Mangshan Loess in Central China and the Paleomonsoon Variations since the Last Interglaciation

The Mangshan Yuan is a loess platform on the southern bank of the Yellow River, which is located in northwestern Zhengzhou of Henan Province, China. The typical Zhaoxiayu section of the Mangshan Yuan preserves stratigraphical loess units above S10 with a total thickness of 172.1 m, which includes 15.7 m of the last interglacial paleosol S1, 77.3 m of the last glacial loess L1 that consist of 41.6 m of the late stade L1LL1, 13.2 m of the interstade L1SS1 and 22.5 m of the early stade L1LL2. Based on the age marking points by correlating magnetic susceptibility of the section with the SPECMAP curve, the timescale of the section was constructed, and the average accumulation rate and the resolution of each loess strata over the S2 were subsequently calculated using the susceptibility age model. The results indicate that strata units developed in the glacial, interglacial stages, stadial and interstadial show substantial differences in grain size, average accumulation rate and time resolution ub the Zhaoxiayu section. Specifically, the average accumulation rate of the loess L1LL1 is 3.45 mm/a, whereas that of paleosol S1 is only 0.28 mm/a. Based on the high-resolution records of magnetic susceptibility and >45μm fraction percentage of the loess-paleosol, the summer and winter monsoon variations as well as their interrelations since the last interglaciation have been discussed, which were correlated with the SPECMAP and the GRIP climate records.

Abundance and Ecology of Endemic Asterorotalia trispinosa from the Western Bay of Bengal: Implications for its Application as a Paleomonsoon Proxy

A total of 97 surface sediment samples were collected from the continental shelf and slope of the western Bay of Bengal to assess the potential application of Asterorotalia trispinosa as a paleomonsoon proxy. The relative abundance of living as well as total （living and dead） A. trispinosa ranges from being absent to a maximum of-31%. The highest abundance ofA. trispinosa is close to the outfall region of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Rivers and decreases away from the river mouths. Contrary to that, A. trispinosa is rare in front of both the Cauvery and Pennar river outfall regions, in the central part of the western Bay of Bengal. The living A. trispinosa abundance is the lowest in between two major river systems, viz. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Mahanadi and Krishna-Godavari. The relative abundance of both the total and living A. trispinosa is strongly positively correlated with ambient seawater temperature, and negatively correlated with %Corg and salinity. Based on the spatial distribution, we conclude that A. trispinosa is stenohaline in nature, rather than euryhaline, and further that the increased relative abundance of A. trispinosa indicates warmer and only marginally hyposaline environment. Even though the ecological preference of A. trispinosa suggests it as a potential paleomonsoon proxy, the restricted distribution implies limited application.

Distribution of Rb and Sr in the Luochuan loess-paleosol sequence of China during the last 800 ka——Implications for paleomonsoon variations

The concentrations of Rb and Sr, and magnetic susceptibility in loess and paleosol samples from the Luochuan profile have been measured. The loess units deposited in different geological periods display a very similar pattern of Rb and Sr distribution while paleosol units exhibit a dramatic increase in the Rb/Sr ratio, ranging from 20% to 120% in increase amplitude. Owing to different geochemical behavior of the two elements, Rb appears to be immobile while Sr appears to be mobile in the processes of weathering and pedogenesis. So variations of the Rb/Sr ratio in the loess-paleosol sequences could reflect intensities of weathering and pedogenesis, thus recording the relative wind strength of the East Asian summer monsoon circulation. This could be supported by the high degree of correlation between the Rb/Sr ratio and the magnetic susceptibility. A continuous record of the Rb/Sr ratio in the Luochuan profile over the last 800 ka bears a striking resemblance to the δ18O curve of the deep sea

PALEOMONSOONS OF CHINA OVER THE LAST 130,000 YEARS——PALEOMONSOON VARIATION

Based upon the effect of land-sea interaction on the paleomonsoon variation and the time series of climatic proxy-indicators, the historical Asian monsoon variation over the last 130,000 and 18,000 years has been reconstructed with an emphasis on the basic characteristics of summer monsoon circulation. The monsoon-climatic cycles and associated model of environmental development over the central and eastern China are proposed and the mechanism of paleomonsoon variation of China preliminarily discussed. The variation of East Asian monsoon circulation should be regarded as a regional result of both solar-radiation changes and the global glacial-interglacial cycles. The episodic uplifting of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since the late Miocene has to a large extent controlled the forming and evolution of the paleomonsoon circulation of China.

