Geochemistry and Geochronology of Peraluminous High-K Granitic Leucosomes of YaoundéSeries (Cameroon): Evidence for a Unique Pan-African Magmatism and Melting Event in North Equatorial Fold Belt

Geochemical and geochronological studies have been carry out on the leucosomes of Yaoundé series with the aims to identify the magma sources and to indicate their production periods and emplacement within the formations of the Pan-African North-Equatorial Fold Belt (PANEFB) in Cameroon. The Yaoundé series belongs to the Southern domain of the PANEFB and it is composed of migmatites in which two types of granitic leucosomes (in situ leucosomes and injected leucosomes) have been distinguished. These rocks display characteristic of calc-alkaline (in situ leucosomes) and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic series (injected leucosomes). All the rocks are peraluminous with in situ leucosomes conform to S-type and injected leucosomes conform to I- and S-type granitoids. Major and trace elements composition reveal that in situ leucosomes derived from the partial melting of the host metapelite whereas injected leucosomes derived from the melting of metagreywacke. These sources are similar to those of granitoids from central and northern domains of the PANEFB. Th-U-Pb dating by electron microprobe (EMP) and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on zircon have been used to constraints the melting event and emplacement of leucosomes in Yaoundé series. Th-U-Pb monazite dating, undertaken in two samples of leucosomes, gives two groups of monazite ages. The older group gives an age of 658 Ma whereas the age of younger group is 592 Ma. U-Pb dating of zircons from the leucosomes reveals a Pan-African age ranging from 626 to 654 Ma whereas zircons from metapelitic host rock reveal the overprinting of an early Pan-African event 911 - 1127 Ma on Palaeoproterozoic (2127 Ma) inheritance. These data clearly indicate that the host rocks of leucosomes of Yaoundé series have been firstly metamorphosed during Tonien-Stenien period (911 - 1127 Ma) and reveal the existence of extended unique melting event (592 and 658 Ma) in the Yaoundé series which is contemporaneous with the magmatism responsible for the emplacement of granitoids in the other domains of the PANEFB.

东天山新元古代强过铝质花岗岩的发现对中天山构造带北缘的约束

东天山小黄山花岗岩位于阿齐克库都克断裂和康古尔塔格断裂之间的构造带,为一类具有白云母、石榴子石等矿物的S型花岗岩,属于强过铝质花岗岩类。其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果为835.4±9.0 Ma,地球化学特征说明此花岗岩为后碰撞岩浆作用而成,属于新元古代Rodinia超大陆拼贴-裂解事件的产物。此外,该前寒武纪岩体的发现结合康古尔塔格—镜儿泉沿线出露的蛇绿岩、含蓝晶石和石榴子石的变质岩系,以及康古尔塔格断裂带南北两侧区域地层的差异,可以将康古尔塔格断裂带作为分隔中天山和北天山构造带的重要依据。

过铝质岩浆-热液演化体系中磷的地球化学行为

泥质岩部分熔融产生的过铝质岩浆中的P2O5含量受控于源区磷灰石含量、部分熔融程度和岩浆中磷灰石的溶解度。过铝质岩浆中的Ca、REE以及Y的活度低,阻碍了磷灰石、独居石以及磷钇矿等的结晶,碱性长石成为过铝质岩浆中P的主要寄主矿物,直到岩浆演化晚期,Li的活度增大,P才与Li形成磷铝锂石-羟磷铝锂石。进入以晶体、熔体和流体相共存为特征的岩浆-热液过渡阶段体系后,P的地球化学行为主要受流体/熔体相分配的制约,P优先进入到熔体相,不太可能形成富P的流体。在热液阶段,长石晶体在Al-Si有序化过程中释放的结构P与流体介质所携带的Ca离子形成次生磷灰石。在热液蚀变过程中所形成的富P流体,很可能是某些Sn、W、Mn和U热液矿床的主要载体。

富P过铝质岩浆体系的研究现状及存在的问题

高度演化的富P过铝质岩浆体系,具有鲜明的、不同于其他体系的地球化学行为。富P过铝质熔体以富P,高ASI,贫Fe、Mg、Ca,强烈亏损REE、Th、Y以及具有W、Sn、Nb、Ta等金属的矿化为特征。富P过铝质岩浆体系中的碱性长石为富P长石,长石中P可以有效地指示过铝质岩浆体系的演化历程;在岩浆演化的晚期,P与Li具强的亲和性,形成锂辉石-磷铝锂石-羟磷铝锂石的组合。已有的实验研究揭示,P能降低简单花岗岩的液相线和固相线温度、粘度以及增加H2O在熔体中的溶解度。然而,这一体系还存在许多问题亟待研究,P能否促进过铝质岩浆的液态不混溶,能否促使等价不相容元素在过铝质岩浆演化过程中的分异,是否在稀有金属成矿过程中起作用等都是值得关注的问题。

皖南前寒武纪花岗岩类中的岩石包体

皖南3个著名的强过铝花岗闪长岩岩体,是晚元古代时期以洋壳(包括上覆沉积岩)为主要源岩,经部分熔融形成的侵入体。笔者认为广泛产于其中的岩石包体的成分多种多样,类型复杂,是不同时期岩浆作用的产物,是认识与之相关的寄主花岗岩成因的重要线索。

过铝质岩浆体系中不相容元素的地球化学行为及机理——元素对分异和稀土元素“四重效应”及其对流体作用过程的指示意义

根据对新疆阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉各结构带中磷灰石的微量元素组成的系统研究,并综合了目前世界上对不同演化程度的酸性岩浆岩(I型和S型花岗岩、过铝质花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩)的研究成果,对通常具有相似离子半径和相同离子电价的元素对比值变化以及稀土元素“四重效应”产生的原因进行了分析。研究认为,这些元素对的分异和稀土元素“四重效应”的产生与富含挥发分流体相的存在密切相关,流体/熔体相作用的程度可能是制约元素对分异和稀土元素“四重效应”大小的主要因素。