桃苗圃适用除草剂的筛选、混配与安全性评价

【目的】杂草防治是果树生产中的重要环节,论文旨在评价不同除草剂对桃的安全性并筛选适于桃苗圃和生产园利用的除草剂,为桃产业中化学除草的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,选用毛桃苗以及黑麦草、狗牙根、空心莲子草、白三叶草和黄花苜蓿5种草为试材,对13种除草剂的安全性进行初步筛选。根据各除草剂药害等级结果,选择10%精喹禾灵和60%二氯喹啉酸进行混配。按照精喹禾灵有效剂量25、50、75 mL·hm^(-2)3个水平,二氯喹啉酸有效剂量150、300、450 g·hm^(-2)3个水平,共设置形成9个除草剂混配制剂。茎叶喷施处理后7、14、21 d,调查计算杂草抑制率,处理30 d后测定桃苗株高、茎粗、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率、根系总根长、总根表面积、根体积和根尖数的变化,并基于主成分分析对不同处理的安全性和杂草抑制率进行综合评价。【结果】茎叶喷施处理后,有11种除草剂对桃苗产生药害,桃苗出现不同程度的失绿、萎蔫、枯死等症状,精喹禾灵和二氯喹啉酸对桃苗生长无显著影响。利用精喹禾灵单剂喷施杂草后,处理21 d对禾本科杂草的抑制率为100%,但对阔叶杂草无抑制作用。相反,喷施二氯喹啉酸对禾本科杂草的抑制率为0,对黄花苜蓿、白三叶草、空心莲子草的抑制率范围为80%—100%。精喹禾灵与二氯喹啉酸混配后,9个混配制剂在处理21 d后的杂草总抑制率可达90%以上,同时各制剂对桃苗株高、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率无显著性影响。综合分析显示,精喹禾灵有效剂量对混配制剂的综合评价D值有较大影响,当精喹禾灵有效剂量提升至75 mL·hm^(-2)时,混配制剂的综合评价D值超过0.563,但D值未出现随二氯喹啉酸有效剂量提升而增大的趋势。【结论】桃苗对多数除草剂敏感,混配是提高精喹禾灵和二氯喹啉酸杂草综合抑制率的有效措施。有效剂量75 mL·hm^(-2)精喹禾灵与300g·hm^(-2)二氯喹啉酸混配后,制剂的综合评价D值最高,可在保证桃苗安全的基础上达到最佳除草效果。

关键生长期氮磷肥组合对本土老芒麦种子产量及萌发力的影响

为探讨营养生长及生殖生长关键期氮、磷配肥组合对高寒区本土老芒麦种子产量及发芽力的影响,设计Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组不同的氮磷肥追施组合,在分蘖-拔节期和抽穗-开花期,分别追施Urea(尿素)+Urea=75 kg/hm^(2)+75 kg/hm^(2)、Urea+SSP(过磷酸钙)=75 kg/hm^(2)+150 kg/hm^(2)、SSP+SSP=150 kg/hm^(2)+150 kg/hm^(2)、SSP+Urea=150 kg/hm^(2)+75 kg/hm^(2)和DAP(磷酸二铵)+DAP=150 kg/hm^(2)+150 kg/hm^(2),Ⅵ组为对照,不追肥,研究不同施肥组合对老芒麦种子产量及产量组分、种子发芽力的影响。结果表明,分蘖-拔节期和抽穗-开花期采用DAP+DAP(V组)、SSP+Urea(Ⅳ组)和Urea+SSP(Ⅱ组)施肥组合通过增加穗数/株、分蘖数、生殖枝数、小穗数/穗、种子数/穗和小花数/穗等种子产量因子,在一定程度上提高了老芒麦的潜在种子产量、表现种子产量和实测种子产量,也改善了种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。Ⅴ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅱ组实测种子产量分别较对照增产569.21、420.07和363.05 kg/hm^(2),种子发芽势提高了27.13%、29.78%和27.13%,发芽指数提高了28.26%、19.37%和23.51%,活力指数提高了47.85%、44.19%和49.51%。老芒麦种子产量与穗数/株、生殖枝数、分蘖数、小穗数/穗、小花数/穗和种子数/穗均呈极显著正相关,与穗长和种子千粒重呈显著正相关。综上所述,穗数/株、分蘖数和生殖枝数是影响本土老芒麦种子产量的主要因子,分蘖-拔节期和抽穗-开花期适时追施氮磷二元肥或交互施用氮、磷肥,可显著增加种子产量主要组成因子,提高种子产量,并改善种子萌发力。

Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan

In the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available phosphorus (P). Previous research has shown that wheat species/cultivars vary in their sensitivity to P deficiency, yield response to applied P fertilizer, P uptake and P use efficiency on P-deficient soils. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 on a P-deficient soil at Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of five wheat species/cultivars (Spelt and Kamut representing “ancient”, Red Fife representing “old”, and Unity and Goodeve representing “modern” wheat species/cultivars) for seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in seed, partial factor of productivity (PFP, kg seed kg-1 of N applied), total N and P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE, kg seed kg-1 of P applied) and % recovery of applied P in seed under zero-P and with P fertilizer (triple superphosphate) applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Seed yield, PFP and PUE were determined in all 3 years, but PC, total N and P uptake, and % recovery of applied P in seed were determined only in 2012. There was a marked and significant response of seed yield and PFP of all wheat species/cultivars to P fertilizer in all 3 years, but the actual seed yield and PFP, without and with applied P fertilizer, as well as PUE, varied with species/cultivar in different years. On the average of 3 years, seed yield and PFP were greatest for Unity in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Seed yield increases from applied P were 1111, 773, 890, 1810 and 2028 kg·ha-1, respectively, for Spelt, Kamut, Red Fife, Unity and Goodeve. Total N and P uptake were lowest for Kamut and greatest for Unity or Goodeve, in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Percent recovery of applied P in seed was greatest for Goodeve or Unity and lowest for Spelt or Kamut. Protein concentration in seed usually decreased with P fertilizer, and wheat species/cultivars with higher PC in seed usually showed greater reduction in PC with P application. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the “modern” wheat species/cultivars Unity or Goodeve might be more suitable for high sustainable seed yield and total P or N uptake than the “ancient” wheat species Spelt and Kamut or the “old” wheat cultivar Red Fife, especially when adequate amount of P fertilizer is applied to optimize crop production on a P-deficient soil.

Relationship between miR-7-5p expression and ^(125)I seed implantation efficacy in pancreatic cancer and functional analysis of target genes

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between miR-7-5p expression and intertissue-^(125)I irradiation sensitivity in pancreatic cancer tissues and to analyze the function of target genes.Methods Thirty-seven patients with unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)treated with radioactive ^(125)I seed implantation were enrolled.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-7-5p in cancer tissues and analyze the relationship between miR-7-5p expression and ^(125)I radiation sensitivity.Bioinformatic software and online tools were used to predict the miR-7-5p target genes and analyze their functional annotation and pathway enrichment.Results Radioactive ^(125)I seed implantation was followed up for 2 months.The objective response rate of the miR-7-5p high expression group was 65.0%(13/20),whereas the objective response rate of the miR-7-5p low expression group was 5.88%(1/17),and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ^(2)=13.654,P<0.001).A total of 187 target genes were predicted using three databases.GO functional annotation showed that target genes were mainly involved in cellular response to insulin stimulus,regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting,cytosol,peptidyl-serine phosphorylation,bHLH transcription factor binding,cargo loading into vesicles,cellular response to epinephrine stimulus,and nucleoplasm.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that target genes were mainly involved in the ErbB signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,axon guidance,longevity regulatory pathway,endocrine resistance,glioma,choline metabolism in cancer,and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug resistance.Molecular complex detection analysis by Cytoscape revealed that PIGH,RAF1,EGFR,NXT2,PIK3CD,PIK3R3,ERBB4,TRMT13,and C5orf22 were the key modules of miR-7-5p target gene clustering.Conclusion The expression of miR-7-5p in pancreatic cancer tissues positively correlated with the radiosensitivity of ^(125)I seeds.Via targeted gene regulation,miR-7-5p acts on the network of multiple signaling pathways in PDAC and participates in its occurrence and development.Thus,miR-7-5p may become a predictive index of ^(125)I seed implantation therapy sensitivity in PDAC patients.

Ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds and Punica granatum L. peel extracts in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic guinea pigs

Objective: To assess the ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(T. foenum-graecum) seeds and Punica granatum L.(P. granatum) peel extracts against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male guinea pigs.Methods: Sixty guinea pigs were divided into six groups(10 guinea pigs per group).Group 1 consisted of normal animals. Groups 2 and 3 were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract alone, respectively. Group 4 was treated with streptozotocin only; whereas Groups 5 and 6 receiving streptozotocin were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract, respectively.All animals were treated for 30 days, and the body weight, blood and liver biochemical parameters were measured.Results: Guinea pigs exposed to streptozotocin showed an alteration in body weight gain, fasting glucose level, kidney function parameters(blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) as well as decreased serum and hepatic total protein level. In addition, it increased the cholesterol and triglyceride level, while decreasing the hepatic glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity, glycogen, glutathione content and hepatic catalase activity. Oral treatment with T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts revealed significant protective properties with respect to body weight gain and other biochemical parameters studied.Conclusions: The Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts are significantly potent in ameliorating diabetic condition induced by streptozotocin and improving various biochemical parameters in serum and liver of guinea pigs.

