The Development of Oxygen/Hydrogen Rocket Engine in China

In the mid of the 1970s,China began to develop its first oxygen/hydrogen rocket engine,which is designated as YF-73 and used for the third stage of the Long March 3 launch vehicle (LM-3).After successful flight tests of the LM-3,the development of a new engine-YF-75 engine started,which is for the third stage of the LM-3A.This paper describes these two engines and the development of China’s cryogenic technology.It also discusses some tentative ideas about the future development of oxygen/hydrogen engine.

Facet Engineering of Advanced Electrocatalysts Toward Hydrogen/Oxygen Evolution Reactions

The electrocatalytic water splitting technology can generate highpurity hydrogen without emitting carbon dioxide,which is in favor of relieving environmental pollution and energy crisis and achieving carbon neutrality.Electrocatalysts can effectively reduce the reaction energy barrier and increase the reaction efficiency.Facet engineering is considered as a promising strategy in controlling the ratio of desired crystal planes on the surface.Owing to the anisotropy,crystal planes with different orientations usually feature facet-dependent physical and chemical properties,leading to differences in the adsorption energies of oxygen or hydrogen intermediates,and thus exhibit varied electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).In this review,a brief introduction of the basic concepts,fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms as well as key evaluating parameters for both HER and OER are provided.The formation mechanisms of the crystal facets are comprehensively overviewed aiming to give scientific theory guides to realize dominant crystal planes.Subsequently,three strategies of selective capping agent,selective etching agent,and coordination modulation to tune crystal planes are comprehensively summarized.Then,we present an overview of significant contributions of facet-engineered catalysts toward HER,OER,and overall water splitting.In particular,we highlight that density functional theory calculations play an indispensable role in unveiling the structure–activity correlation between the crystal plane and catalytic activity.Finally,the remaining challenges in facet-engineered catalysts for HER and OER are provided and future prospects for designing advanced facet-engineered electrocatalysts are discussed.

Engineering transition metal-based nanomaterials for high-performance electrocatalysis

Transition metal(TM)based electrocatalysts attract increasing attention in energy conversion reactions,and current effects focus on material engineering strategies to tailor physicochemical properties of TM based electrocatalysts for improved performance.This review provides a summary about the recent advances of engineering TM based nanomaterials for electrocatalytic reactions,which include hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR),and nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR).We highlight four engineering strategies,namely,size engineering,facet engineering,composition engineering,and crystal structure engineering for TM based electrocatalysts,and pay a special emphasis on exploring the relationship between their physicochemical properties and catalytic activities.We outline the opportunities in this research field,in particular,the strategy of rationally combining in-situ and operando techniques and theoretical predication to design efficient electrocatalysts.Finally,issues that deserve attention and consideration for practical applications are discussed.

Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol fibres incorporating an antimicrobial gel for enzymatically controlled reactive oxygen species release

Wounds pose a risk to the skin,our body's primary defence against infections.The rise of antibiotic resistance has prompted the development of novel therapies.RO-101^(■)is an antimicrobial gel that delivers therapeutic levels of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),a reactive oxygen species,directly to the wound bed.In this study,electrospinning was used to incorporate RO-101^(■)into a polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)sub-micron fibrous mesh that can act as a delivery agent,achieve a sustained release profile,and provide a barrier against infection.Adequate incorporation of this gel into sub-micron fibres was confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Furthermore,scanning electron microscopy exhibited smooth and uniform meshes with diameters in the 200-500 nm range.PVA/RO-101 electrospun meshes generated H_(2)O_(2) in concentrations exceeding 1 m M/(g·m L)(1 m M=1 mmol/L)after 24 h,and the role of sterilisation on H_(2)O_(2) release was evaluated.PVA/RO-101meshes exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)bacteria,achieving viable count reductions of up to 1 log unit CFU/mm^(2)(CFU:colony-forming units).Moreover,these meshes were capable of disrupting biofilm formation,even against multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA).Furthermore,increasing the RO-101^(■)concentration resulted in higher H_(2)O_(2) production and an enhanced antimicrobial effect,while fibroblast cell viability and proliferation tests showed a concentration-dependent response with high cytocompatibility at low RO-101^(■)concentrations.This study therefore demonstrates the potential of highly absorbent PVA/RO-101 meshes as potential antimicrobial wound dressings.