PALEOMONSOONS OF CHINA OVER THE LAST 130,000 YEARS——PALEOMONSOON RECORDS

The characteristics of the modern monsoon climate o?China may be used as clues for recognizing the records of paleomonsoon climate. The present paper deals primarily with the various paleomonsoon records of the last 130,000 years in the southeast monsoon area. These records mainly come from the following three fields: (i) the historical, (ii) the geological, including loess-paleosol sequence, deserts, lakes, snowlines, timberlines, the phenomena of continental desertization and so on, and (iii) the biological, presented by vegetation and mammals. Among these records, the loess-paleosol sequence in the Loess Plateau reflects a climatic history characterized by alternation of two different climatic periods when the Asian winter monsoon and summer monsoon showed pronounced effects on environment, respectively.

Seven million-year iron geochemistry record from a thick eolian red clay-loess sequence in Chinese Loess Plateau and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution

Recently, the Tertiary red clay sequence underlying Pleistocene loess has attracted much attention. The remarkable progress is the recognition that the Tertiary red clay sequence is also wind-blown in origin, thus providing a good opportunity to reconstruct long-term monsoon changes. In contrast to the loess deposits, the magnetic susceptibility and the pedogenic characteristics are almost independent of each other in the red clay, thus challenging the validity of the readily measurable magnetic susceptibility in describing the monsoon history recorded by the red clay. With the objective to address the long-term East Asia summer monsoon evolution, the free to total Fe2O3 ratios were calculated in a continuous eolian red clay-loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau, which has a thickness of 305 m and a basal age of 7.0 Ma. The seven million-year Fe2O3 ratio record from the red clay-loess sequence indicates that (i) variations of the free to total Fe2O3 ratios of the loess can correlate

灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录

甘肃灵台县任家坡黄土－红粘土剖面的磁性地层学研究表明；中国北方连续的风成堆积可下推到705MdB．P。第三纪红粘土的粒度组成从上到下变化很小，与黄土－古土壤序列的粒度大幅度变化形成强烈的反差，意味着晚第三纪时期的气候总体上要比第四纪时期稳定。在705～2．6MaB．P．的红粘土沉积中，可分出的110～115个土壤B层与钙质结核层的组合，初步表明在这个时期有约110～115次气候旋回。

最后两个冰期旋回季风-沙漠系统不稳定性的高分辨率黄土记录

黄土高原西北部黄土沉积的粒度变化同时受控于沙漠进退和冬季风强度波动，因此，此区粒度可视为季风-沙漠系统变迁的替代性指标。本研究以2cm为间隔，对李家塬和新庄源S2以上部分做了粒度分析。结果表明，倒数第二次冰期中的冰阶时段与末次冰期类似，存在着频繁的千年尺度的气候波动；而末次间冰期这类变化并不明显。

陕西洛川黄土的粒度分维值及其意义

对陕西洛川剖面 15 80个黄土样品的粒度数据分析表明 ,黄土的基本粒级 ,即在 2～ 5 0 μm的标度范围内 ,粒度分布具有分形特征。黄土的粒度分维值在 2 16～ 2 5 1之间 ,平均值为 2 32 ;而古土壤的粒度分维值在 2 2 3～ 2 5 1之间 ,平均值为 2 41;粒度分维值对黄土与古土壤的形成环境的演变 ,有良好的指示意义。粒度分维值显示 ,2 5 0万年以来 ,东亚季风不断增强 ,变化周期和变化幅度逐渐变大。在早更新世 ,季风较弱 ,变化周期短 ,变化幅度小 ,表现为 2～ 4万年的周期 ;而在晚更新世 ,季风较强 ,冬季风和夏季风相互消长 ,变化周期长且明显 ,变化幅度大 ,表现出 10万年的变化周期。

云南鹤庆盆地30ka以来的古气候与环境变迁

通过云南鹤庆钻孔（HQ孔）顶部8．11m岩芯剖面样品的多项环境指标的综合分析，重建了云南鹤庆盆地30kaBP以来的古气候环境演化历史．研究表明．该区气候在千年时间尺度上表现为冷湿与暖于组合交替的特点．本次冰盛期．为明显的冷湿环境．表现为最高潮面；盆地于晚冰期，约14．2kaBP始被切开．造成环境指标的大变化；进入全新世后，则以温干环境为主导，出现数次冷事件，后者是与东南季风区进行比较研究的桥梁．

