Palaeoflood hydrological study is a frontal subject of global change study. Using sedimentology, geomorphology and OSL dating methods, the typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits were studied in the Qishuihe River val...Palaeoflood hydrological study is a frontal subject of global change study. Using sedimentology, geomorphology and OSL dating methods, the typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits were studied in the Qishuihe River valley. The results showed that five flooding episodes with 21 palaeoflood events occurred during 4300-4250 a B.P., 4250-4190 a B.P., 4190-4100 a B.P., 4100-4000 a B.P. and 3100-3010 a B.P., respectively, during the Holocene period. The palaeoflood peak discharges were calculated with hydrological models. With a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data, the archives of flood events were extended to over 10,000 years in the Qishuihe River valley, and the flood frequency-peak discharge relationship curve was established accurately. These research results played important roles in mitigating flood hazard, hydraulic engineering and also the development of water resources in the semiarid Weihe River basin.展开更多
地球化学指标在古气候研究中多用于黄土、湖泊等沉积物的分析,河流沉积物由于沉积水动力变化大,对其化学元素及其古气候指示意义的研究较少。文中对洛阳盆地4~3.8 ka BP龙山晚期古洪水(SQ)剖面地球化学指标的古气候指示意义进行了探讨...地球化学指标在古气候研究中多用于黄土、湖泊等沉积物的分析,河流沉积物由于沉积水动力变化大,对其化学元素及其古气候指示意义的研究较少。文中对洛阳盆地4~3.8 ka BP龙山晚期古洪水(SQ)剖面地球化学指标的古气候指示意义进行了探讨。分析显示,古洪水剖面的化学元素含量与中值粒径相关性显著。在排除物源、沉积再旋回和成岩钾交代作用对于化学元素的影响后,根据各化学元素与中值粒径的相关系数进行分组,并在同组内按照元素迁移强弱建立化学元素参数指标,其结果与CIA粒度效应校正结果具有一致性,均在距今4000年前后的古洪水层呈低值,指示相对干凉的气候。结合该剖面孢粉的分析结果,认为洛阳盆地温凉的气候条件是距今4000年前后古洪水事件发生的重要环境背景。虽然河流沉积过程的复杂性导致本研究具有一定的局限性,但是通过相关系数分组建立比值参数的方法,为探讨河流沉积物化学元素指标的古气候指示意义提供了新的思路。展开更多
Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWD) were found in the bedrock gorges of ...Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWD) were found in the bedrock gorges of the Yunxi reach. The results of field observation, laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility, and com- parison with modern flood deposits, the SWD were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits of the Hanjiang River. By using stratig;aphic correlation and OSL dating method, the palaeoflood event was dated to be 3200-2800 a BP at the turn from the middle to late Holocene. According to the palaeoflood peak stage and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges of the palaeoflood were reconstructed as 48,830-51,710 m3/s by using the slope-area method. At same time, the flood peak discharges of 1983, 2005 and 2010 severe floods were reconstructed with the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross section. The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%-4.21%. This showed that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge-frequency relationship at 10,000-year time scale was established by a com- bination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data. These results are very important for hydraulic engineering and flood mitigation on the Hanjiang River.展开更多
Palaeo-hydrological field investigation was carried out in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River. A set of palaeoflood slackwater deposit beds was identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequence in the riverbanks. The...Palaeo-hydrological field investigation was carried out in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River. A set of palaeoflood slackwater deposit beds was identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequence in the riverbanks. The sediment samples were collected from the profile, and the particle-size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition were analyzed in laboratory. The analytical results showed that the palaeoflood slackwater deposits have recorded extraordinary flood events in the Jinghe River valley. According to stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating, the palaeoflood events were dated to 4100-4000 a BP. The palaeoflood peak discharges were estimated to be 19,410-22,280 m^3/s by using the hydrological model and checked by different approaches. These results have the flood data sequence of the Jinghe River extended to 10,000-year time-scale. It provided significant data for hydraulic engineering and for mitigation of flood hazards in the Jinghe River drainage basin.展开更多
