Modeling of mass transfer characteristics of bubble column reactor with surfactant present

Danckwert’s method was used to determine the specific interfacial area, a, and the individual mass transfer coefficient, kL, during absorption of CO2 in a bubble column with an anionic surfactant in the carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution and NaAsO2 as catalyst, the presence of which decreases the specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient. The specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient increase with increasing su- perficial gas velocity. The specific interfacial area decreases whereas the individual mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing temperature. The results of experiments were used to determine the dependence of a, kL, and kLa on the surface tension, the temperature of the absorption phase, and the superficial velocity of the gas. The calculated results from the correlation were found to be within 10% deviation from the actual experimental results.

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in a Slurry Bubble Column Reactor under High Temperature and High Pressure

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure, superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffin/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.

Gas-liquid mass transfer of carbon dioxide capture by magnesium hydroxide slurry in a bubble column reactor

Magnesium hydroxide(Mg(OH)2)has been considered as a potential solvent for CO2 removal of coal-fired power plant and biomass gas.The chemistry action and mass to transfer mechanism of CO2-H2O-Mg(OH)2 system in a slurry bubble column reactor was described,and a reliable computational model was developed.The overall mass transfer coefficient and surface area per unit volume were obtained using experimental approach and simulation with software assistance.The results show that the mass transfer process of CO2 absorbed by Mg(OH)2 slurry is mainly liquid-controlled,and slurry concentration and temperature are main contributory factors of volumetric mass transfer coefficient and liquid side mass transfer coefficient.High concentration of CO2 has an adverse effect on its absorption because it leads to the fast deposition of MgCO3·3H2O crystals on the surfaces of unreacted Mg(OH)2 particles,reducing the utilization ratio of magnesium hydroxide.Meanwhile,high CO3^2– ion concentration limits the dissolution of MgCO3 to absorb CO2 continually.Concentration of 0.05 mol/L Mg(OH)2,15%vol CO2 gas and operation temperature at 35℃are recommended for this CO2 capture system.

Bubble size fractal dimension,gas holdup,and mass transfer in a bubble column with dual internals

As the scale of residual oil treatment increases and cleaner production improves in China,slurry bubble column reactors face many challenges and opportunities for residual oil hydrogenation technology.The internals development is critical to adapt the long-term stable operation.In this paper,the volumetric mass transfer coefficient,gas holdup and bubble size in a gas-liquid up-flow column are studied with two kinds of internals.The gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient increase by 120% and 42% when the fractal dimension of bubbles increases from 0.56 to 2.56,respectively.The enhanced mass transfer processing may improve the coke suppression ability in the slurry reactor for residual oil treatment.The results can be useful for the exploration of reacting conditions,scale-up strategies,and oil adaptability.This work is valuable for the design of reactor systems and technological processes.

Different efficiency toward the biomimetic aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in microchannel and bubble column reactors: Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer

The selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde has attracted considerable attention because benzaldehyde is a high value-added product. The rate of this typical gas–liquid reaction is significantly affected by mass transfer. In this study, CoTPP-mediated(CoTPP: cobalt(II) mesotetraphenylporphyrin) selective benzyl alcohol oxidation with oxygen was conducted in a membrane microchannel(MMC) reactor and a bubble column(BC) reactor, respectively. We observed that 83% benzyl alcohol was converted within 6.5 min in the MMC reactor, but only less than 10% benzyl alcohol was converted in the BC reactor. Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer performances were compared for the MMC and BC reactors. The MMC reactor was assumed to be a plug flow reactor,and the dimensionless variance was 0.29. Compared to the BC reactor, the gas–liquid mass transfer was intensified significantly in MMC reactor. It could be ascribed to the high gas holdup(2.9 times higher than that of BC reactor), liquid film mass transfer coefficient(8.2 times higher than that of BC reactor), and mass transfer coefficient per unit interfacial area(3.8 times higher than that of BC reactor). Moreover,the Hatta number for the MMC reactor reached up to 0.61, which was about 15 times higher than that of the BC reactor. The computational fluid dynamics calculations for mass fractions in both liquid and gas phases were consistent with the experimental data.

