An empirical method for joint inversion of wave and wind parameters based on SAR and wave spectrometer data

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)and wave spectrometers,crucial in microwave remote sensing,play an essential role in monitoring sea surface wind and wave conditions.However,they face inherent limitations in observing sea surface phenomena.SAR systems,for instance,are hindered by an azimuth cut-off phenomenon in sea surface wind field observation.Wave spectrometers,while unaffected by the azimuth cutoff phenomenon,struggle with low azimuth resolution,impacting the capture of detailed wave and wind field data.This study utilizes SAR and surface wave investigation and monitoring(SWIM)data to initially extract key feature parameters,which are then prioritized using the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)algorithm.The research further addresses feature collinearity through a combined analysis of feature importance and correlation,leading to the development of an inversion model for wave and wind parameters based on XGBoost.A comparative analysis of this model with ERA5 reanalysis and buoy data for of significant wave height,mean wave period,wind direction,and wind speed reveals root mean square errors of 0.212 m,0.525 s,27.446°,and 1.092 m/s,compared to 0.314 m,0.888 s,27.698°,and 1.315 m/s from buoy data,respectively.These results demonstrate the model’s effective retrieval of wave and wind parameters.Finally,the model,incorporating altimeter and scatterometer data,is evaluated against SAR/SWIM single and dual payload inversion methods across different wind speeds.This comparison highlights the model’s superior inversion accuracy over other methods.

Crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from joint inversion of surface wave dispersions and receiver functions with P velocity constraints

Lithospheric structure beneath the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is of vital significance for studying the geodynamic processes of crustal thickening and expansion of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. We conducted a joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersions with P-wave velocity constraints using data from the Chin Array Ⅱ temporary stations deployed across the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Prior to joint inversion, we applied the H-κ-c method(Li JT et al., 2019) to the receiver function data in order to correct for the back-azimuthal variations in the arrival times of Ps phases and crustal multiples caused by crustal anisotropy and dipping interfaces. High-resolution images of vS, crustal thickness, and vP/vSstructures in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were simultaneously derived from the joint inversion. The seismic images reveal that crustal thickness decreases outward from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The stable interiors of the Ordos and Alxa blocks exhibited higher velocities and lower crustal vP/vSratios. While, lower velocities and higher vP/vSratios were observed beneath the Qilian Orogen and Songpan-Ganzi terrane(SPGZ), which are geologically active and mechanically weak, especially in the mid-lower crust.Delamination or thermal erosion of the lithosphere triggered by hot asthenospheric flow contributes to the observed uppermost mantle low-velocity zones(LVZs) in the SPGZ. The crustal thickness, vS, and vP/vSratios suggest that whole lithospheric shortening is a plausible mechanism for crustal thickening in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, supporting the idea of coupled lithospheric-scale deformation in this region.

Stepwise joint inversion of surface wave dispersion,Rayleigh wave ZH ratio,and receiver function data for 1D crustal shear wave velocity structure

Accurate determination of seismic velocity of the crust is important for understanding regional tectonics and crustal evolution of the Earth. We propose a stepwise joint linearized inversion method using surface wave dispersion, Rayleigh wave ZH ratio （i.e., ellipticity）, and receiver function data to better resolve 1D crustal shear wave velocity （Vs） structure. Surface wave dispersion and Rayleigh wave ZH ratio data are more sensitive to absolute variations of shear wave speed at depths, but their sensi- tivity kernels to shear wave speeds are different and complimentary. However, receiver function data are more sensitive to sharp velocity contrast （e.g., due to the existence of crustal interfaces） and Vp/Vs ratios. The stepwise inversion method takes advantages of the complementary sensitivities of each dataset to better constrain the Vs model in the crust. We firstly invert surface wave dispersion and ZH ratio data to obtain a 1D smooth absolute vs model and then incorporate receiver function data in the joint inver- sion to obtain a finer Vs model with better constraints on interface structures. Through synthetic tests, Monte Carlo error analyses, and application to real data, we demonstrate that the proposed joint inversion method can resolve robust crustal Vs structures and with little initial model dependency.

