DM rats and upregulated(P<0.05)the expression of neuroprotective factors(C-fos,Ki67,Bcl-2,and BDNF),thereby reducing hypothalamic injury in T2DM rats.CONCLUSION DJB surgery improve oxidative stress and inflammation in the hypothalamus of T2DM rats and reduce neuronal cell injury by activating the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Tiliroside protects against diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocininduced diabetes rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation

BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy(DN),affecting half of diabetic patients and contributing significantly to end-stage kidney disease,poses a substantial medical challenge requiring dialysis or transplantation.The nuanced onset and clinical progression of kidney disease in diabetes involve consistent renal function decline and persistent albuminuria.AIM To investigate Tiliroside's(Til)protective effect against diabetic nephropathy(DN)in rats under diabetic conditions.METHODS Five groups of six rats each were included in this study:Rats treated with DMSO by intraperitoneal injection as controls,those treated with STZ by intraperitoneal injection,those treated with STZ+Til(25 mg/kg body weight[bwt])or Til(50 mg/kg bwt),and those treated with anti-diabetic medication glibenclamide(600μg/kg bwt).Biochemical markers,fasting blood glucose,food intake,kidney weight,antioxidant enzymes,inflammatory and fibrotic markers,and renal injury were monitored in different groups.Molecular docking analysis was performed to identify the interactions between Til and its targeted biomarkers.RESULTS Til significantly reduced biochemical markers,fasting blood glucose,food intake,and kidney weight and elevated antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats.It also mitigated inflammatory and fibrotic markers,lessened renal injury,and displayed inhibitory potential against crucial markers associated with DN as demonstrated by molecular docking analysis.CONCLUSION These findings suggest Til's potential as a therapeutic agent for DN treatment,highlighting its promise for future drug development.

Inflammatory markers,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial dynamics:Repercussions on coronary artery disease in diabetes

Inflammatory markers and mediators that affect the development of cardiovascular diseases have been the focus of recent scientific work.Thus,the purpose of this editorial is to promote a critical debate about the article titled“Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine and inflammatory cytokines,markers,and mediators of coronary artery disease progression in diabetes”,published in the World Journal of Diabetes in 2024.This work directs us to reflect on the role of advanced glycation end products,which are pro-inflammatory products arising from the metabolism of fatty acids and sugars whose main marker in tissues is Nε-carboxymethyllysine(NML).Recent studies have linked high levels of pro-inflammatory agents with the development of coronary artery disease(CAD),especially tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukins,and C-reactive protein.These inflammatory agents increase the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS),of which people with diabetes are known to have an increased production.The increase in ROS promotes lipid peroxidation,which causes damage to myocytes,promoting myocardial damage.Furthermore,oxidative stress induces the binding of NML to its receptor RAGE,which in turn activates the nuclear factor-kB,and consequently,inflammatory cytokines.These inflammatory cytokines induce endothelial dysfunction,with increased expression of adhesion molecules,changes in endothelial permeability and changes in the expression of nitric oxide.In this sense,the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies(inflammatory reducers such as statins and sodium-glucose transport inhibitors)has demonstrated positive results in the regression of atherogenic plaques and consequently CAD.On the other hand,many studies have demonstrated a relationship between mitochondrial dynamics,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases.This link occurs since ROS have their origin in the imbalance in glucose metabolism that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix,and this imbalance can have its origin in inadequate diet as well as some pathologies.Photobiomodulation(PBM)has recently been considered a possible therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases due to its effects on mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative stress.In this sense,therapies such as PBM that act on pro-inflammatory mediators and mitochondrial modulation could benefit those with cardiovascular diseases.

Epalrestat protects against diabetic peripheral neuropathy by alleviating oxidative stress and inhibiting polyol pathway

Epalrestat is a noncompetitive and reversible aldose reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. This study assumed that epalrestat had a protective effect on diabetic peripheral nerve injury by suppressing the expression of aldose reductase in peripheral nerves of diabetes mellitus rats. The high-fat and high-carbohydrate model rats were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in these rats after sustaining high blood glucose for 8 weeks. At 12 weeks after streptozotocin injection, rats were intragastrically administered epalrestat 100 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks. Transmission electron microscope revealed that the injuries to myelinated nerve fibers, non-myelinated nerve fibers and Schwann cells of rat sciatic nerves had reduced compared to rats without epalrestat administuation. Western blot assay and immunohistochemical results demonstrated that after intervention with epalrestat, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase gradually increased, but aldose reductase protein expression gradually diminished. Results confirmed that epalrestat could protect against diabetic peripheral neuropathy by relieving oxidative stress and suppressing the polyol pathway.

Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress act in concert to promote neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina and optic nerve:galectin-3 participation

Diabetes is a lifelong disease characterized by glucose metabolic imbalance,in which low insulin levels or impaired insulin signaling lead to hyperglycemic state.Within 20 years of diabetes progression,95%of patients will have diabetic retinopathy,the leading cause of visual defects in working-age people worldwide.Although diabetes is considered a microvascular disease,recent studies have shown that neurodegeneration precedes vascular changes within the diabetic visual system,albeit its mechanisms are still under investigation.Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are intrinsically related phenomena,since macrophage/microglia and astrocytes are the main sources of reactive oxygen species during central nervous system chronic degenerative diseases,and both pathological processes are increased in the visual system during diabetes.The present review will focus on recent findings of the contribution of oxidative stress derived from neuroinflammation in the early neurodegenerative aspects of the diabetic visual system and their relationship with galectin-3.

Effects and Clinical Significance of Pentoxifylline on the Oxidative Stress of Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy（DN） is a common and serious clinical complication of diabetes and presently there are no effective ways to prevent its occurrence and progression. Recent studies show that pentoxifylline（PTX） can improve renal hemodynamics, reduce urinary protein excretion, and alleviate or delay renal failure in DN patients. In this study, we focused on the anti-oxidative stress effect of PTX on alleviating renal damages of DN using rat models. DN rats were established with injection of streptozotocin. Blood glucose, urinary protein excretion, serum cystatin C, renal biopsy, superoxide dismutase（SOD） and malondialdehyde（MDA） in serum and renal homogenate and renal nitrotyrosine levels were analyzed before and 12 weeks after the treatment of PTX. Before treatment, all the DN rats had elevated blood glucose, increased urinary protein excretion and elevated serum cystatin C. Morphologically, DN rats exhibited renal tissue damages, including swelling and fusions of foot processes of podocytes under electron microscope. Masson staining revealed blue collagen deposition in glomeruli and renal interstitium. With treatment of PTX, symptoms and renal pathological changes of DN rats were alleviated. Furthermore, the MDA levels were increased and the SOD levels were decreased in the serum and kidneys of DN rats, and these changes were reversed by PTX. The expression of nitrotyrosine was up-regulated in DN rat model and down-regulated by PTX, indicating that PTX was able to inhibit oxidative reactions in DN rats. PTX could alleviate renal damage in DN, which may be attributable to its anti-oxidative stress activity.

Retinopathy in non diabetics, diabetic retinopathy and oxidative stress: a new phenotype in Central Africa?

AIM:To evaluate the rates of retinopathy without diabetes and diabetic retinopathy(DR),associated with some markers of oxidative stress,antioxidants and cardiometabolic risk factors.METHODS:We determined the prevalence of DR in 150type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients,that of retinopathy in 50 non diabetics,the levels of body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC),blood pressure,lipids,8-isoprostane,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-oHdG),gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT),oxidized low density lipoprotein(LDL)(OxLDL),thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS),reduced glutathione(GSH),superoxide dismutase(SOD),uric acid,creatinine,albumin,total antioxidant status(TAOS),zinc,selenium,magnesium,vitamin C,vitamin D,vitamin E,glucose,apolipoprotein B(ApoB).RESULTS:The prevalences of DR at 53y and Rtp at62y were 44%(n=66)and 10%(n=5),respectively.Thehighest levels of 8-isoprostane,8-OHdG,TBARS,SOD,and OxLDL were in DR.The lowest levels of vitamin D,vitamin C,TAOS,and vitamin E were in DR.In the casecontrol study discriminant analysis,the levels of vitamin C,vitamin D,ApoB,8-OHdG,creatinine,Zn,vitamin E,and WC distinguished significantly non-diabetics without DR(controls),T2DM patients without DR and T2DM patients with DR.CONCLUSION:Anticipation of DR onset is significantly associated with the exageration of oxidative stress biomarkers or decrease of antioxidants in African type 2diabetics.Prevention of oxidative stress and abdominal obesity is needed.Supplementation in vitamin C,D,and E should be recommended as complement therapies of T2DM.