三门峡地区黄土与古季风

位于黄土高原东南缘的三门峡黄土地层 ,以陕县张汴乡曹村剖面为其典型代表。厚度 1 5 3m的曹村剖面由上部厚 1 45 m的黄土地层和下伏红粘土沉积组成 ,黄土地层为 L1 — L33的连续风尘沉积。磁性地层研究显示 :B/ M界线位于 L7下部 ,J事件位于 S1 1 —S1 2 ,O事件位于 L2 3—L2 6,M/ G界线位于黄土与红粘土界线之上 2 0 cm处。古季风代用指标的磁化率、碳酸盐及 >30μm的粒度组分均显示了约 2 .6 Ma以来季风变迁的阶段性特点。曹村黄土剖面具有持续时间在 4万年以上的黄土沉积所指示的 1 3次气候寒冷事件 ,所反映的古气候变化具有周期性。应用粒度年龄模式建立曹村剖面高分辨率的年代地层序列 ,通过曹村剖面近 30万年来的磁化率及粒度变化与深海氧同位素对比 ,曹村黄土剖面与深海沉积有良好的可比性。

中原末次冰期间冰阶以来的古季风气候变迁

中原邙山黄土地层以巨厚的马兰黄土为特色。本文研究了末次冰期间冰阶以来邙山黄土－古土壤序列的粗颗粒含量和磁化率值曲线反映的冬夏季风变迁及其相互关系，发现在万年尺度上夏季风增强对应于冬季风减弱，冬季风增强对应于夏季风减弱，但在千年尺度上冬季风变化比夏季风强烈得多，而且末次间冰段开始时冬季风减弱明显早于夏季风增强。通过中原黄土记录与深海及冰芯Ｏ同位素记录的对比，发现短时间尺度气候变化阶段明显具有很大的区域性特征，它们不能简单地进行等时性全球对比，而应该通过各自独立的时间标尺来建立古气候变化的远距离联系。

东亚冬、夏古季风变化的相位差及热带太平洋在季风变化中的驱动作用

斋堂黄土剖面古气候记录表明：１）冬、夏季风在千年尺度上的变化存在相位差；２）冬、夏季风记录在变化趋势上具有互为消长的关系，而在变化幅度和频率方面则有明显的差异。这表明，冬、夏季风在千年尺度上的变化是分别由不同的因素和过程所控制。我们提出热带太平洋海气相互作用系统在东亚季风变化过程中起着直接的驱动作用。

黄土与古季风

中国黄土的古季风记录研究，揭示了东亚季风区的环境变迁历史是来自中、高纬大陆的偏北冬季风与来自中、低纬海洋的偏南夏季风的环境效应优势期相互交替的历史。文中简要介绍了有关黄土高原黄土与古季风研究的重要进展，侧重讨论了中原地区末次冰期高分辨率黄土所记录的冬季风和夏季风变迁的特征，最后就今后全球变化计划中的黄土与古季风研究提出了几点意见。

中原邙山黄土与末次间冰期以来古季风特征

中原邙山赵下峪剖面出露S10以上黄土地层,厚度大于172.1m。末次间冰期S1古土壤厚15.7m,末次冰期L1黄土厚达77.3m,其中晚冰阶L1LL1黄土、间冰阶L1SS1古土壤和早冰阶L1LL2黄土分别厚41.6m、13.2 m和22.5 m。邙山黄土是厚度最大的晚更新世黄土地层剖面之一,记录了丰富的气候环境变化信息。用SPECMAP氧同位素曲线确定的阶段界限的日历年龄为标定点和磁化率年龄模式,获得相应的时间标尺,据以计算出S2以上各层段的平均沉积速率和分辨率。邙山黄土倒数第二间冰期以来不同冰期或冰阶与间冰期或冰阶的粒度、平均沉积速率和分辨率有很大的差异,其中以末次冰期晚冰阶L1LL1黄土的平均沉积速率为最高,达3.45 mm／a,而末次问冰期S1古土壤的沉积速率亦高达0.28 mm／a。本文主要根据赵下峪剖面的磁化率和>45μm粗颗粒含量变化曲线,并与格陵兰GRIP冰心和深海SPECMAP氧同位素曲线对比,讨论末次间冰期以来古季风特征及其相互关系。

中国湖泊沉积记录的环境演变:研究进展与展望

综合分析了８０年代后期以来中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展，着重对湖泊沉积记录与亚洲古季风变迁、青藏高原湖泊沉积与环境演变、人与自然相互作用的湖泊响应等方面进行了扼要综述，指出今后研究的方向是：湖泊沉积环境指标与气候要素关系的定量研究、高分辨率环境演化时间序列与空间分异规律、现代湖泊沉积动态过程与环境、中国第四纪湖泊数据库与全球变化研究、学科交叉及与其它地质记录的比较研究。