Measurement of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Their Modelling of Continuous Counter-Current Aqueous Two-Phase System in a Packed Extraction Column

Overall dispersed side volumetric mass transfer coefficients for protein and amino acids were measured in continuous countercurrent PEG4000/KHP aqueous two-phase systems in a 57mm I.D. packed extraction column. A model for overall dispersed side volumetric mass transfer coefficients was derived by describing the motion of the drops based upon Navier-Stokes equation combined with the relationship between mass transfer coefficients and the drop velocity. The model provides good predictions and can be successfully used in aqueous two-phase extraction. The average relative deviation between calculated values and experimental data ranges from 8% to 14%.

Mass Transfer Characteristics of H_2 and CO in Mimicked F-T Slurry Bubble Column Reactor

The equilibrium solubilities,volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients kLa of H_2 and CO were measured as functions of temperature(298―513 K),pressure(1―3 MPa),superficial gas velocity(0.5―3 cm/s) and solid volume fraction(5%―25%) in liquid paraffin/iron-based catalyst slurry bubble column reactor.The volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa were obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H_2 and CO.The influences of the operation conditions,such as pressure,temperature,superficial gas velocity and catalyst concentration on kLa,were investigated.Two empirical correlations were proposed to predict kLa values of H_2 and CO in liquid paraffin/solid particles slurry bubble column reactor.The results showed that the equilibrium solubilities of H-2 and CO increased with an increasing temperature and pressure,and the solubility of CO was greater than that for H_2.It was found that the equilibrium solubility can be expressed by Henry's law.The volumetric mass transfer coefficients of H_2 and CO were of the same order of magnitude,and increased with the increase of pressure,temperature and superficial gas velocity.The presence of solid particles decreased kLa values of both H_2 and CO.

Effect of surfactant type on interfacial area and liquid mass transfer for CO_2 absorption in a bubble column

The effect of different surfactants(n-octyltrimethylammonium bromide(OTABr),sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80) with different critical micelle concentrations(CMC) on the CO_2 absorption into aqueous solutions in a bubble column is analyzed in the present work.The presence of these surfactants increased the gas-liquid interfacial area,and decreased the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient,but with significant different extent.The results indicated that the CMC can be a key parameter affecting the mass transfer of CO_2 absorption into a dilute aqueous solution of a surfactant.Sardeing's model was used to fit the experimental data successfully by re-correlating the parameters.

Simplified Models to Describe Transport and Decomposition of Ozone in a Bubble Column

The understanding of ozonation in bubble columns is the first step to describe this process for organic and inorganic pollutants in water medium in this equipment.This paper developed mathematical models for decomposition of ozone in liquid phase,with analytical solution for zero,first and second-orders kinetics for different pH values,with and without gaseous phase mass transfer effect in the ozone transfer to the liquid phase.The results models are satisfactory when compared with experimental data,and indicate the importance to consider such effects.

Experimental mass transfer coefficients in a pilot plant multistage column extractor

The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients in a multistage column have been measured using axial dispersion model for toluene–acetone–water system. The effect of operating parameters on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients has been investigated for both mass transfer directions. The results show that the mass transfer performance is strongly dependent on rotor speed and mass transfer direction, although only slightly dependent on phase flow rates. In addition, empirical correlations to predict the overall mass transfer coefficients have been developed. The proposed correlations based on dimensionless numbers can be considered as a useful tool for the possible scale up of the multistage column extractor.