通过对泾河流域广泛深入的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3含量等分析,从沉积学...通过对泾河流域广泛深入的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物具有平流沉积特征,为典型的洪水平流沉积物。根据地层学对比和剖面自身龙山文化晚期陶片、烧土等文化遗物分析,确定泾河在4200~4000 a BP发生了特大洪水事件,并利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复其水位,计算出古洪水洪峰流量为19490~22040m3/s。同时,通过恢复现代大洪水、洪峰流量与流域面积关系对这种方法和古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证。不仅延长泾河洪水水文数据序列到万年尺度,而且为沿泾河的水利水电和交通工程建设及沿岸地区城镇的防洪减灾提供了重要的基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。展开更多
通过沿泾河河谷广泛的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨段发现典型的全新世黄土—土壤剖面。经过详细观测、系统采样和化学元素、粒度成分和磁化率等多指标测定,从剖面鉴别出两组古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),分别记录了发生在4 200~4 000 a B.P.和3...通过沿泾河河谷广泛的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨段发现典型的全新世黄土—土壤剖面。经过详细观测、系统采样和化学元素、粒度成分和磁化率等多指标测定,从剖面鉴别出两组古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),分别记录了发生在4 200~4 000 a B.P.和3200~2800 a B.P.期间的特大洪水事件。该研究着重对古洪水滞流沉积层与黄土层和古土壤层的元素地球化学特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)在风成沉积物中,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量在古土壤层高于黄土层,而CaO和Na2O元素含量则表现出相反的变化。表明风化成壤过程中,这些元素的迁移变化受到全新世以来气候变化和成壤作用的影响。而Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量与地壳平均丰度相当,且变化甚微。这是由于这些微量元素主要包含在粗颗粒和重矿物之中,其化学性质比较稳定,具有强抗风化性,很少受到风化成壤作用的影响。(2)单个古洪水滞流沉积层,是洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境中沉积形成的,分选性很好,故其底部多粗颗粒和重矿物沉积,Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量呈现突出的尖峰;自下向上随着颗粒逐渐变细,粘粒成分增加,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量出现高峰。这两类元素由下向上的相互消长关系,与沙级颗粒含量和磁化率值变化规律对应,反映出古洪水滞流沉积层的基本理化特性。这个研究成果对于完善古洪水沉积学和水文学的方法和理论具有重要的科学价值。展开更多
通过对渭河流域的调查,在渭河上游宝鸡峡谷发现了含有典型古洪水滞流沉积层的全新世黄土古土壤剖面.对该剖面进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙、粒度等指标的分析测定和论证,明确了古洪水滞流沉积物的基本特点,揭示出全新世古洪水事件的沉积...通过对渭河流域的调查,在渭河上游宝鸡峡谷发现了含有典型古洪水滞流沉积层的全新世黄土古土壤剖面.对该剖面进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙、粒度等指标的分析测定和论证,明确了古洪水滞流沉积物的基本特点,揭示出全新世古洪水事件的沉积学记录.根据这组古洪水沉积层出现的地层位置和磁化率等气候变化指标,通过与渭河流域诸多剖面的对比,并且结合该剖面所含的龙山文化层和西周文化层考古学断代,确定渭河宝鸡峡谷全新世特大洪水事件发生在3 200~3 000 a B.P..展开更多
通过对汉江上游峡谷广泛的野外考察,结合系统采样和粒度成分与磁化率测试分析,证明汉江上游安康东段第一级阶地黄土质覆盖层剖面夹有两组典型的古洪水滞流沉积层,其记录了两期特大古洪水事件.本文在该河段选择两个剖面进行系统采样,对...通过对汉江上游峡谷广泛的野外考察,结合系统采样和粒度成分与磁化率测试分析,证明汉江上游安康东段第一级阶地黄土质覆盖层剖面夹有两组典型的古洪水滞流沉积层,其记录了两期特大古洪水事件.本文在该河段选择两个剖面进行系统采样,对其进行了年代学研究.应用单片再生法(SAR)技术获得其光释光年龄值,结合地层和高分辨率气候变化记录对比分析,确定第一期古洪水事件发生在12700~12500 a BP之间,对应于晚冰期Bolling-Allerod向着Younger Dryas转折的时期,第二期古洪水事件发生在1000~900 a BP,对应于我国历史上北宋时代的气候恶化时期.这表明汉江上游古洪水事件的发生与气候恶化转折密切相关.由于季风气候状态不稳定,降水变率增大,导致特大洪水与干旱事件皆有发生.展开更多
通过沿汉江上游河谷深入的考察,在安康东段发现了典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面.通过采集样品、实验分析,确定它们是古洪水在高水位滞流环境当中的悬移质沉积物.根据地层对比、OSL测年和相关文化层年代,确定它们分别记录了发生在BL+AL与YD...通过沿汉江上游河谷深入的考察,在安康东段发现了典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面.通过采集样品、实验分析,确定它们是古洪水在高水位滞流环境当中的悬移质沉积物.根据地层对比、OSL测年和相关文化层年代,确定它们分别记录了发生在BL+AL与YD事件转折阶段(12500 a B.P.)的古洪水事件和发生在1000-900 a B.P.(1000-1100AD),即北宋后期的洪水事件.根据古洪水SWD的高程恢复其洪峰水位,结合相关参数,利用面积比降法计算恢复流量.结果表明在万年尺度,汉江上游古洪水洪峰流量介于35970~47400 m3/s之间.同时,利用2010年大洪水洪痕恢复计算洪峰流量,对古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.进而结合历史洪水和观测洪水数据,获得了汉江上游万年尺度洪水洪峰流量与频率关系.这为汉江上游的水利水电和交通工程建设以及沿岸城镇防洪减灾提供了基础性数据.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771018Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Prov-ince, No.2006D01Basic Research Fund of Shaanxi Normal University, No.200702001