3D v_P and v_S models of southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from joint inversion of body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data

A new 3D velocity model of the crust and upper mantle in the southeastern （SE） margin of the Tibetan plateau was obtained by joint inversion of body- and sur- face-wave data. For the body-wave data, we used 7190 events recorded by 102 stations in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The surface-wave data consist of Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves obtained from ambient noise cross-correlation analysis recorded by a dense array in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The joint inversion clearly improves the Vs model because it is constrained by both data types. The results show that at around 10 km depth there are two low-velocity anomalies embedded within three high-velocity bodies along the Longmenshan fault system. These high-velocity bodies correspond well with the Precambrian massifs, and the two located to the northeast of 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake are associated with high fault slip areas during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock gap between 2013 Lushan earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is associated with low-velocity anomalies, which also acts as a barrier zone for ruptures of two earthquakes. Generally large earthquakes （M 〉 5） in the region occurring from 2008 to 2015 are located around the high-velocity zones, indicating that they may act as asperities for these large earthquakes. Joint inversion results also clearly show that there exist low-velocity or weak zones in the mid-lower crust, which are not evenly distributed beneath the SE margin of Tibetan plateau.

S-wave velocity structure in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion

Using the seismic records of 83 temporary and 17 permanent broadband seismic stations deployed in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas(39°N–41.5°N,115.5°E–119.5°E),we conducted a nonlinear joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion.We obtained some detailed information about the Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas,including sedimentary thickness,Moho depth,and crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity.Meanwhile,we also obtained the vP/vS structure along two sections across the Tangshan region.The results show that:(1)the Moho depth ranges from 30 km to 38 km,and it becomes shallower from Yanshan uplift area to North China basin;(2)the thickness of sedimentary layer ranges from 0 km to 3 km,and it thickens from Yanshan uplift region to North China basin;(3)the S-wave velocity structure shows that the velocity distribution of the upper crust has obvious correlation with the surface geological structure,while the velocity characteristics of the middle and lower crust are opposite to that of the upper crust.Compared with the upper crust,the heterogeneity of the middle and lower crust is more obvious;(4)the discontinuity of Moho on the two sides of Tangshan fault suggests that Tangshan fault cut the whole crust,and the low vS and high vP/vS beneath the Tangshan earthquake region may reflect the invasion of mantle thermal material through Tangshan fault.

An inversion of site response and Lg attenuation using Lg waveform

Based on spectral ratio method, a joint inversion method was used to obtain parameters of Lg wave attenuation and site response. The inversion method allows simple and direct （two-parameter） determination of Lg wave attenuation and site response from sparse spectral data, which are not affected by radiation pattern factor and different response of same instrument after geometrical spreading. The method was used successfully for estimating site response of stations of Zhejiang Seismic Network and measuring Lg wave attenuation. The study is based on 20 earthquakes occurred in northeast of Taiwan with magnitude Ms5.0-6.7 and 960 seismic wave records from 16 stations in Zhejiang area from 2002 to 2005. The parameters of site response and Lg attenuation were calculated with a frequency interval of 0.2 Hz in the range of 0.5 Hz to 10 Hz. Lg wave attenuation coefficient corresponding to U-D, E-W and N-S components are γ（f）=0.00175f^0.43485, γ（f）=0.00145f^0.48467 and γ（f）=0.0021f^0.41241, respectively. It is found that the site response is component-independent. It is also found that the site response of QIY station is significant above the frequency of 1.5 Hz, and that the site response of NIB station is low for most frequency

P-P波和P-SV波联合AVO反演研究

目前转换波AVO(Amplitude Versus Offset)反演或纵波、转换波联合AVO反演是基于Aki等的反射系数近似公式,通常反演结果为上、下层速度比值和速度平均比值.本文在Shuey和郑晓东近似公式的基础上,运用最小平方算法,提出一种P-P波和P-SV波联合AVO反演下层介质纵、横波速度及泊松比的方案,并应用于双层含气砂岩模型上,误差在10%以内.此方案要求上、下层物性差别不大且入射角小于30°,但不需要速度比值为常数2的假设.