Visual experimental study of nanofluids application to promote CO_(2) absorption in a bubble column

The addition of dispersed-phase nanoparticles in the liquid phase can enhance the gas-liquid transfer process as the suspended nanoparticles affect the transfer process inside the fluid through microdisturbance or micro-convection effects.In this article,a high-speed digital camera was used to visualize the bubble behavior of CO_(2) in pure water and nanofluids to examine the effects of CO_(2) gas flow rate,nanoparticle solid content and type on the bubble behavior in the fluids.The CO_(2) absorption performance in three water-based nanofluids were compared in a bubbler.And the mass transfer characteristics during CO_(2) bubble absorption and the reasons for the enhanced gas-liquid mass transfer effect of nanoparticles were analyzed.The results showed that the presence of nanoparticles affected the formation process of bubbles in the fluid,shortened the bubble detachment time,reduced the detachment diameter,effectively increased the gas-liquid contact area,and improved the bubbles detachment frequency.The system with MCM-41 corresponded to a higher overall mass transfer coefficient.Uncalined MCM-41 contained surfactant that enhanced foaming behavior in water.This prevented the transfer of CO_(2) to some extent,and the CO_(2) absorption by uncalined MCM-41/H_(2)O was 5.34%higher than that by pure water.Compared with SiO_(2) nanoparticles with the same particle size and the same composition,MCM-41 had a higher adsorption capacity and better hydrophilicity due to its larger specific surface area and rich porous structure,which was more favorable to accelerate the collision between nanoparticles and CO_(2) bubbles to cause micro-convection.Under the condition of 0.1%(mass)solid content,the enhancement of CO_(2) absorption process by MCM-41 nanoparticles was more significant and improved by 16.9%compared with pure water.

A review on single bubble gas–liquid mass transfer

It is common to empirically correlate volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa for predicting gas–liquid mass transfer in industrial applications,and the investigation of single bubble mass transfer is crucial for a detailed understanding of mass transfer mechanism.In this work,experiments,models and simulations based on the experimental results were highlighted to elucidate the mass transfer between single bubbles and ambient liquid.The experimental setups,measurement methods,the mass transfer of single bubbles in the Newtonian and the nonNewtonian liquid,models derived from the concept of eddy diffusion,the extension of Whitman’s,Higbie’s and Danckwerts’models,or dimensionless numbers,and simulation methods on turbulence,gas–liquid partition methods and mass transfer source term determination are introduced and commented on.Although people have a great knowledge on mass transfer between single bubbles and ambient liquid in single conditions,it is still insufficient when facing complex liquid conditions or some phenomena such as turbulence,contamination or non-Newtonian behavior.Additional studies on single bubbles are required for experiments and models in various liquid conditions in future.

A Comprehensive Review of the Influence of Heat Exchange Tubes on Hydrodynamic,Heat,and Mass Transfer in Bubble and Slurry Bubble

Bubble and slurry bubble column reactors(BCRs/SBCRs)are used for various chemical,biochemical,and petro-chemical applications.They have several operational and maintenance advantages,including excellent heat and mass transfer rates,simplicity,and low operating and maintenance cost.Typically,a catalyst is present in addition to biochemical processes where microorganisms are used to produce industrially valuable bio-products.Since most applications involve complicated gas-liquid,gas-liquid-solid,and exothermic processes,the BCR/SBCR must be equipped with heat-exchanging tubes to dissipate heat and control the reactor’s overall performance.In this review,past and very recent experimental and numerical investigations on such systems are critically dis-cussed.Furthermore,gaps to befilled and critical aspects still requiring investigation are identified.

Bubble and Heat Transfer Phenomena in Viscous Slurry Bubble Column

Heat transfer and bubble phenomena were investigated by adopting the drift flux model in a viscous slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR), having a diameter of 0.0508 m(ID) and height 1.5 m. The effects of superficial gas velocity (0.002 -0.164 m/s), solid concentration (0 - 20 wt%) and liquid viscosity (paraffin oil;16.9 mPa•s and squalane;25.9 mPa•s) on the gas holdup and heat transfer characteristics were examined. It was observed that the gas holdup increased with increasing superficial gas velocity (UG), but decreased with increasing solid concentration (SC) or slurry viscosity. The degree of non-uniformity in a SBCR could be determined by the modified drift flux model at the heterogeneous flow regime. The local heat transfer coefficient (h) between the immersed heater and the bed decreased with increasing liquid viscosity and SC, but it increased with increasing UG. The modified Nusselt number including the gas holdup and local heat transfer coefficient was well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups such as Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.