Gas film/regenerative composite cooling characteristics of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane (LOX/LCH4) rocket engine

The thermal protection of rocket engines is a crucial aspect of rocket engine design.In this paper,the gas film/regenerative composite cooling of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane(LOX/LCH4)rocket engine thrust chamber was investigated.A gas film/regenerative composite cooling model was developed based on the Grisson gas film cooling efficiency formula and the one-dimensional regenerative cooling model.The accuracy of the model was validated through experiments conducted on a 6 kg/s level gas film/regenerative composite cooling thrust chamber.Additionally,key parameters related to heat transfer performance were calculated.The results demonstrate that the model is sufficiently accurate to be used as a preliminary design tool.The temperature rise error of the coolant,when compared with the experimental results,was found to be less than 10%.Although the pressure drop error is relatively large,the calculated results still provide valuable guidance for heat transfer analysis.In addition,the performance of composite cooling is observed to be superior to regenerative cooling.Increasing the gas film flow rate results in higher cooling efficiency and a lower gas-side wall temperature.Furthermore,the position at which the gas film is introduced greatly impacts the cooling performance.The optimal introduction position for the gas film is determined when the film is introduced from a single row of holes.This optimal introduction position results in a more uniform wall temperature distribution and reduces the peak temperature.Lastly,it is observed that a double row of holes,when compared to a single row of holes,enhances the cooling effect in the superposition area of the gas film and further lowers the gas-side wall temperature.These results provide a basis for the design of gas film/regenerative composite cooling systems.

Vacancy engineering induced reaction kinetics enhancement of cobalt metaphosphate for pH-universal hydrogen evolution

Developing efficient pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts is critical in the field of water electrolysis,however,which is severely hampered by the sluggish kinetics in alkaline media.Herein,a ruthenium(Ru)incorporation induced vacancy engineering strategy is firstly proposed to precisely construct oxygen vacancy(V_(O))-riched cobalt-ruthenium metaphosphate(CRPO)for high-efficiency pH-universal HER.The V_(O) modifies the electronic structure,improves the superficial hydrophilic and gas spillover capacity,it also reduces the coordination number of Ru atoms and regulates the coordination environment.Theoretical calculations indicate that Ru tends to adsorb H_(2)O and H^(*),whereas V_(O) tends to adsorb OH^(-),which greatly promotes the H_(2)O adsorption and the dissociation of HO-H bond.Ultimately,CRPO-2 exhibits remarkable HER performance,the mass activity is about 18.34,21.73,and 38.07 times higher than that of Pt/C in acidic,neutral,and alkaline media,respectively,at the same time maintain excellent stability.Our findings may pave a new avenue for the rational design of electrocatalysts toward pH-universal water electrolysis.

Engineering oxygen vacancy on rutile TiO_2 for efficient electron-hole separation and high solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Oxygen vacancy（VO） plays a vital role in semiconductor photocatalysis. Rutile TiO2 nanomaterials with controllable contents of VO（0–2.18%） are fabricated via an insitu solid-state chemical reduction strategy, with color from white to black. The bandgap of the resultant rutile TiO2 is reduced from 3.0 to 2.56 e V, indicating the enhanced visible light absorption. The resultant rutile TiO2 with optimal contents of VO（2.07%） exhibits a high solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 734 μmol h-1, which is about four times as high as that of the pristine one（185 μmol h-1）. The presence of VOelevates the apparent Fermi level of rutile TiO2 and promotes the efficient electronhole separation obviously, which favor the escape of photogenerated electrons and prolong the life-time（7.6×103 ns） of photogenerated charge carriers, confirmed by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy and transient-state fluorescence. VO-mediated efficient photogenerated electron-hole separation strategy may provide new insight for fabricating other high-performance semiconductor oxide photocatalysts.