P-SV与P-P波的时间匹配

本文针对叠前联合反演中的P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配问题进行了研究,认为将叠前时间偏移速度分析拾取的纵、横波速度比作为P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配的纵、横波速度比,匹配效果不是很好。文中利用数学模型正演模拟的数据,运用速度比扫描方法校正纵、横波匹配中的偏差,在扫描过程中根据构造成像的主要标志性层位确定大致时间及速度范围,选定计算时窗进行速度比扫描得到最佳速度比因子,从而完成匹配。将P-P波和P-SV波叠前时间匹配流程归纳为:①由P-P波和P-SV波速度分析得到速度比;②根据速度比模型进行叠前时间道集匹配;③如果匹配结果好则退出,反之则进行速度比扫描,更新速度比模型并转向②;④结束匹配,输出匹配道集或叠加剖面。数学模型数据和实际野外陆上地震资料的时间匹配效果表明,文中的P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配方法解决了纵、横波反演过程中来自同一地层界面反射同相轴的时间匹配问题,为后续的纵、横波联合反演提供了准确的道集数据。

PP波与P-SV波叠前联合反演研究与应用

基于各向异性介质理论和Zoeppritz方程,利用PP波与P-SV波叠前地震资料能够反演纵波速度、横波速度、密度及各向异性系数,能够进一步计算得到弹性阻抗、泊松比、体积模量、剪切模量和拉梅常数等多种弹性参数。结合地质、测井、岩石物理等资料,对反演获得的各种参数进行优化,归纳总结其变化规律,提炼岩性判断和流体识别的各种敏感参数,实现含油气异常区域的准确圈定。综合分析多种参数异常的交叉分布区域,能够更准确地实现有利储层及油气分布的预测与评价。基于新场3D3C地震资料,将这套方法和技术思路应用到川西坳陷深层须家河组超致密非常规天然气藏储层预测与含气性检测中,获得了良好的实际应用效果。

近震体波走时与重力联合反演华北地区地壳上地幔顶部P波速度结构

华北是克拉通破坏的典型案例,也是陆内强震活动最为强烈、频繁的地区之一,对该区壳幔速度结构进行研究,可为深化认识克拉通的形成演化、板内强震与火山发生机理等研究提供重要的深部约束.利用202个固定台站、360个流动台站所记录到的天然地震事件P波资料和实测布格重力异常,采用近震体波走时与重力联合反演方法获得了地壳、上地幔顶部P波速度结构.重力资料的引入不仅对壳幔结构进行了更合理的约束,而且有效提高了浅层和边缘射线分布稀疏区的成像能力.联合成像结果显示,鄂尔多斯地块和华北平原浅层表现为明显的低速异常,可能与其存在厚的松软沉积层有关;鄂尔多斯东部上地壳存在明显的P波高速异常,推测该高速异常与古元古代孔兹岩带的形成有关.大同火山区15~25 km和25~40 km表现为明显的低速异常,且这两个低速层是连通的,推测与地幔热物质上涌导致的多期次岩浆侵位有关.三河—平谷8.0级地震和邢台7.2级地震震源都位于脆性的上地壳,均下伏低速异常,推测在区域动力环境加载作用下,韧性的壳内蠕变导致脆性上地壳岩石中弹性应变能的局部积累,从而引起地震的发生.

基于时间—振幅双γ模型的PP-PS波联合反演

在常规PP-PS波反演中利用走时计算纵横波速度比(γ)模型以对PP波、PS波进行时间匹配,这在构造复杂或岩性横向变化剧烈区会引起严重误差;另外常规PP-PS波反演通常假设γ=2来进行,这往往导致反演结果不准确。因此,本文介绍一种利用时间走时和振幅能量计算的双γ模型方法来求取最佳γ,使得PP波和PS波得到最佳匹配;在此基础上利用纵波截距、梯度和横波梯度三个独立参数反演得到纵波速度、横波速度和密度及泊松比等岩性参数。反演过程使用模拟退火方法进行全局寻优,可以有效避免局部极值。将该方法应用到苏里格气田某区块,预测结果的总符合率达到80%以上。