Carvedilol protected diabetic rat hearts via reducing oxidative stress

Oxidative stress plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Bcl-2 gene has close connection with antioxidant stress destruction in many diseases including diabetes. Carvedilol, an adrenoceptor blocker, also has antioxidant properties. To study the effect of carvedilol on the antioxidant status in diabetic hearts, we investigated carvedilol-administrated healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After small and large dosage carvedilol-administered for 5 weeks, hemodynamic parameters, the levels of malondialdehyde, activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the cardiac tissues were measured. The diabetic rats not only had cardiac disfunction, weaker activities of antioxidant enzymes, but also showed lower expression of Bcl-2. Carvedilol treatment increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 in healthy rats as well as diabetic rats. These results indicated that carvedilol partly improves cardiac function via its antioxidant properties in diabetic rats.

Effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress status in small intestine of diabetic rat

AIM:To investigate the effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress status in the small intestine of diabetic rats. METHODS:Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:Control (C),non-treated diabetic (NTD) and vitamin E-treated diabetic (VETD) groups. The increases in lipid peroxidation,protein oxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in these three groups was compared after 6 wk. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in catalase activity between NTD and control rats. Compared to NTD rats,the treatment with vitamin E significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation,and also increased catalase activity and SOD. CONCLUSION:The results revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress in the small intestine of diabetic rats. Vitamin E,as an antioxidant,attenuates lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation,and increases antioxidant defense mechanism.

Relationship between diabetic polyneuropathy, serum visfatin, and oxidative stress biomarkers

BACKGROUND Diabetic polyneuropathy is a very common complication of diabetes.Numerous studies are available in terms of pathogenesis.But examination methods with low reliability are still not standardized and generally time consuming.Highsensitive,easy-to-access methods are expected.Biochemical markers are one of the subjects of research.We aimed to discover a potential biomarker that can be used for this purpose in patients with diabetes who have not yet developed symptoms of neuropathy.AIM To determine the place and availability of visfatin and thiol-disulfide homeostasis in this disorder.METHODS A total of 392 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study.The polyneuropathy clinical signs were evaluated with the Subjective Peripheral Neuropathy Screen Questionnaire and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire and examination.The biochemical parameters,oxidative stress markers,visfatin,and thiol-disulfide homeostasis were analyzed and correlated with each other and clinical signs.RESULTS Subjective Peripheral Neuropathy Screen Questionnaire and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire with examination scores were correlated with each other and diabetes duration(P<0.005).Neuropathy related symptoms were present in 20.7%of the patients,but neuropathy related findings were observed in 43.9%of the patients.Serum glucose,glycated hemoglobin,and visfatin were positively correlated with each other.Also,these parameters were positively correlated with the total oxidative stress index.Total and native thiol was positively correlated with total antioxidant status and negatively with oxidant status.Inversely thiol-disulfide positively correlated with higher glucose and oxidant status and negatively with total antioxidant status(P<0.005).There was no correlation between visfatin and thiol-disulphide(P=0.092,r=0.086).However,a significant negative correlation was observed between visfatin and total with native thiol(P<0.005,r=-0.338),(P<0.005,r=-0.448).CONCLUSION Diagnosis of neuropathy is one of the issues studied in patients with diabetes.Visfatin and thiol-disulfide balance were analyzed for the first time in this study with inspiring results.

Syringic acid improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective:To determine the effects of syringic acid on hepatic damage in diabetic rats.Methods:Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin.Diabetic rats were given syringic acid at doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg by oral gavage for 6 weeks.Syringic acid effects on the liver were evaluated by examination of plasma biochemical parameters,and pathological study.In addition,biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of liver tissues were assessed.Real time-PCR was performed to investigate the m RNA expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis indices in different groups.Results:Syringic acid significantly attenuated the increase in most of plasma biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.Moreover,syringic acid treatment increased the catalase activity while it reduced the superoxide dismutase activity and hepatic malondialdehyde level in diabetic rats.There was no difference between the glutathione content of the treated and untreated groups.These findings were supported by alleviation of histopathological damages in the syringic acid-treated groups compared to the untreated diabetic group.Syringic acid also significantly upregulated the hepatic m RNA expression of PGC-1α,NRF-1,and NRF-2 and increased the mtD NA/nD NA ratio in diabetic rats.Conclusions:Syringic acid can be considered as a suitable candidate against hepatic complications since it can reduce oxidative damages in diabetic cases.Furthermore,it has the potential of targeting hepatic mitochondria in diabetes.

Testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after treatment with rooibos(Aspalathus linearis),honeybush(Cyclopia intermedia),and sutherlandia(Lessertia frutescens)infusions

Objective:To investigate the testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis status,as well as the sperm functional parameters in streptozotocin(STZ)induced diabetic rats following treatment with rooibos(Aspalathus linearis),honeybush(Cyclopia intermedia)and sutherlandia(Lessertia frutescens)infusions.Methods:Diabetes was induced by injecting fourteen-week-old adult male Wistar rats(250-300 g)with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ(45 mg/kg body weight).Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups:the vehicle group received 0.1 M citrate buffer,the diabetic control group received 45 mg/kg STZ,the diabetic+rooibos group received 45 mg/kg STZ+2.0%rooibos,the diabetic+honeybush group received 45 mg/kg STZ+4.0%honeybush,and the diabetic+sutherlandia group received 45 mg/kg STZ+0.2%sutherlandia.Rats were sacrificed 7 weeks after induction of diabetes mellitus.The testes and epididymides were harvested and weighed after induction.Spermatozoa were retrieved from the cauda epididymis for motility,concentration,and morphology analysis,and the testis was used for all biochemical assays.Oxidative stress was determined by measuring malondialdehyde levels,catalase,and superoxide dismutase activities,while apoptotic biomarkers were evaluated by Western blotting assays.Results:After induction of diabetes,rats in the diabetic control group,diabetic+rooibos group,diabetic+honeybush group,and diabetic+sutherlandia group presented with significantly elevated blood glucose levels as compared with the vehicle group(P<0.001).Rats in the diabetic control group had a reduction in sperm progressive motility,while rats in the diabetic+rooibos group and the diabetic+sutherlandia group displayed an increase in progressive motility as compared with the diabetic control group.The diabetic control animals showed a 40.0%decrease in sperm concentration when compared to the vehicle group,and there were no significant differences in sperm kinematic and speed parameters between the groups.In addition,the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was increased by 13.0%,16.0%,and 15.0%after treatment with rooibos,honeybush,and sutherlandia,respectively and the rats in the diabetic+infusion groups also displayed an increase in superoxide dismutase activity when compared to the diabetic control group.Conclusions:Rooibos,honeybush and sutherlandia infusions may partly alleviate diabetes-induced sperm function impairment by reducing oxidative stress.

Carbamylated Erythropoietin Alleviates Kidney Damage in Diabetic Rats by Suppressing Oxidative Stress

The oxidative stress response plays an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).It has become a new treatment target for DKD.In the current study,the effects of carbamylated erythropoietin(CEPO)on renal oxidative stress and damage in diabetic rats were examined.Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin to establish the diabetes model.The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups(n=6 each):diabetes model group(DM group),DM+CEPO treatment group(DC group),DM+CEPO+EPO receptor(EPOR)blocking peptide treatment group(DCEB group),and DM+CEPO+CD131 blocking peptide treatment group(DCCB group).Meanwhile,a normal control group(NC group,n=6)was set up.Kidney tissues and blood samples were obtained for evaluation of oxidative stress and renal function.The results showed that diabetic rats exhibited increased oxidative stress in the kidney and early pathological changes associated with DKD.Treatment with CEPO reduced oxidative stress and attenuated renal dysfunction.However,diabetic rats treated with the combination of CEPO and EPOR blocking peptide or CD131 blocking peptide showed increased oxidative stress and reduced renal function when compared with CEPO treatment alone group.These results suggested that CEPO can protect against kidney damage in DKD by inhibiting oxidative stress injury via EPOR-CD131 heterodimers.