文摘Palaeoflood hydrological study is a frontal subject of global change study. Using sedimentology, geomorphology and OSL dating methods, the typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits were studied in the Qishuihe River valley. The results showed that five flooding episodes with 21 palaeoflood events occurred during 4300-4250 a B.P., 4250-4190 a B.P., 4190-4100 a B.P., 4100-4000 a B.P. and 3100-3010 a B.P., respectively, during the Holocene period. The palaeoflood peak discharges were calculated with hydrological models. With a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data, the archives of flood events were extended to over 10,000 years in the Qishuihe River valley, and the flood frequency-peak discharge relationship curve was established accurately. These research results played important roles in mitigating flood hazard, hydraulic engineering and also the development of water resources in the semiarid Weihe River basin.
文摘地球化学指标在古气候研究中多用于黄土、湖泊等沉积物的分析,河流沉积物由于沉积水动力变化大,对其化学元素及其古气候指示意义的研究较少。文中对洛阳盆地4~3.8 ka BP龙山晚期古洪水(SQ)剖面地球化学指标的古气候指示意义进行了探讨。分析显示,古洪水剖面的化学元素含量与中值粒径相关性显著。在排除物源、沉积再旋回和成岩钾交代作用对于化学元素的影响后,根据各化学元素与中值粒径的相关系数进行分组,并在同组内按照元素迁移强弱建立化学元素参数指标,其结果与CIA粒度效应校正结果具有一致性,均在距今4000年前后的古洪水层呈低值,指示相对干凉的气候。结合该剖面孢粉的分析结果,认为洛阳盆地温凉的气候条件是距今4000年前后古洪水事件发生的重要环境背景。虽然河流沉积过程的复杂性导致本研究具有一定的局限性,但是通过相关系数分组建立比值参数的方法,为探讨河流沉积物化学元素指标的古气候指示意义提供了新的思路。
基金Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41030637, No.41271108 Ph.D. Programs Foundation from Ministry of Education of China, No.20110202130002
文摘Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWD) were found in the bedrock gorges of the Yunxi reach. The results of field observation, laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility, and com- parison with modern flood deposits, the SWD were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits of the Hanjiang River. By using stratig;aphic correlation and OSL dating method, the palaeoflood event was dated to be 3200-2800 a BP at the turn from the middle to late Holocene. According to the palaeoflood peak stage and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges of the palaeoflood were reconstructed as 48,830-51,710 m3/s by using the slope-area method. At same time, the flood peak discharges of 1983, 2005 and 2010 severe floods were reconstructed with the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross section. The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%-4.21%. This showed that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge-frequency relationship at 10,000-year time scale was established by a com- bination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data. These results are very important for hydraulic engineering and flood mitigation on the Hanjiang River.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41030637 Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, No.GK200901007
文摘Palaeo-hydrological field investigation was carried out in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River. A set of palaeoflood slackwater deposit beds was identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequence in the riverbanks. The sediment samples were collected from the profile, and the particle-size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition were analyzed in laboratory. The analytical results showed that the palaeoflood slackwater deposits have recorded extraordinary flood events in the Jinghe River valley. According to stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating, the palaeoflood events were dated to 4100-4000 a BP. The palaeoflood peak discharges were estimated to be 19,410-22,280 m^3/s by using the hydrological model and checked by different approaches. These results have the flood data sequence of the Jinghe River extended to 10,000-year time-scale. It provided significant data for hydraulic engineering and for mitigation of flood hazards in the Jinghe River drainage basin.