速度—密度双参数重震联合反演方法

速度和密度参数在地震资料处理和储层预测中发挥着重要作用,然而多参数间的相互耦合使密度在全波形反演中难以重构。为获得更准确的密度信息,将重力梯度数据纳入全波形反演过程,优化密度更新算法,并制定了一种重震联合反演策略。首先,通过重力梯度数据反演,获得反映地下介质整体密度信息的初始模型,再进行速度—密度参数同步联合反演目标函数的构建及求解。本文方法避免了先验速度—密度关系的限制,降低了对初始模型的依赖程度,模型试算结果表明,重力梯度数据的加入改善了波形反演密度结果的质量,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性,具有较大的应用潜力。

当阳复向斜页岩气探测区地壳结构及其构造暗示

本文采用接收函数H-κ叠加、多频接收函数和面波联合反演方法,获得了扬子克拉通当阳复向斜区21个密集流动地震台下方的地壳厚度、V_(p)/V_(s)比和S波速度.结果表明,该区平均地壳厚度和V_(p)/V_(s)比值分别为33.8 km和1.75,推测当阳复向斜经历过下地壳减薄但地壳整体尚保持典型克拉通结构特征.研究区绝大部分台站都在3~4 km深度存在1~2 km厚的低S波速度层,推测可能与该深度范围内富集高孔隙度和低密度的页岩气层有关.本研究表明,基于密集流动地震台阵被动源数据资料,可为油气资源勘探提供有价值的参考.

PP-PS联合反演含气性预测方法及应用

讨论了利用PP波和PS转换横波进行叠前联合反演的理论和实现方法,结合某油田实际多波地震资料,在叠前联合反演的基础上,对深层火成岩气藏进行了含气性预测。经钻井资料验证,根据联合反演资料预测的气藏结果与井资料吻合较好。实践证明,纵横波叠前联合反演可以避免单纯使用纵波信息进行弹性反演而造成的岩石弹性参数的多解性,提高气藏预测的准确性。

基于叠前PP-PS波联合广义线性反演的弹性模量提取方法（英文）

纵波和转换波联合反演方法作为有效的地震技术,比单纯纵波反演精度要高,能够提高地震储层识别的精度。纵波模量和横波模量是进行储层评价、流体判别的重要弹性参数,然而常规估算弹性模量方法的局限性制约了反演精度和稳定性的提升。本文从精确的Zoeppritz方程出发,建立了纵波模量、横波模量与纵波、转换波的精确关系,有效降低了通过近似公式或者间接计算引入的误差,从而提高了反演结果的精度。在反演过程中,考虑到反演过程的不适定性和正演算子的非线性,结合广义线性反演方法,在目标函数中引入了模型参数的先验约束和改进的低频约束,并在求解目标函数时借助迭代反演的思想,不断优化背景速度比值,增加了反演过程的稳定性。经多种模型试算结果表明,该方法有效地提高了纵波模量、横波模量提取的精度和稳定性,为储层、流体预测提供了高质量的数据支持。

联合多源数据反演郯庐断裂带南段地壳三维速度结构

郯庐断裂带南段位于不同块体交汇区,高分辨率的地壳速度结构有助于理解该地区的构造特征及成因.本文基于多源数据,利用2015年安徽实验中气枪的体波和高频面波,2008—2018年区域地震体波信号以及背景噪声面波频散等资料,将不同来源、不同周期的面波频散数据和体波走时进行联合反演,获取了郯庐断裂带南段的高精度地壳速度结构.研究结果表明:(1)加入面波信息进行联合反演后,获取的P波和S波速度模型的分辨能力较单一体波数据反演在中下地壳均有显著提升.(2)郯庐断裂带是控制区域异常的主要因素,两侧具有明显的速度差异.地震主要发生在断层附近,集中分布于高低速交界区.(3)秦岭—大别造山带下方5~10 km深度存在明显的高速异常体,对应于超高压变质岩,是大陆深俯冲经历超高压变质作用后折返上升到中上地壳形成的.(4)长江中下游成矿带的矿集区呈现高的P波和S波速度值,可能是陆内俯冲、岩石圈拆沉、幔源岩浆底侵和一系列成矿作用共同造就的.