Effects of Alpinia oxyphylla on oxidative stress and expression of p47phox in diabetic nephropathy rats

Objective:To explore whether Yizhi(Alpinia oxyphylla,AO)could treat diabetic nephropathy(DN)through the inhibition of p47phox expression which is related to oxidative stress.Methods:Model of DN was established in SD rats with high glucose and fat diet for 4 weeks after STZ intraperitoneal injection.The rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,AO group and irbesartan(IRB)group.Drugs were administered for 4 weeks.Blood glucose and 24-hour urinary protein were measured regularly.The index of ROS,SOD,MDA and Nox2 were tested by ELISA and the expression of p47phox protein in renal tissues were tested by techniques of RT-PCR and Western blot.Results:The decrease of blood sugar in AO group and IRB group were not obvious(P>0.05)while the drugs could significantly reduce the amount of protein in urine(P<0.05).AO could decrease ROS,MDA and Nox2 and increase SOD(P<0.05).It also could inhibit the expression of p47phox which was increased in model group(P<0.05).The IRB group has the similar effects compared with AO group(P>0.05).Conclusion:AO could reduce the amount of 24-hour urinary protein in DN rats and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of p47phox expression thus alleviates excessive oxidative stress response.

Attenuation of experimentally induced diabetic neuropathy in association with reduced oxidative-nitrosative stress by chronic administration of <i>Momordica charantia</i>

Momordica Charantia (MC) is one of the most famous traditional plant worldwide, used for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In the present study possible protective effect of MC in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathy in mice was evaluated. STZ induced diabetic mice were orally administered MC at various doses (200 - 800 mg/kg) for six weeks. Diabetes induced neuropathic pain was assessed by hot plate test, formalin test and tail flick test at the beginning and end of the study. Serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels were estimated at the end of the study as the markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress. Rotarod test was employed to assess the effect of treatment on motor coordination. The results showed that STZ induced diabetes significantly decreased the pain threshold as was indicated by increased flinching in formalin test and decreased withdrawal latency in hot plate and tail flick tests. Oxidative-nitrosative stress was significantly increased in diabetic animals. Chronic administration of MC significantly attenuated diabetes induced increase in flinches and decrease in withdrawal latency without impacting sensory and motor functions. MC administration also exhibited dose dependant reduction of hyperglycemia and serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels in diabetic mice. The results suggest that long term use of MC protects against diabetes induced neuropathy in association with attenuation of hyperglycemia and oxidative-nitrosative stress.

Changes of serum inflammatory factors, adipokines and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Objective: To investigate the changes of serum inflammatory factors, adipokines and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A total of 130 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2016 were selected and divided into 41 cases with diabetic retinopathy (NDR), 44 cases with nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR) and 45 cases with proliferative retinopathy group (PDR), another 40 healthy volunteers in our hospital were selected as control group (NC), and the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, leptin, adiponectin, MDA and SOD were detected. Results: There were significant differences in the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP in groups, PDR group was the highest, which were respectively (18.19 ± 3.84) pg/mL, (197.48 ± 13.78) ng/L and (8.13 ± 0.74) mg/L, significantly higher than that of NC group, NDR group and NPDR group, NPDR group followed, respectively (14.07 ± 3.62) pg/mL, (115.29 ± 20.08) ng/L and (5.62 ± 0.83) mg/L, which were significantly higher than that of NC and NDR groups. NDR group were (12.67 ± 3.93) pg/mL, (89.49 ± 10.49) ng/L and (3.91 ± 0.49) mg/L respectively, significantly higher than the NC group, the difference was statistically significant. There were significant differences among groups of leptin and adiponectin, the leptin level in PDR group was the highest, (23.19 ± 6.48) μg/mL, which was significantly higher than NC group, NDR group and NPDR group, adiponectin was the lowest (3.70 ± 1.02) g/mL, lower than that in NC group, NDR group and NPDR group, the levels of leptin in NPDR group were higher than NC group and NDR group while adiponectin were lower than the two groups. Leptin levels in NDR group were significantly higher than those in NC group while adiponectin were lower than those in NC group, the differences were statistically significant. The levels of MDA and SOD in each group were significantly different. MDA in PDR group was the highest, (17.77 ± 4.33) nmol/mL, which was higher than NC group, NDR group and NPDR group, SOD was the lowest (62.35 ± 11.43) U/mL, lower than that in NC group, NDR group and NPDR group, MDA in NPDR group is higher than NC group and NDR group, and SOD in NPDR group is lower than NC group and NDR group, MDA level in NDR group were higher than those in NC group and SOD in NDR group were lower than those in NC group. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is closely related to inflammatory factors, adipokines and oxidative stress.