文摘通过对泾河流域广泛深入的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物具有平流沉积特征,为典型的洪水平流沉积物。根据地层学对比和剖面自身龙山文化晚期陶片、烧土等文化遗物分析,确定泾河在4200~4000 a BP发生了特大洪水事件,并利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复其水位,计算出古洪水洪峰流量为19490~22040m3/s。同时,通过恢复现代大洪水、洪峰流量与流域面积关系对这种方法和古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证。不仅延长泾河洪水水文数据序列到万年尺度,而且为沿泾河的水利水电和交通工程建设及沿岸地区城镇的防洪减灾提供了重要的基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。
文摘通过沿泾河河谷广泛的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨段发现典型的全新世黄土—土壤剖面。经过详细观测、系统采样和化学元素、粒度成分和磁化率等多指标测定,从剖面鉴别出两组古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),分别记录了发生在4 200~4 000 a B.P.和3200~2800 a B.P.期间的特大洪水事件。该研究着重对古洪水滞流沉积层与黄土层和古土壤层的元素地球化学特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)在风成沉积物中,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量在古土壤层高于黄土层,而CaO和Na2O元素含量则表现出相反的变化。表明风化成壤过程中,这些元素的迁移变化受到全新世以来气候变化和成壤作用的影响。而Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量与地壳平均丰度相当,且变化甚微。这是由于这些微量元素主要包含在粗颗粒和重矿物之中,其化学性质比较稳定,具有强抗风化性,很少受到风化成壤作用的影响。(2)单个古洪水滞流沉积层,是洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境中沉积形成的,分选性很好,故其底部多粗颗粒和重矿物沉积,Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量呈现突出的尖峰;自下向上随着颗粒逐渐变细,粘粒成分增加,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量出现高峰。这两类元素由下向上的相互消长关系,与沙级颗粒含量和磁化率值变化规律对应,反映出古洪水滞流沉积层的基本理化特性。这个研究成果对于完善古洪水沉积学和水文学的方法和理论具有重要的科学价值。
文摘通过对渭河流域的调查,在渭河上游宝鸡峡谷发现了含有典型古洪水滞流沉积层的全新世黄土古土壤剖面.对该剖面进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙、粒度等指标的分析测定和论证,明确了古洪水滞流沉积物的基本特点,揭示出全新世古洪水事件的沉积学记录.根据这组古洪水沉积层出现的地层位置和磁化率等气候变化指标,通过与渭河流域诸多剖面的对比,并且结合该剖面所含的龙山文化层和西周文化层考古学断代,确定渭河宝鸡峡谷全新世特大洪水事件发生在3 200~3 000 a B.P..
文摘通过对汉江上游峡谷广泛的野外考察,结合系统采样和粒度成分与磁化率测试分析,证明汉江上游安康东段第一级阶地黄土质覆盖层剖面夹有两组典型的古洪水滞流沉积层,其记录了两期特大古洪水事件.本文在该河段选择两个剖面进行系统采样,对其进行了年代学研究.应用单片再生法(SAR)技术获得其光释光年龄值,结合地层和高分辨率气候变化记录对比分析,确定第一期古洪水事件发生在12700~12500 a BP之间,对应于晚冰期Bolling-Allerod向着Younger Dryas转折的时期,第二期古洪水事件发生在1000~900 a BP,对应于我国历史上北宋时代的气候恶化时期.这表明汉江上游古洪水事件的发生与气候恶化转折密切相关.由于季风气候状态不稳定,降水变率增大,导致特大洪水与干旱事件皆有发生.
文摘通过沿汉江上游河谷深入的考察,在安康东段发现了典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面.通过采集样品、实验分析,确定它们是古洪水在高水位滞流环境当中的悬移质沉积物.根据地层对比、OSL测年和相关文化层年代,确定它们分别记录了发生在BL+AL与YD事件转折阶段(12500 a B.P.)的古洪水事件和发生在1000-900 a B.P.(1000-1100AD),即北宋后期的洪水事件.根据古洪水SWD的高程恢复其洪峰水位,结合相关参数,利用面积比降法计算恢复流量.结果表明在万年尺度,汉江上游古洪水洪峰流量介于35970~47400 m3/s之间.同时,利用2010年大洪水洪痕恢复计算洪峰流量,对古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.进而结合历史洪水和观测洪水数据,获得了汉江上游万年尺度洪水洪峰流量与频率关系.这为汉江上游的水利水电和交通工程建设以及沿岸城镇防洪减灾提供了基础性数据.