Operation of a Rotary-valved Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine Utilizing Liquid-kerosene and Oxygen

The pulse detonation rocket engine （PDRE） requires periodic supply of oxidizer, fuel and purge gas. A rotary-valve assembly is fabricated to control the periodic supply in this research. Oxygen and liquid aviation kerosene are used as oxidizer and fuel respectively. An ordinary automobile spark plug, with ignition energy as low as 50 mJ, is used to initiate combustion. Steady operation of the PDRE is achieved with operating frequency ranging from 1 Hz to 10 Hz. Experimentally measured pressure is lower than theoretical value by 13% at 1 Hz and 37% at 10 Hz, and there also exists a velocity deficit at different operating frequencies. Both of these two phenomena are believed mainly due to droplet size which depends on atomization and vaporiza-tion of liquid fuel.

封闭舱室动态泄放氢喷射火焰行为及关键参数的试验研究

为了研究封闭舱室内动态泄放氢喷射火焰形态、火焰高度、氧气体积分数、火焰上方中心线温度和侧壁气体温度的变化规律,开展了一系列封闭舱室氢喷射火试验。试验采用相机拍摄火焰形态,采用氧浓度传感器、热电偶测量舱室内指定点氧气体积分数和温度。试验结果表明,封闭舱室动态泄放氢喷射火焰形态演变过程分为氢气控制的喷射火和氧气控制的喷射火两种类型。前者的火焰演变过程分为四个阶段,即增长阶段、衰减阶段、升高阶段和熄灭阶段;后者的火焰演变过程分为三个阶段,即增长阶段、衰减阶段和自熄灭阶段。两种类型氢喷射火的氧气体积分数下降趋势明显不同。氢气控制的喷射火的氧气体积分数变化呈先近似线性下降再缓慢下降趋势,而氧气控制的喷射火的氧气体积分数呈近似线性下降趋势。同时,两者最小平均氧气体积分数与喷射压力呈线性下降趋势。舱内火焰上方中心线温度和侧壁气体温度变化的总体趋势大致相同,但氧气控制的喷射火温度下降过程中会出现明显的中断现象。喷射压力对封闭舱内氢喷射火作用下最大温升有显著的影响。基于本试验条件,建立了封闭舱室火焰上方中心线最大温升预测模型。

氢氧内燃机增氧定容燃烧特性研究

航天器携带推进剂有限,氢氧内燃机适宜采用纯氢纯氧+富氢燃烧方式,但目前内燃机纯氢纯氧燃烧缺乏地面试验验证。为此开展氢氧内燃机增氧定容燃烧试验,采用内燃机定容燃烧逐步增氧的技术路线,获得增氧乃至纯氧条件下氢氧内燃机的层流燃烧特性,实现氢氧内燃机高性能高可靠工作。试验结果表明:随着氧气浓度的增大,层流燃烧速度随当量比成倍增加,变化的幅度会逐渐减小;高氧气浓度条件下,层流燃烧速度维持在很高的水平,且随当量比的变化很小。

Surface/Interface Engineering of Hierarchical MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2)Heterogeneous Nanosheet Arrays for Alkaline Water Electrolysis with Fast Kinetics

Realizing the hydrogen economy by water electrolysis is an attractive approach for hydrogen production,while the efficient and stable bifunctional catalysts under high current densities are the bottleneck that limits the half-cell reactions of water splitting.Here,we propose an approach of hydrothermal and thermal annealing methods for robust MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2) heterogeneous cuboid array electrocatalyst with multiplying surface-active sites by depositing a monolayer amount of Ru.Benefiting from abundant MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2)heterointerfaces,MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2) heterogeneous cuboid array electrocatalysts effectively drive the alkaline water splitting with superior hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performances.The synthesized MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2) has high HER activity,which realizes the working overpotentials of 48 mV at 50 mA·cm^(-2),further achieving overpotentials of 230 mv for industry-level 1000 mA·cm^(-2) in alkaline water electrolysis.Moreover,it also showed an enhanced OER activity than commercial RuO_(2) with a small overpotential of 280 mV at 200 mA·cm^(-2) in alkaline media.When building an electrolyzer with electrodes of(-)MoO_(2)/MoNi_(4)@Ru/RuO_(2)IIMo02/MoNig@Ru/RuO_(2)(+),a cell voltage of 1.63 V and 1.75 V is just required to support the current density of 200 mA·cm^(-2) and 500 mA-cm^(-2) in alkaline water electrolysis,much lower than that of the electrolyzer of(-)Pt/CIIRuO_(2)(+).This work demonstrates that MoO_(2)/MoNig@Ru/RuO_(2) heterogeneous nanosheet arrays are promising candidates for industrial water electrolysis applications,providing a possibility for the exploration of water electrolysis with a large currentdensity.