Economics of Residues Incorporation and Phosphorus Application for Direct Seeded Rice and Wheat under Saline Soil

Two-year long field study was conducted using a permanent layout to investigate the economics of crop residues incorporation (2 t&middotha-1) and P application (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) to directly sowing of rice and wheat crops gown under naturally salt-affected calcareous soil (ECe = 4.59 dS m-1;pHs = 8.38;SAR = 6.57 (mmolc L-1)1/2;CaCO3 = 3.21%;Extractable P = 4.07 mg&middotkg-1;sandy clay loam) at farmers field in district Hafizabad during the year 2012-13. Split plot design (crop residues in main plots and P application in sub plots) was followed with three replications. Agronomic data on growth and yield were collected at the time of each crop maturity. Maximum growth and yield of both the crops were harvested from the plots where P2O5 was applied @ 80 kg&middotha-1 along with crop residues incorporation. On an average of two years, maximum paddy (3.26 t&middotha-1) and wheat grain (3.56 t&middotha-1) yield were produced with P application @ 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with crop residues incorporation. Although, the yield harvested with this treatment (80 kg P2O5 ha-1 + crop residues) performed statistically equal to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 without crop residues incorporation during both the years, however, on an average of two years, grain yield of directly sowing rice and subsequent wheat was significantly superior (22% and 24% respectively) than that of higher P rate (120 kg&middotha-1) without crop residues. Overall, continuous two-year crop residues incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest. Economic analyses of both the crops were carried out to choose the best treatment with adequate economic benefits as compared to those without crop residue incorporation. Maximum net benefit of Rs = 108,680/- for direct seeded rice and Rs = 99,362/- for wheat grown with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 application under crop residues incorporation was determined. Among P application treatments without crop residues incorporation, the maximum net benefit (Rs = 75,874/- and Rs = 65,725/-) and highest residual values (49,809 and 39,160) for direct seeded rice and wheat respectively, were obtained with extended P application rate (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) which was not again as much as that of 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 application with crop residues incorporation.

Low-Density Co-Inoculation of Myanmar <i>Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense</i>MAS34 and <i>Streptomyces griseoflavus</i>P4 to Enhance Symbiosis and Seed Yield in Soybean Varieties

This study examined whether low-density co-inoculation of Myanmar Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense strain MAS34 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 would enhance nodulation, N2 fixation, and seed yield in two soybean varieties. A field experiment was conducted during the July to November 2012 growing season at Kyushu University Farm, Japan, using a split-plot design with three replications and the following four treatments: T1, an uninoculated treatment with peat moss (uninoculated);T2, a single inoculation with S. griseoflavus P4 (P4);T3, a single inoculation of B. yuanmingense MAS34 (MAS34);and T4, a dual inoculation of P4 with MAS34 (P4 + MAS34). Two varieties of soybean, Yezin-3 (Rj4) and Yezin-6 (non-Rj), were used. The N2 fixation activity of soybean was evaluated by the relative ureide method using xylem solute from root bled sap at the early pod-fill stage (R3.5). Dry matter production, N2 fixation, and seed yield were significantly (P 0.01) different between the inoculated treatments. The effect of variety was also significant (P 0.05) for nodule dry weight at the V6 stage, percentage of N derived from the atmosphere at the R3.5 stage, and seed yield at the maturity stage. The number of nodules on the tap roots was significantly higher in Yezin-3 than in Yezin-6. The single inoculation of P4 did not have a significant effect on dry matter production, N2 fixation, and seed yield in either soybean variety. The dry matter production, relative ureide index, percentage of N derived from the atmosphere, and seed yield were significantly (P 0.01) enhanced by a single inoculation of MAS34 in Yezin-3 and by dual inoculation of P4 + MAS34 in Yezin-6. These results indicate that low inoculum concentrations (105 cells seed-1) increase N2 fixation and seed yield in these soybean varieties under open field conditions. Myanmar B. yuanmingense MAS34 and S. griseoflavus P4 are expected to be useful biofertilizers for soybean production.

Electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)as a Method for Screening Species of Passiflora Using Seed Proteins as Molecular Markers

Brazil is the center of diversity and dispersion of species of the genus Passiflora.Two species of passion fruit Passiflora tenuifila BRS VT(passiflora garlic)and another of Passiflora setacea BRS PC were used in this study.The plants were grown on the Embrapa Cerrados experimental farm.The fruits were washed,minimally cut and their constituents separated.Both species differed in the proportion of wet mass between husk,seed,and pulp.As expected,both species had a higher proportion of husks and seeds and a lower amount of pulp.A semi-purification procedure for the proteins present in the seeds and husks was described and the molecular aspects were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).The quantification of soluble proteins was performed using the Bradford method.The analysis of the soluble protein extracted from the seeds and husks showed that these values are up to 70 times higher for the seeds of P.tenuifila and 28.5 times for P.setacea,in the husks.It was verified that both species present a similar protein profile,observed by the intense and diverse bands found in the polyacrylamide gel,mainly in the range of 32 to 19 kDa.This work opens up an unexplored field of tracking bioactive proteins and/or peptides including forms of nanostructure systems that protect other bioactive molecules.The objective of this work was to present an analytical procedure to semi-purify seed proteins of two Passiflora species and use electrophoresis as an analysis tool for further screening of their protein profiles and selection of a molecular marker to differentiate them.

Photoperiod and Nitrogen Supply Limit the Scope of Northward Migration and Seed Transfer of Black Spruce in a Future Climate Associated with Doubled Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

The predicated changes in precipitation and temperature associated with the continued elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger the northward shift of the Climate Envelopes for 130 North America tree species by as much as 10 degrees. However, climate envelope models do not take into account changes in other factors that may also influence the survival and growth of plants at the predicted new locations, such as photoperiod and nutrient regimes. This study investigated how photoperiod and nitrogen supply would affect the ecophysiological traits of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B. S. P.) that are critical for survival and growth at new locations predicted by climate envelope models. We exposed black spruce seedlings to the photoperiod regime at the seed origin (PS) and that 10° north of the seed origin (PNM) as predicted by climate envelope models under the current and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and different levels of N supply (30 vs. 300 μmol·mol-1 N). We found that the PNM and the 30 μmol·mol-1 N supply both had negative impact on the development of seedling cold hardiness in the fall, and led to earlier burst of the terminal bud and greater rate of mortality in the following growing season. While the PNM stimulated seedling growth in the first growing season, the effect was not sustained in the second growing season. Our results suggest that the photoperiod regimes and poor nutrient conditions at higher latitudes will likely constrain the scope of the northward migration or seed transfer of black spruce.

石榴MAPK家族基因鉴定及其响应冷胁迫的表达分析

【目的】评价不同石榴种质资源籽粒硬度及抗寒性,筛选可能参与调控石榴抗寒性的MAPK家族基因。【方法】以31份石榴种质资源为试材,进行抗寒性及籽粒硬度评价;基于全基因组筛选石榴MAPK家族基因,对其进行进化、基因结构和蛋白理化性质分析,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)分析冷胁迫对石榴MAPK家族基因表达模式的影响。【结果】31个石榴品种籽粒硬度及半致死温度测定结果表明,峄城粉红牡丹、淮北六棱甜和鲁白榴2号等硬籽石榴抗寒性较强,华紫、以3和玛丽斯等软籽石榴抗寒性较弱。基于石榴全基因组鉴定出17个MAPK家族基因,广泛分布于8条染色体上;MAPK家族所有成员主要分为3个亚类,其中,A和B亚类成员主要包含PKc_MAPKK_plant_like和PTZ00024结构域,C亚类主要包含PLN00034结构域,所有成员均具有S_TKc结构域;各成员氨基酸残基数量分布在314~860 aa,外显子数目1~18个,蛋白分子质量为34910.05~97965.26 u,等电点4.94~9.35;PgMKK2、PgMPK6、PgMPK9、PgMPK16和PgMPK13在峄城粉红牡丹响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调,PgMKK8、PgMPK1-1和PgMKK4在玛丽斯响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调;PgMKK2、PgMPK6、PgMPK9、PgMPK16和PgMPK13在峄城粉红牡丹响应冷胁迫过程中的表达量显著高于玛丽斯,PgMKK8和PgMPK1-1在玛丽斯响应冷胁迫过程中的表达量显著性高于峄城粉红牡丹;PgMKK3在峄城粉红牡丹不同时间均未检测到表达,在玛丽斯中表现为先升高后降低的趋势;PgMPK12-2在玛丽斯不同时间均未检测到表达,在峄城粉红牡丹中表现为逐渐升高的趋势。【结论】石榴MAPK家族基因响应冷胁迫信号,其中,PgMKK2、PgMPK6、PgMPK12-2和PgMPK9可能参与正调控石榴的抗寒性。