Axial mixing and mass transfer characteristics of pulsed extraction column with discs and doughnuts

The axial mixing is a key factor for design and scaling up of the pulsed extraction column which has strong influence on the mass transfer performances of the pulsed extraction column with discs and doughnuts. A steady-state concentration profile measurement was used to evaluate the mass transfer and axial mixing coefficients for the nitric acid/water/30%TRPO (in kerosene) system in the pulsed extraction column with the diameter of 38 mm on the condition of the TRPO-kerosene solution as the continuous phase and the flow ratio of 1∶1. Experimental results indicate that Ey evaluated by the experiments is in good agreement with that given by Burratti’s correlation; the axial mixing is far smaller for the continuous phase than that for the dispersed phase. However the empirical correlation for HOX is only given based on the present data.

亚毫米气泡和常规尺寸气泡气液两相流流动与传质特性对比

通过实验和数值模拟系统研究了亚毫米气泡鼓泡塔与常规鼓泡塔在流动和传质特性上的区别,并建立了适用于亚毫米气泡气液两相流流动和传质过程的数值模拟方法。研究结果表明,相比常规鼓泡塔,相同操作条件下亚毫米气泡鼓泡塔的气泡尺寸分布更窄,平均尺寸降至前者3%左右,气含率提高2倍以上,比表面积提高2个数量级。另外亚毫米气泡气液两相流中气液径向分布更均匀,轴向返混程度更小。亚毫米气泡鼓泡塔的相界面积是强化传质的关键控制因素,其液相传质系数虽低于常规鼓泡塔,但依靠巨大的相界面积,其体积传质系数是常规鼓泡塔的10倍左右。针对大规模鼓泡塔反应器的模拟结果也表明,亚毫米气泡可使反应器达到更均匀的气含率分布,受初始气液分布的影响小。

基于微纳米气泡臭氧曝气的饮用水厂有机物强化处理技术研究

为提升饮用水厂原水混凝及前/后臭氧处理等重要工艺段的有机物去除率,对比研究了微纳米气泡(MNBs)与普通曝气盘2种曝气方式下的臭氧传质效率,开展了MNBs对水厂原水混凝效果影响小试,并对2种曝气方式下前/后臭氧处理工艺段有机物及藻类等的去除率进行研究。结果表明:1)本研究中的微气泡发生器产生纳米气泡数量为1.2×10^(8)个/mL,中值粒径显著低于100μm,有利于MNBs臭氧(MNBs-O_(3))在水中停留较长时间;在水厂原水中加入12.5%(体积比)的MNBs水时,MNBs吸附疏水性有机物及产生羟基自由基的特征可以显著提高混凝沉淀效果,使UV254下降幅度达到15%。2)在前臭氧处理过程中,原水经MNBs-O_(3)处理后,出水110 kDa峰消失而小于1 Da部分出现新峰,五日生化需氧量(BOD5)的去除率约为15%(远低于普通曝气盘的50%)且总有机碳与UV254未发生显著变化;在后臭氧处理过程中,MNBs-O_(3)处理后BOD5上升了40%,TOC上升了36%,UV254则先上升后下降。该结果说明MNBs-O_(3)在前臭氧处理过程中可以将芳香族有机物分解为含氧类链状有机物,MNBs-O_(3)较长的停留时间使其更易将大分子有机物转换为小分子有机物,而后臭氧处理过程中MNBs-O_(3)可以进一步提高对水中残留的难降解有机物的去除率。3)MNBs-O_(3)对藻类的去除率可达25%,且MNBs-O_(3)处理不会增加水中溴酸盐浓度,后续可借助MNBs的气浮功能进一步提升其效率。尽管MNBs替代普通曝气盘使电能消耗上升约30%,但MNBs会大幅缩短进气时间,减少O_(3)使用量。本研究结果为MNBs在原水混凝及前/后臭氧处理过程中的应用建立了理论基础。