液氧液氢发动机领域知识图谱构建与应用

液氧液氢发动机作为航天领域的关键分系统,为有效开展其研制过程的智能化转型工作,针对液氧液氢发动机领域构建知识图谱,在储备领域知识的同时,提高科研生产人才的培养能力。针对液氧液氢发动机领域特点,对领域语料标注、领域知识识别、实体关系识别3个方面进行了研究,在此基础上进行了领域知识图谱的构建,并从领域知识搜索、知识推荐、探索式分析3个角度梳理了其业务应用模式。形成了液氧液氢发动机领域知识体系,并提出构建方法和应用模式。研究结果为航天领域智能化转型提供了参考。

考虑整机变形的氢氧发动机管路结构静强度分析

为了在液体火箭发动机管路结构静强度分析时考虑整机变形的影响,采用以实体单元、壳单元和梁单元为主的建模方法,建立了大推力补燃氢氧发动机试验装置的有限元模型,在热载荷、压力载荷和重力载荷的共同作用下,基于整机模型对管路结构进行了静力计算,并将计算结果与试验测量结果进行了对比。在此基础上,计算了不同类型载荷作用下的整机变形,重点分析了温度载荷的影响。对于典型管路,进一步采用子模型方法计算了不同类型载荷作用下的管路应力,对比了是否考虑整机变形对管路应力水平的影响。结果表明:基于整机模型进行的静力仿真基本能够正确反映出发动机热试验状态下各管路结构的受力状态;对氢氧发动机而言,温度载荷对整机变形的影响最大,整机变形对管路结构应力水平的影响较大且不容忽视,故有必要考虑整机变形对管路结构的影响来进行静强度分析。

Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling

Combustion process inside kerosene-GOx rocket combustor with kerosene Alm cooling is studied,and a modeling approach is proposed.The paper suggests to use the Lagrangian particle tracking technique to model fuel film behavior while the continuous fluid is simulated via the Navier-Stokes system of Favre-averaged equations.The approach is validated over the 12 experimental regimes by the criterions of characteristic velocity and pressure,ence on the adiabatic wall temperatures and relatively low impact on the pressure.In general,phenomena,the calculation of operational processes becomes fast and robust yet precise en-the design process.

兼容火箭推进剂的燃料电池混合能源系统

针对使用液氢/液氧的重型火箭发动机上存在氢氧蒸发气体无法有效利用的问题,提出了一种与火箭推进剂兼容的氢氧燃料电池混合能源系统设计方案。混合能源系统以满足负载使用需求为主要目标,综合考虑氢氧燃料电池效率和锂电池使用寿命,制定了混合能源系统的控制策略以及混合能源系统评价函数。基于MATLAB的仿真分析结果表明,在火箭上使用混合能源系统比单一的锂电池减重约940 kg,系统比能量提高约214.5%,且可以与箭上生命保障、环境热控系统相结合,具有广阔的实际应用前景。

缺陷型电催化剂在氧还原反应中的应用

氧还原反应(ORR)在现代能量转换和先进合成技术中扮演着至关重要的角色。对于燃料电池及金属-空气电池而言,ORR在提升能量效率和增强稳定性方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。此外,在绿色合成过氧化氢的过程中,ORR同样发挥着不可替代的作用。然而,ORR的缓慢动力学特性限制了这些技术的发展,因此需要合适的催化剂来调控和加速该反应变得尤为迫切。在众多催化剂中,贵金属催化剂因具有良好的导电性、高的电化学活性和优异的稳定性等优点而展现出较好的ORR性能,但这些催化剂因价格昂贵和地球储量低等限制了大规模应用的可行性。因此,探索和开发非贵金属基ORR催化剂,尤其是通过缺陷工程策略来对非贵金属催化剂的性能进行调控和优化至关重要。在深入阐述ORR机理的基础上,综述了含缺陷的非贵金属催化剂在ORR研究中的最新进展,分别探讨了边缘缺陷、空位、拓扑缺陷等本征缺陷及杂原子掺杂对催化活性的影响。同时,梳理了这些缺陷在促进特定电子转移路径中所起到的关键作用。此外,对单原子催化剂、双原子催化剂及金属氧化物中存在的缺陷在ORR中的应用潜力进行了综述。最后,对ORR催化剂的未来研究方向进行了展望,指出含缺陷非贵金属材料由于独特的结构和组成,在催化ORR中会展现出广阔的应用前景。