石榴叶、花浸提液对3种乡土牧草种子及幼苗的化感作用

设置0、5、25、50 g/L 4个质量浓度的石榴叶和石榴花水浸提液,分析了2种浸提液对狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、大狗尾草(Setaria faberii Herrm)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)这3种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应,以期为石榴园林草复合种植提供理论依据。结果表明,石榴叶和石榴花浸提液对3种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长均具有浓度效应,在低质量浓度下(5 g/L)2种类型浸提液对3种牧草的一些指标表现出促进作用,随着浸提液浓度的升高,基本表现为化感抑制作用;狗尾草和大狗尾草种子萌发阶段受到的化感作用更强,而狼尾草则在幼苗生长阶段受到的化感作用更强;与幼苗生长相比,3种牧草的根系对2种类型浸提液的化感响应更明显。

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

石榴不同药用部位对中枢神经系统疾病的作用机制研究进展

中药对中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病的作用和机制是近年来研究的热点。石榴科植物石榴Punica granatum L.对CNS疾病的作用受到广泛关注,石榴籽、石榴皮、石榴花、石榴汁等不同药用部位均被发现可用于治疗CNS疾病。因此,对石榴不同药用部位成分进行比较,并总结各个药用部位对不同CNS疾病(阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、神经胶质瘤、创伤性脑损伤等)的作用,为进一步研究石榴治疗CNS疾病的物质基础及作用机制、发挥其药用价值提供参考。

藜麦糠浸提液对突尼斯软籽石榴种子萌发及酶活性的影响

采用浸提液浸种的方法,研究不同浓度藜麦糠浸提液对突尼斯软籽石榴种子萌发及发芽种子中α-淀粉酶、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等4种酶活性的影响,同时测定各藜麦糠的总皂苷含量,并与种子的发芽率及4种酶活性做回归分析。结果表明,经藜麦糠浸提液处理过的突尼斯软籽石榴种子发芽率显著高于ck,发芽率最高达到89%;发芽种子中的酶活性均显著高于ck,α-淀粉酶活性值最大,为8.13 mg/(g·min),POD、SOD和CAT的酶活性值分别较ck上升了4.07~6.64 U/(g·min)、4.75~6.94 U/g和0.15~0.37 mg/(g·min);藜麦糠中总皂苷含量与突尼斯软籽石榴种子的发芽率和4种酶活性均为非线性回归,为显著或极显著二次正相关。

石榴籽油对D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

在D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型体内,检测石榴籽油(Punicagranatumseedoil,PGSO)对免疫功能的调节作用。结果表明,在衰老模型小鼠体内,脾脏/胸腺指数以及ConA刺激的脾脏/胸腺增殖均明显减少,处于分裂期的脾脏细胞比例亦大幅降低。经PGSO干预,这些免疫抑制症状得到剂量依赖性的改善。PGSO还可有效加强衰老小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬能力和表达分泌免疫调节因子的能力,提高衰老小鼠血清中免疫球蛋白与补体蛋白的含量。PGSO能显著改善衰老模型小鼠的免疫功能。

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定石榴不同部位总多酚的含量

石榴含有丰富的多酚类化合物(含量因部位不同而有差异),这类化合物具有抗动脉硬化、降低胆固醇、抗氧化和抗辐射等作用,可用来评价石榴的活性。本文采用Folin-Ciocalteu法对石榴中的总多酚进行检测。以没食子酸为对照品,校准曲线的回归方程为y=0.04659+109.89x(r=0.9994);对稳定性、精密度、重现性、回收率进行了试验,该方法简便、快速、准确,是检测石榴中总多酚的可靠方法。