低冷量下强化CO_(2)吸收的甲醇基纳米流体性能

冷甲醇洗法捕集CO_(2)技术要求低温环境,需要大量的冷冻能量,能耗较大。在吸收剂中引入纳米颗粒,可以有效提高气液传质速率,降低能耗。本研究旨在开发冷量需求少,吸收、解吸性能提升的甲醇基纳米流体。实验分别考察了纳米颗粒种类、固含量、尺寸,表面活性剂含量、操作温度和初始CO_(2)浓度等因素对吸收剂捕集CO_(2)性能的影响及机理。结果表明,在0.2~1.0g/L的TiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)纳米流体中,0.4g/L的TiO_(2)-甲醇纳米流体的CO_(2)吸收、解吸增强效果最佳。向其中添加0.10%(质量分数)聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)后,纳米流体的吸收、解吸增强效果达到最大,且在5次循环后仍呈现良好增强效果。此外,本文对纳米流体增强吸收的机理进行了深入分析,提出了一个经验公式来预测TiO_(2)-甲醇纳米流体的增强因子E和最佳固含量。

多孔板鼓泡塔流动与传质特性数值模拟

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对安装不同数量的水平多孔板的鼓泡塔内气液两相流动及传质特性进行数值模拟研究,并探究了不同表观气速条件对鼓泡塔内气含率、气泡直径分布和气液传质系数的影响。结果表明,不同数量的多孔板和不同位置的多孔板都会影响气含率的分布;随着多孔板的数目增加,鼓泡塔液相上方区域的气含率增加,但影响区域有限;安装多孔板后,鼓泡塔内径向位置的平均气含率变化明显,出现“M”形状的分布。不同表观气速下,未安装多孔板的鼓泡塔内直径为1~2mm的微小气泡占比超过30%;安装多孔板后,微小气泡占比明显增加;气液传质系数在中心区域(径向无量纲为-0.5~0.5)较为平缓,波动不大。最后将模拟计算得到的气液体积传质系数与Akita的关联式计算值进行比较,本文计算结果略高。

臭氧微纳米气泡处理焦化废水零排放工艺中浓盐水的效能

焦化废水的零排放工艺中使用蒸汽机械再压缩(MVR)蒸发结晶处理膜浓缩液,最终产生超高盐浓缩液废水,其难以通过传统氧化方法进行处理。臭氧微纳米气泡技术能够提高臭氧传质效率、增强臭氧氧化能力,可望用于处理MVR浓缩母液。为验证该技术的工程应用可行性,以MVR浓缩母液为研究对象,对比臭氧微纳米气泡和普通大气泡2种曝气方式下臭氧传质速率以及有机物的降解效能,从技术、经济角度分析盐浓度和有机物浓度对2种臭氧氧化工艺处理效果的影响,以界定臭氧微纳米气泡技术处理高盐废水的适用范围。结果表明:随着盐浓度从0.1 mol/L增加至1 mol/L,微纳米气泡和普通大气泡的臭氧传质系数分别提高0.13和0.09倍,臭氧自分解速率分别升高2.10和1.38倍。在处理高盐、高有机物废水(TOC浓度为57.2~587.6 mg/L,电导率为3.47~28.6 mS/cm)时,臭氧微纳米气泡较普通大气泡的TOC去除率提升0.50~3.76倍,吨水能耗最大可降低71%;处理超高盐、超高有机物废水(TOC浓度为5626 mg/L,电导率为164.3 mS/cm)时,臭氧微纳米气泡去除效果与普通大气泡趋于一致且吨水能耗更高。高盐废水的盐浓度和有机物浓度对臭氧微纳米气泡处理效能影响显著,工程应用中应根据废水特性选择合适的臭氧曝气方式。