Regenerative Cooling for Liquid Rocket Engines

Heat transfer in the thrust chamber is of great importance in the design of liquid propellant rocketengines. Regenerative cooling is an advanced method which can ensure not only the proper runningbut also higher performance of a rocket engine. The theoretical model is complicated, it relates to fluiddynamics, heat transfer, combustion, etc... In this papers a regenerative cooling model is presented.Effects such as radiation, heat transfer to environment, variable thermal properties and coking areincluded in the model. This model can be applied to all kinds of liquid propellant rocket engines aswell as similar constructions. The modularized computer code is completed in the work.

碱性水电解镍基析氧催化材料最新进展

通过碱性水电解制氢技术,将可再生能源转化为绿氢,是实现能源储存和分布再平衡的最具应用前景的方法。开发低过电位的碱性水电解电催化剂是降低绿氢电耗和成本的必要条件。镍基材料是目前商业化碱性水电解制氢应用最广泛的电催化剂,但不断追求高电流密度和快速动力学的高效电催化剂是提高碱性水电解制氢设备性能的主要研究方向之一。综述碱性水电解制氢镍基析氧催化材料的研究进展,包括反应机理、评价指标和制备-结构-性能关系。同时,对目前存在的问题进行剖析,并对未来发展方向进行展望。

温度和力对单向阀阀芯与壳体间隙的影响

氢氧发动机中单向阀阀芯与壳体间隙变小会导致摩擦力过大,进而出现卡滞问题。针对此问题,仿真研究了温度和力对单向阀阀芯与壳体间隙的影响并且分析了为防止卡滞所需的最小配合间隙。结果表明:单向阀壳体和阀芯的最小配合间隙随着温度的降低逐渐增大,成反比关系;单向阀壳体和阀芯的最小配合间隙随着预紧力和弯曲力的增大逐渐增大,成正比关系。此外,进一步通过多元线性回归拟合得到了单向阀阀芯和壳体的最小配合间隙与三因素(温度、预紧力和弯曲力)的经验表达,为今后单向阀的设计提供一定的基础。最后,利用该经验表达很好地分析了某型发动机试车过程中单向阀出现的卡滞现象。

Improving the performance of LOX/kerosene upper stage rocket engines

Improved liquid rocket engine cycles were proposed and analyzed via comparison with existing staged combustion and gas-generator cycles.The key features of the proposed cycles are regenerative cooling of thrust chamber by oxygen and subsequent use of this oxygen for driving one or two oxygen pumps.The fuel pump(s)are driven in a conventional manner,for example,using a fuel-rich gas-generator cycle.Comparison with staged combustion cycle based on oxygen-rich pre-burner showed that one of the proposed semi-expander cycles has a specific impulse only on 0.4%lower while providing much lower oxygen temperature,more efficient tank pressurizing system and built-in roll control.This semi-expander cycle can be considered as a more reliable and cost-effective alternative of staged combustion cycle.Another semi-expander cycle can be considered as an improvement of gas-generator cycle.All proposed semi-expander cycles were developed as a derivative of thrust chamber regenerative cooling performed by oxygen.Analysis of existing oxygen/kerosene engines showed that replacing of kerosene regenerative cooling with oxygen allows a significant increase of achievable specific impulse,via optimization of mixture ratio.It is especially the case for upper stage engines.The increasing of propellants average density can be considered as an additional benefit of mixture ratio optimization.It was demonstrated that oxygen regenerative cooling of thrust chamber is a feasible and the most promising option for oxygen/kerosene engines.Combination of oxygen regenerative cooling and semi-expander cycles potentially allows creating the oxygen/kerosene propulsion systems with minimum specific impulse losses.It is important that such propulsion systems can be fully based on inherited and well-proven technical solutions.A hypothetic upper stage engine with thrust 19.6 kN was chosen as a prospective candidate for theoretical analysis of the proposed semi-expander cycles.The newly-developed software RECS was used for the comparative analysis of engine cycles.