盐胁迫对低温预处理石榴种子萌发及幼苗生理生化的影响

以催芽‘峄城大青皮甜’石榴种子为材料,经2~4℃低温预处理5、10和15d,置于不同盐分梯度下进行种子萌发试验,并测定分析幼苗生长、细胞保护酶活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及电导率变化,以阐明盐胁迫下低温预处理对石榴种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理生化的影响。结果显示：（1）适当的低温预处理和低盐胁迫能提高石榴种子的发芽率和发芽势,低温处理5d和0.1%低盐环境下有利于壮苗生长。（2）适当时间的低温预处理（5d）可显著提高石榴幼苗的保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性,长时间的低温预处理（15d）却降低了幼苗的保护酶活性;随着盐浓度的升高石榴幼苗的保护酶活性也逐渐升高,并在盐浓度为0.3%时均达到最大值,说明当盐浓度高于0.3%时超出了石榴幼苗保护酶系统的调节范围,从而发生盐害。（3）低温预处理5d和10d降低了幼苗可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的含量;随着盐浓度的升高幼苗可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的含量也逐渐升高。（4）5d和10d的低温预处理可以提高石榴幼苗细胞膜透性,随着盐浓度的升高相对电导率也显著升高。研究表明,在低盐环境下,适当时间的低温预处理能显著促进石榴种子萌发生长,其幼苗能通过调整自身渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量以及体内保护酶活性,降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度,保证细胞膜的完整性,维持正常的细胞代谢活性,从而有效减轻盐胁迫对植株的伤害,表现出较强的抗盐性。

石榴籽油在D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠体内的抗氧化作用

研究了石榴籽油(PGSO)在D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠体内的抗氧化作用。将60只昆明小鼠随机分为6组:健康组、模型组、维生素E(V_E)阳性对照组以及PGSO低、中、高剂量组,持续给药45 d后,测定各组小鼠的体重,分析PGSO对小鼠肝、肾、脑与血清中抗氧化系统的作用;检测各组小鼠肝、肾中G6PD的活性和NADPH含量。结果表明:与模型组比较,PGSO可拮抗小鼠体重的减轻,降低肝、肾、脑及血清中MDA含量,增加GSH含量,提高T-AOC活性以及抗氧化酶SOD和GSH-Px的活性;且PGSO各剂量组小鼠肝和肾中G6PD的活性均增强,NADPH含量均增加。研究表明PGSO对D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠体内的氧化应激具有明显的拮抗作用。

两种云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子的适应性

青海云杉是我国沙区通过种子育苗引种成功的物种。通过对不同储藏时间青海云杉和沙地云杉种子生活力测定、种子萌发对温度、光照、水盐胁迫以及幼苗生长对水盐胁迫和沙埋的响应实验,比较两种种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子适应性,为沙地云杉在我国沙区广泛引种提供参考。结果表明:1)在2年的储藏过程中,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子生活力分别由79%和72%下降了19%和5%; 2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子适宜萌发温度分别为15—30℃和10—30℃,最适萌发温度分别为25℃(72%)和25/15℃(69%),除10℃和10/30℃外,两种种子萌发率在各温度下没有显著差异; 3)沙地云杉种子萌发光照条件为14 h光照/8 h黑暗交替(67%),青海云杉为24 h光照(61%)或24 h黑暗(61%); 4)水势在-2.7—0 MPa时,2种云杉的IGR(初始萌发率)、RGR(恢复萌发率)、ISL(初始幼苗长度)和RSL(恢复幼苗长度)均没有显著差异; 5) NaCl浓度在200 mmol/L和250 mmol/L,青海云杉种子IGR显著大于沙地云杉,NaCl浓度在0—450 mmol/L,青海云杉和沙地云杉种子RGR没有显著差异,当NaCl浓度为50 mmol/L和100 mmol/L,青海云杉ISL显著大于沙地云杉; 6)在0.5—2.0 cm沙埋深度时,青海云杉出苗率显著高于沙地云杉,沙地云杉最适沙埋深度0.5 cm,青海云杉为0.5—1.5 cm。因此,青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长比沙地云杉有更强的环境适应性,但只要采取合理的播种时间、播种深度和水分管理等措施,沙地云杉会和青海云杉一样在我国沙区大面积引种育苗。

野生紫斑牡丹和四川牡丹种子萌发特性及与其致濒的关系

野生牡丹种子一般较小，而且不同产地之间形状、大小差异较大。其萌发特性与栽培牡丹相比也有较大差异：萌发期长达半年以上，且萌发温度在１０～１５℃为宜，超过２０℃则明显不利于生根及上胚轴生长。四个不同分布地的四川牡丹种子萌发率较一致，均在６０～７７％之间。三个不同产地的紫斑牡丹种子萌发率则相差甚远，分布于甘肃文县的萌发率达７６％，而分布于陕西略阳和湖北神农架的萌发率则分别只有１２％和４．４％，出苗率则更低。本文认为紫斑牡丹的种子特性是其在自然界处于濒危状态的重要原因之一。