Influence ofα-Lipoic acid adjuvant therapy on sugar metabolism,peripheral nerve conduction velocity and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Objective: To explore the influence of α-Lipoic acid adjuvant therapy on glucose metabolism, peripheral nerve conduction velocity and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods: A total of 92 cases of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were divided into observation group and control group according to the odd and even admission number, 46 cases in each group. All patients were given the conventional treatment, on this basis, patients in control group were given orally Pancreatic Kinionoge, patients in observation group were given α-Lipoic acid intravenous injection. They were treated for 14 d. The following indicators were observed in two groups before and after treatment: glucose metabolic index: fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c);peripheral nerve conduction velocity, median nerve, sensory nerve conduction velocity of nervus peroneus communis (MCV) and motor nerve conduction velocity (SCV), ankle arm index (ABI) and inner diameter of lower limb artery (femoral artery, dorsalis pedis artery, popliteal artery), oxidative stress indicators: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results: Compared with before treatment, the FBG, 2hPBG, HbA1c level in two groups after treatment were significantly reduced, but the difference of intergroup after treatment was no statistical significance;MCV and SCV of median nerve and nervus peroneus communis was increased significantly than control group after treatment, moreover MCV and SCV of median nerve and nervus peroneus communis in observation group were higher than control group after treatment, the difference was significant. After treatment, ABI and femoral artery, dorsalis pedis arteries, popliteal artery inner diameter in two groups were increased significantly, moreover after treatment the above level in observation group was obviously higher than control group, there was significant difference. After treatment, the MDA in observation group were reduced significantly and SOD level increased significantly, difference was statistically significant compared with before treatment and control group after the treatment;The difference in control group compared between before treatment and after treatment had no statistical significance. Conclusion: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy treated adjuvantly by α-Lipoic acid can significantly improve lower limb blood supply, improve the peripheral nerve conduction velocity, reduce level of oxidative stress, the effect on glucose metabolism still need long course of observation.

<i>Spirulina platensis</i>Alleviates the Liver, Brain and Heart Oxidative Stress in Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Spirulina platensis (SPI) is a microalga with a high content of functional compounds, such as phenolics, phycocyanins and polysaccharides that has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, neuro-protective and immunomodulatory effects. The objectives of the present work were to study the possible effects of SPI treatment on the glycemic-lipid profile, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and cardiac performance in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar rats. In diabetic animals SPI, at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, reduced lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels and lipids in plasma and tissues. SPI exhibited an effective improvement on +dP/dT and &minus;dP/dT in non-diabetic rats. This study showed that SPI significantly suppressed nitrite generation and lipoperoxidation in the hearts of diabetic animals, as well as an improvement in the cardiac function in control SPI-treated rats which is consistent with several studies that demonstrated the protective effect of antioxidants on oxidative stress-mediated injury caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in diabetic myocardial tissues.

Actinidia deliciosa as a complemental therapy against nephropathy and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant role of Actinidia deliciosa(kiwifruits)aqueous extract in streptozotocin-treated rats.Animals were distributed into;control,A.deliciosa aqueous extract(ADAE;1 g/kg orally),streptozotocin(STZ;50 mg/kg,i.p,single dose),and STZ plus ADAE,respectively.Results showed that ADAE had high antioxidant and radical scavenging potency.Elevation in blood sugar level,lipid peroxidation(LPO),kidney function biomarkers,and perturbations in hematological parameters were observed in diabetic rats.While,enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants,protein content,and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity declined.Furthermore,histological,immunohistochemical alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity(α-SMA-ir)and histochemical(collagen,total protein,DNA,and RNA)alterations were observed in rat kidneys.Moreover,STZ produced upregulation of inflammatory associated genes(tumor necrosis factor-alpha;TNF-αand transforming growth factorβ1;TGF-β1)and triggered apoptosis by upregulating apoptotic related gene[Bcl2-associated X protein(Bax)]and downregulating anti-apoptotic related gene B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)based on real-time PCR data.Moreover,diabetic rats administered with ADAE showed significant restoration in LPO,antioxidant status,and biochemical indices besides tissue architecture,and genes improvement regarding STZ group.Conclusively,A.deliciosa has a valuable ameliorative infl uence and can restore glucose levels and improve kidney dysfunction in diabetic rats.