与亚洲古季风有关的中国及邻区新生代构造演化的几个问题

本文简要综述和讨论了与亚洲古季风气候形成有关的中国及邻区新生代，特别是晚新生代构造演化的一些问题。新生代初印度一欧亚板块汇聚以来，特提斯海的消退过程，以及太平洋板块在亚洲大陆东缘和东南缘消减引致的弧后海盆（如日本海、东海、南海）的扩张和陆缘海盆（如黄海、渤海等）的出现，对于亚洲古季风形成的意义要比青藏高原隆升所起的作用更重要。青藏高原地表快速隆升在时间上滞后于高原地壳S—N方向的强烈缩短，其原因可能与青藏高原下地壳和上地幔熔融或局部熔融有关。此外，东亚古东南季风区域特征的形成还与我国华北及东南沿海构造运动导致的晚新生代地形地貌演化有着重要关联。

三门峡地区末次盛冰期至全新世早期的古季风事件

通过三门峡地区小刘寺剖面黄土- 古土壤序列磁化率曲线和粗颗粒组分含量曲线的研究,发现它们分别指示的夏季风和冬季风变迁在末次冰消期向全新世转变时的新仙女木事件中显示不同的变化特征。夏季风的加强过程对应于冬季风的大幅度波动,气候为凉湿背景上的冷湿与暖湿振荡。冰后期的早期为全新世第一暧期。夏季风强盛对应于冬季风衰弱的湿暖气候,它由夏季风锋面降水的穿时性所决定,在华北地区为全新世适宜期。8 kaBP 前后为夏季风偏弱对应于冬季风偏强的干冷气候,是具有普遍意义的全新世第一冷期。这3 次古季风事件可与格陵兰冰芯记录进行较好的对比。

西藏扎布耶湖地区三万年以来的花粉记录

通过对藏北高原扎布耶湖ＺＫ＿２钻孔沉积物的花粉记录，揭示了该地区三万年以来植被和气候演变历史。３７３００－３６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．为森林草原植被，气候温湿，淡水湖时期；约３６０００－３１７００ａＢ．Ｐ．灌丛草原植被，气候冷干，湖水出现短暂咸化。３１７００－２０８００ａＢ．Ｐ．林草原植被，气候温暖湿润，湖面扩大，湖水加深时期。２０８００－１４４００ａＢ．Ｐ．荒漠植被，气候冷干，湖水咸化，湖面开始缩小，初步认为此时段为末次冰期盛冰阶。１４４００－１４０００ａＢ．Ｐ．森林草原植被，气候温暖湿润，此时段为本区冰期向冰后期转变时期。１４０００－１０７００ａＢ．Ｐ．草原植被，气候冷干。１０７００－４２００ａＢ．Ｐ．以草原植被为主，气候冷干，其中出现三次气候波动，大约１０７００，６７００和４２００ａＢ．Ｐ．推测此不同时期，在扎布耶湖周围可能有森林分布。４２００ａＢ．Ｐ．至现在，未分析样品，暂不讨论。本区是季风敏感区，三万年以来西南季风曾多次到达本区，是引起植被变化的主要原因。

南海西南部海区近200ka来的动力环境与东亚古季风

包括南海在内的热带海洋是东亚夏季风的发源地,分析其动力环境特征的演变历史,可提供东亚古季风活动的海洋证据。对取自该海区的NS93 5柱状样做了详细的粒度分析,结合氧同位素地层结果、微体古生物观察统计和CaCO3测试资料,尝试采用高精度的粒度分析作为替代性指标,讨论近200ka以来的水动力及古生产力变化特征。结果认为,自末次盛冰期以来该海区的海洋动力环境发生了明显的变化,而在此之前则变化不显著,在倒数第2次冰期中由于夏季风作用致该局部区域上升流发育和海面温度偏高。古生产力变化规律一般是:在冰期较高,并呈稳定或上升趋势;在间冰期较低,出现下降现象。近200ka来的特殊情况出现于全新世早期,古生产力达到最高值。通过与黄土高原及其它地区的古季风环境对比,发现东亚古季风区内在全新世和末次盛冰期的遥相关较好,而在倒数第2次冰期中存在明显差别,说明在冬季风和夏季风的相互作用下,产生了特定时期内典型季风区的局部海洋区域性特征。