基于小波边缘分析与井-震联合建模的波阻抗反演技术在乌尔逊断陷储层预测中的应用

针对乌尔逊断陷构造复杂、储层横向非均质性强、含油砂体小而薄预测难的问题,应用小波边缘分析与井-震联合建模的波阻抗反演技术,从地震记录中直接提取反映构造和岩性变化的地震属性特征参数,与测井声波阻抗数据一起建立初始模型并参与波阻抗模型的扰动修改。此反演技术弥补了井间插值建模过程中井间高频成分的缺失和井间岩性的局部变化细节,避免了常规波阻抗反演过程中由于初始模型不准确而产生的错误信息,提高了地震资料识别“小而薄”砂体的分辨能力。结果表明:受东部物源控制,乌尔逊断陷铜钵庙断裂带发育扇三角洲-半深湖(深湖)沉积体系;受断裂坡折带影响,在铜钵庙断层的下降盘发育一系列扇三角洲前缘砂体。实际钻井结果与钻前预测对比表明,井点处砂体顶界构造深度的相对误差小于0.3%,砂体厚度的相对误差小于3.84%,预测精度满足精细储层预测要求。研究成果可为乌尔逊断陷精细油藏描述和井位部署提供依据。

多分量地震在致密气储层精细描述中的应用

四川盆地川中秋林地区沙溪庙组河道砂岩具有期次多、砂体叠置的地质特征,精细刻画砂体及其叠置关系对水平井的部署至关重要。由于常规地震勘探方法难以取得理想效果,因此在研究区开展了多分量地震采集探索。研究表明:①沙溪庙组砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度基本相同,而横波速度差别大,因此利用转换波区分岩性具有较大优势。②纵波数据对砂体变化不敏感,地震波形难以反映砂体的叠置关系。转换波虽然主频低于纵波,但对岩性变化敏感,地震波形与砂体变化有很好的对应关系。③纵波叠前反演的横波速度精度较低,纵、横波联合反演的横波速度具有很高的预测精度,能够准确刻画砂体及其叠置关系。研究结果证明多分量地震在精细描述砂岩储层方面具有潜力,为沙溪庙组致密砂岩气藏精准、高效开发提供了数据基础。

基于振幅加权的拖缆与海底地震资料联合波形反演方法

南黄海新近系沉积层与其下方中-古生代海相地层之间速度差异大,存在强波阻抗界面,导致接收的浅部和中深部地层的反射波振幅差异极大.一般全波形反演方法未考虑不同界面反射波振幅的差异,对南黄海浅部沉积层速度的反演效果好,而对中深部地层速度的反演效果差.为此,本文提出一种基于振幅加权的拖缆与海底地震资料联合波形反演方法.该方法对中深部弱反射波数据施加较大的权重,对浅部强反射波数据施加较小的权重,从而均衡浅、中和深部地层反射波的振幅,使得自浅至深所有地层速度均能得到较好反演效果.同时,该方法利用海底地震资料和拖缆地震记录积分的低频成分反演低波数背景速度场,利用拖缆资料的高频成分提高反演模型的分辨率,充分发挥了拖缆和海底地震资料的优势互补作用,获得了比仅使用单一资料更好的反演结果.根据地震剖面和钻井资料,建立了南黄海中部隆起的速度模型.利用该理论模型的合成地震记录对本文方法进行了测试和分析,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.

基于遗传算法的地震面波和大地电磁数据一维联合反演算法研究

利用快速标量传递算法进行了一维层状模型的地震面波频散曲线正演计算,得到了基阶频散曲线;利用传统方法对一维层状模型进行了大地电磁正演计算,得到大地电磁的视电阻率曲线数据和相位数据。利用遗传算法对合成数据分别进行了单独反演和联合反演,得到拟合差分布图来分析两种数据的兼容性并研究联合反演的可行性。通过对比单独反演和联合反演的结果,可以看出地震面波频散曲线和大地电磁数据的联合反演结果较之单方法的反演结果要更加精确,收敛速度更快,两种数据的耦合情况较好,同时联合反演能够有效地限制多解性。